Mcat Psychology Ch. 8 Social Processes, Attitudes, & Behavior

Social facilitation refers to the impact of the presence of others on an individual's performance. The correct answer reflects the phenomenon where individuals tend to do better on simple tasks and worse on complex tasks when being observed by others.

Deindividuation refers to the loss of self-awareness in large groups, which often causes individuals to act in ways that are different from their typical behavior. This phenomenon can lead to drastic changes in behavior or actions that go against societal norms.

The Bystander Effect is a social psychological phenomenon where individuals are less likely to provide help or intervene in an emergency situation when other people are present. This diffusion of responsibility reduces the likelihood of assistance being provided to someone in need.

Peer pressure specifically refers to the influence exerted by individuals who are considered equals in a social group, such as friends or classmates. This type of pressure can impact behavior, decision-making, and attitudes in order to fit in or conform to the group's norms.

Group polarization refers to the phenomenon where individuals in a group tend to make more extreme decisions after discussing an issue as a group as compared to the decisions they would have made individually. This can lead to a group adopting more radical or risky positions.

Groupthink is a phenomenon where groups prioritize consensus over critical evaluation of alternative solutions, often resulting in flawed decisions due to lack of outside perspectives or questioning.

Culture refers to the collective beliefs, ideas, behaviors, actions, and characteristics of a group or society of people, not related to farming techniques, celestial bodies, or bacteria.

Assimilation refers to the process by which a group or individual's culture integrates or blends into another culture, often resulting in a 'melting pot' effect.

Multiculturalism refers to the acceptance and integration of multiple cultures within a community to promote diversity and create a 'cultural mosaic'. It is based on the idea of celebrating differences and fostering inclusivity.

Subcultures are groups of people within a larger culture who share certain beliefs, interests, or practices that set them apart from the mainstream culture.

Socialization refers to the process of developing and spreading norms, customs, and beliefs within a society, helping individuals learn and adapt to the culture in which they live.

Norms are unwritten rules that govern behavior in a society, dictating what is considered acceptable and unacceptable.

Stigma refers to negative attitudes or beliefs held by a society towards a certain group based on their differences. It involves disapproval and discrimination rather than positive or neutral feelings.

Deviance refers to any behavior that goes against the established norms, rules, or expectations within a society. It can include a wide range of actions that are considered socially unacceptable or inappropriate.

Conformity in psychology refers to the act of changing beliefs or behaviors to fit into a group or society, as demonstrated in experiments like the Asch line experiment. It is not about exerting authority, going against norms, or operating independently.

Compliance refers to the act of individuals changing their behavior due to requests from others who are not authority figures. In contrast, the Foot-in-the-Door Technique, Door-in-the-Face Technique, and Lowball Technique are specific persuasion strategies used to influence behavior in different ways.

Obedience refers to the act of complying with orders or commands from an authority figure, even if it goes against personal beliefs or values. This can be seen in situations like the Milgram shock experiment where participants obeyed the commands of an authority figure to administer electric shocks to others.

Attitudes refer to the way individuals think, feel, and behave towards certain concepts or objects. It involves both positive and negative emotions and evaluations towards something.

Attitudes are typically seen as consisting of three components: Affective, Behavioral, and Cognitive. These components jointly shape the way individuals perceive the world and how they behave towards it.

The Functional Attitudes Theory outlines four main functional areas of attitudes that serve individuals in life, which include Knowledge, Ego Expression, Adaptation, and Ego Defense.

Learning theory suggests that attitudes are acquired through various forms of learning experiences in interaction with the environment, rather than being solely predetermined by genetics, personality traits, or societal norms.

The Elaboration Likelihood Model explains how attitudes are formed and changed based on the level of elaboration in information processing. It distinguishes between central route processing which involves high elaboration, and peripheral route processing which involves low elaboration. The incorrect answers provided do not align with the key concept of the model.

The Social Cognitive Theory, as proposed by Bandura, highlights the role of observation of behavior, personal factors, and the environment in the formation of attitudes. It emphasizes the interaction between these factors known as Triadic Reciprocal Causation.

Social Action refers to the actions and behaviors individuals perform due to the presence of others, while Social Interaction involves how individuals influence each other's behavior through mutual shaping.

The Yerkes-Dodson Law of Social Facilitation highlights the impact of social presence on task performance, showcasing how it can influence performance differently based on the complexity of the task.

Social loafing is a phenomenon where individuals tend to exert less effort when working in a group compared to when working alone. This can happen due to diffusion of responsibility, social comparison, and motivational loss.

Peers refer to individuals who are considered equal within a social group, usually based on age, status, or interests.

The Identity Shift Effect refers to the phenomenon where an individual changes their own beliefs and behaviors to match those of a group they are trying to fit in with.

Choice Shift and Polarization refer to different phenomena in group decision-making. Choice Shift involves groups shifting to extreme decisions, while Polarization involves individuals displaying extreme tendencies within a group setting.