World Of Psychology Quiz

Extrinsic motivation refers to the behavior driven by external rewards or the desire to avoid negative consequences. When individuals engage in actions to gain a reward or prevent an undesired outcome, they are exhibiting extrinsic motivation. This type of motivation is not driven by personal enjoyment or interest in the activity itself, but rather by external factors.

The correct answer is social motive. When you are alone, the need for affiliation, or the desire to be connected and interact with others, is learned through experience. This suggests that the motivation to seek social connections and relationships is not biologically predetermined or instinctive, but rather influenced by social experiences and the environment.

The correct answer is initiative vs guilt. During the initiative vs guilt stage of development, children are eager to take on new activities and plan tasks. If they are not encouraged in these endeavors, they may develop feelings of guilt. This stage occurs during early childhood, typically between the ages of 3 and 6. Children at this stage are learning to assert their independence and take initiative in their actions. If they are constantly criticized or discouraged, they may feel guilty for trying to be independent.

The principles for testing include reliability, validity, and standardization. Reliability refers to the consistency and stability of test results, ensuring that the test yields similar scores when administered multiple times. Validity refers to the accuracy and appropriateness of the test in measuring what it intends to measure. Standardization involves the establishment of consistent procedures and conditions for administering the test, ensuring fairness and comparability of results. These principles are crucial in ensuring that tests are consistent, accurate, and fair, allowing for reliable and valid assessment of individuals.

The term "identity crisis" refers to a period of intense self-examination and uncertainty about one's identity, values, and role in society. During adolescence, individuals go through significant physical, emotional, and cognitive changes, leading to a search for their true selves. This process often involves questioning beliefs, values, and goals, which can cause emotional turmoil and isolation as they try to understand "who am I." Therefore, "identity crisis" is the most appropriate term to describe the emotional turmoil a teenager experiences when finding out their identity.

Stressors refer to stimuli that have the potential to create physical or emotional stress. These stressors can be external factors such as work pressure, financial problems, or relationship issues, as well as internal factors like personal expectations or self-imposed pressure. When individuals encounter these stressors, they may experience stress, which can manifest in various ways, including physical symptoms, emotional distress, or behavioral changes. Therefore, stressors are the causes or triggers of stress.

The body's sympathetic nervous system triggers the release of hormones that prepare the body to fight or escape from a threat. This response is commonly known as the fight or flight response. When the body perceives danger or threat, the sympathetic nervous system activates, causing an increase in heart rate, blood pressure, and respiration. These physiological changes help the body to respond quickly and effectively to the perceived threat.

The given correct answer is "trust vs mistrust." This stage of psychosocial development, according to Erik Erikson's theory, occurs during infancy. During this stage, the baby learns to trust or mistrust their caregivers based on the love and care they receive. If the baby's needs are consistently met and they feel secure in their environment, they develop a sense of trust. However, if their needs are not consistently met or they experience neglect or abuse, they may develop mistrust and have difficulty forming relationships later in life.

Intrinsic motivation refers to the pursuit of activities simply because they are enjoyable. It is driven by internal factors such as personal interest, curiosity, and the desire for personal growth and satisfaction. People who are intrinsically motivated find pleasure and fulfillment in the process of engaging in the activity itself, rather than seeking external rewards or avoiding punishment. This type of motivation is often associated with increased creativity, persistence, and overall well-being.

The correct answer is instinct theory. Instinct theory suggests that humans are motivated by certain unlearned tendencies or instincts. These instincts are innate and drive individuals to engage in specific behaviors without the need for external rewards or incentives. According to this theory, motivation arises from biological factors rather than learned experiences or environmental influences.

Stress refers to the physiological and psychological response that occurs when an individual is faced with a condition that poses a threat or challenge to their ability to adapt or adjust. This response can manifest in various ways, including increased heart rate, elevated cortisol levels, and feelings of anxiety or tension. Stress can be triggered by a wide range of stimuli and can have both short-term and long-term effects on an individual's well-being.

Motivation refers to the internal and external factors that drive and sustain behavior. It is the force that initiates, directs, and maintains our actions. Motivation can be influenced by various factors such as personal goals, needs, desires, rewards, and social influences. It plays a crucial role in determining our level of engagement and effort towards achieving a particular goal or outcome. Therefore, motivation is the most fitting answer as it encompasses the concept of initiating and sustaining behavior.

Fluid intelligence refers to the ability to think flexibly, solve problems, and adapt to new situations. It is considered a key component of cognitive changes associated with abstract reasoning and mental flexibility. The given statement suggests that this aspect of cognitive development reaches its peak in the early 20s. This means that individuals in their early 20s are likely to demonstrate high levels of fluid intelligence, showing proficiency in tasks that require abstract thinking and mental flexibility.

The lifespan perspective refers to the belief that developmental changes occur throughout the entire human lifespan. This perspective recognizes that individuals continue to grow, learn, and develop cognitively throughout their lives. It emphasizes the importance of understanding development from birth to old age, rather than focusing solely on specific stages or periods of life. The lifespan perspective acknowledges that development is a lifelong process and that individuals continue to adapt and change in response to their environment and experiences.

The given answer states that Wechsler is a test for adults. This implies that the Wechsler test is specifically designed and administered to assess the cognitive abilities and intelligence of individuals who are adults. It can be inferred that the test may not be suitable or applicable for children or individuals of younger age groups.

Maturation refers to the natural and genetically determined process of growth and development in an individual. It encompasses various physical, cognitive, and emotional changes that occur over time, following a predictable sequence. In the context of the given options, maturation is the most appropriate explanation as it aligns with the idea that each infant has their own unique biological pattern of development, which is influenced by their genetic makeup. Motivation, on the other hand, refers to the factors that drive behavior, while genetic development is a broader term that encompasses all aspects of genetic influence on an individual's traits and characteristics.

Charles Spearman is the correct answer because he was a British psychologist who proposed the concept of general intelligence and developed the statistical technique of factor analysis. He believed that intelligence is not just one single ability but is composed of a general factor (g) and specific factors (s) that are specific to particular tasks. His work laid the foundation for modern intelligence testing and his theories are still influential in the field of psychology today.

Crystalized intelligence refers to the accumulation of knowledge and skills acquired through experience and education. It tends to increase over the lifespan as individuals continue to learn and gain more knowledge. This is supported by research showing that older adults often perform better on tasks that require accumulated knowledge and expertise. In contrast, genetics and motor skills may remain relatively stable or decline with age. Therefore, crystalized intelligence is the cognitive change that tends to increase over the lifespan.

The answer refers to Erikson's psychosocial stages of development, which are a series of stages that individuals go through from infancy to late adulthood. These stages are characterized by conflicts that arise from the person's relationships with others and their own personal development. Erikson believed that successfully resolving these conflicts leads to healthy development and the acquisition of certain virtues. Therefore, the answer includes the different ways in which Erikson's stages of development can be referred to.

The intelligence quotient (IQ) is calculated by dividing an individual's mental age by their chronological age and then multiplying the result by 10. This calculation allows for the comparison of an individual's cognitive abilities with those of others in the same age group. The test used to determine the IQ involves comparing the individual's scores with the scores of others.