Veterinary Radiography Ch 11

All of the given options can cause light exposure to the film. A broken cassette that does not close completely, an open film bin door, and a loose or damaged film box lid can all allow light to enter and potentially damage the film. Therefore, all of the answers are correct in this case.

Film fog can be caused by various factors, including a light leak in the darkroom, the use of an incorrect safelight bulb wattage, or the use of an incorrect safelight filter. All of these factors can contribute to the unwanted exposure of light to the film, resulting in fogging. Therefore, the correct answer is that all of the given answers are correct.

To prevent finger cresecent artifacts, the ardiographer should handle the x-ray film by the edges only. This is because fingerprints or creases on the film can cause artifacts that may interfere with the accuracy and interpretation of the X-ray image. By handling the film only by the edges, the ardiographer can ensure that the film remains free from any unwanted marks or creases.

Both short time exposure and physical or chemical restraint are means of eliminating artifacts due to motion. Short time exposure reduces the chance of motion blur, while physical or chemical restraint immobilizes the patient to prevent any movement that could cause artifacts. Therefore, both options A and C are correct.

If the radiographer suspects that the film-screen combination is inappropriate, they should consult the manufacturer. The manufacturer would have the expertise and knowledge to provide guidance on the appropriate film-screen combination for the specific radiographic procedure. This would ensure that the radiographer obtains high-quality images and accurate diagnostic information.

Both grid problems and roller marks from the processor can cause generalized heavy lines on a radiograph. Grid problems can occur when the grid is not properly aligned or when there is a buildup of debris on the grid, resulting in the appearance of heavy lines on the image. Roller marks from the processor can occur when there is a malfunction or damage to the rollers, causing uneven pressure and resulting in lines on the radiograph.

When contrast media spills on the cassette or tabletop, it creates a barrier that prevents x-rays from reaching the film properly. This leads to a decrease in the amount of radiation that reaches the film, resulting in underexposure in that specific area. As a result, the image will appear darker or have reduced contrast in the affected area, creating an artifact.

If the cassette is not directly under the primary x-ray beam, the part of the film that is not directly under the primary beam will appear white or unexposed. This is because the primary beam is responsible for exposing the film, so if the film is not in the path of the primary beam, it will not receive any radiation and therefore remain unexposed.

If the radiographer has developer on his or her hands while loading and unloading the cassette, nongeneralized black marks might be seen on the radiograph. This is because the developer on the hands can transfer onto the cassette and subsequently onto the radiographic film, causing black marks to appear on the image. These marks are typically not spread evenly throughout the image, hence the term "nongeneralized".

Improper film handling is the most likely cause of the artifact. This could include issues such as touching the film with bare hands, mishandling the film during processing or development, or not properly storing the film. These actions can result in smudges, scratches, or other marks on the film, which can appear as a black tree pattern on the radiograph. Patient motion, hair in the cassette, and fixer splashes would not typically cause this specific artifact.