Vaccines And Vaccination

Explanation
A vaccination is a type of medicine that is administered to protect an individual against a specific pathogen. It works by stimulating the immune system to recognize and fight off the pathogen, thereby providing immunity against the disease caused by that particular pathogen. Vaccinations are designed to prevent the occurrence and spread of infectious diseases, and they have been proven to be highly effective in reducing the incidence and severity of many illnesses.

Explanation
Attenuated and inactivated are the two forms of a vaccine. Attenuated vaccines are made from weakened or modified forms of the virus or bacteria, which can still stimulate an immune response but do not cause illness. Inactivated vaccines, on the other hand, are made from killed or inactivated forms of the virus or bacteria, which cannot replicate or cause disease. Both forms of vaccines are designed to stimulate the immune system and provide protection against specific diseases.

Explanation
Tetanus is the correct answer because it is the disease that causes "lockjaw". Tetanus is a bacterial infection caused by the bacterium Clostridium tetani, which produces a toxin that affects the muscles and nerves, leading to muscle stiffness and spasms, including the jaw muscles. This condition is commonly referred to as "lockjaw" because it causes the jaw to become rigid and difficult to open. Polio and Hep B are unrelated diseases and do not cause lockjaw.

Explanation
A vaccine stimulates the immune system to recognize and remember specific pathogens by introducing a harmless version of the pathogen or its components. This triggers the production of memory cells, which enable a faster and more effective immune response when the actual pathogen is encountered in the future.

Explanation
Vaccines have played a crucial role in eradicating smallpox, making it the correct answer. Smallpox was a highly contagious and deadly disease that caused widespread outbreaks and mortality. The development and widespread use of the smallpox vaccine, particularly the WHO-led global vaccination campaign, led to the successful eradication of smallpox in 1980. This achievement demonstrates the effectiveness of vaccines in preventing and eliminating diseases. Chickenpox and largepox are not extinct diseases, and while vaccines are available for chickenpox, it is still a common illness.

Explanation
A virus can be contracted through inhalation, which means breathing in airborne particles that contain the virus. It can also be contracted through exposure to contaminated mucous membranes, such as touching your eyes, nose, or mouth with contaminated hands. Additionally, a virus can be contracted through an open wound, where the virus enters the body through a cut or a break in the skin. Therefore, all of the above options are ways in which a virus can be contracted.

Explanation
Vaccines do not provide us with full immunity to a specific virus. While vaccines can greatly reduce the risk of getting infected with a particular virus, they do not guarantee complete immunity. Vaccines work by stimulating the immune system to recognize and fight against specific pathogens, but the level of protection can vary from person to person. Some individuals may still get infected with the virus even after being vaccinated, although the symptoms are usually milder compared to those who have not been vaccinated. Therefore, it is important to continue practicing other preventive measures such as wearing masks and practicing good hygiene even after getting vaccinated.

Explanation
The side effects of getting a vaccine include dizziness, swelling, high fever, and allergic reactions. Cold sweats and problems with smell are not mentioned as side effects in the given options. Therefore, the correct answer is "Only B and C", which indicates that dizziness, swelling, high fever, and allergic reactions are the side effects of getting a vaccine.

Explanation
The correct answer is H1N1. H1N1 is a type of influenza virus that caused a pandemic in 2009, commonly known as the swine flu. It affected various parts of the world, including the city of Toronto. The H1N1 virus spreads from person to person and can cause mild to severe illness, with symptoms similar to seasonal flu. It is important to take preventive measures such as getting vaccinated and practicing good hygiene to reduce the spread of the virus.