Pg Blazer - Online Test Series 26 - Medicine

n3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, also known as omega-3 fatty acids, have been shown to have several beneficial effects on cardiovascular health. They can reduce inflammation, lower triglyceride levels, decrease blood pressure, and improve endothelial function. These fatty acids have also been found to reduce the risk of recurrent cardiovascular events, including myocardial infarction (MI), in patients who have already experienced one. Therefore, incorporating n3 polyunsaturated fatty acids into the diet can help reduce the further risk in MI patients.

Mnemonic for causes of increased anion gap metabolic acidosis: MUDPILES
M-Methanol
U-Uremia (chronic renal failure)
D-Diabetic ketoacidosis
P-Propylene glycol
I-Infection, Iron, Isoniazid
L-Lactic acidosis
E-Ethylene glycol
S-Salicylates, Starvation

MEN-2 (Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia type 2) is a genetic disorder that causes the development of tumors in certain endocrine glands. Pheochromocytoma, medullary carcinoma of the thyroid, and parathyroid adenoma are all associated with MEN-2. However, lslet cell hyperplasia is not typically associated with MEN-2.

The ratio of AST/ALT is typically greater than 1 in cases of alcoholic hepatitis. This is because alcohol-induced liver damage primarily affects the hepatocytes, leading to an increase in AST levels. ALT levels, on the other hand, are less affected in alcoholic hepatitis compared to other liver diseases. Therefore, the elevated AST/ALT ratio is a characteristic feature of alcoholic hepatitis.

Hemolytic anemia is a condition characterized by the destruction of red blood cells. Features typically seen in hemolytic anemia include decreased haptoglobin (a protein that binds to free hemoglobin), reticulocytosis (an increase in immature red blood cells), and hemoglobinuria (the presence of hemoglobin in the urine). Tear drop and Burr cells, on the other hand, are not typically associated with hemolytic anemia. Tear drop cells are usually seen in myelofibrosis, while Burr cells are often observed in conditions like uremia and liver disease.

Reticulocytosis refers to an increased number of reticulocytes in the blood, which are immature red blood cells. It is a response by the bone marrow to increase red blood cell production. Reticulocytosis is commonly seen in conditions such as hemolysis (breakdown of red blood cells), dyserythropoietic syndrome (a disorder affecting the production of red blood cells), and P.N.H. (paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria, a rare blood disorder). However, nutritional anemia, which is caused by a deficiency of certain nutrients like iron, vitamin B12, or folate, does not typically lead to reticulocytosis.

Addison's disease is a condition characterized by the insufficient production of adrenal hormones, particularly cortisol. This deficiency in cortisol leads to a decrease in blood pressure, which is reflected in decreased diastolic blood pressure. Additionally, Addison's disease is associated with low serum cortisol levels, as the adrenal glands are unable to produce enough cortisol. Cardiac atrophy is also a feature of Addison's disease, as the lack of cortisol affects the heart muscle. However, low renin levels are not typically associated with Addison's disease. Renin is an enzyme involved in regulating blood pressure, and its levels are usually elevated in individuals with Addison's disease.

11 beta hydroxylase deficiency is the correct diagnosis for a female child presenting with virilization, hypertension, and low plasma renin. This condition is a form of congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) caused by a deficiency in the enzyme 11 beta hydroxylase, which is responsible for converting 11-deoxycortisol to cortisol and 11-deoxycorticosterone to corticosterone. This deficiency leads to an excess production of adrenal androgens, causing virilization. The hypertension is a result of the increased production of mineralocorticoids, specifically deoxycorticosterone, which has mineralocorticoid activity. The low plasma renin is due to the negative feedback mechanism caused by excess cortisol and deoxycorticosterone production.

Nephrocalcinosis refers to the deposition of calcium salts in the renal parenchyma. It is commonly associated with various renal disorders. Sarcoidosis, distal renal tubular acidosis (RTA), and milk alkali syndrome are known to be associated with nephrocalcinosis. However, medullary cystic kidney is not typically associated with nephrocalcinosis. Medullary cystic kidney disease is a genetic disorder characterized by the formation of cysts in the medulla of the kidneys, leading to progressive renal failure. Therefore, medullary cystic kidney is the exception in this list of conditions associated with nephrocalcinosis.

Interstitial nephritis is a condition characterized by inflammation of the spaces between the kidney tubules. It is commonly associated with the use of certain medications. Beta lactam inhibitors, diuretics, and allopurinol have been known to cause interstitial nephritis. However, INH (isoniazid), which is used to treat tuberculosis, is not typically associated with interstitial nephritis. Therefore, the correct answer is INH.