Unit 5 - French Revolution: Part IV (Second Revolution)

Explanation
The Jacobins were a radical group represented in the Legislative Assembly who advocated for a revolutionary war to liberate people living in absolutist states. They supported a strong centralized government and opposed restrictions on voting rights. They were called "the Mountain" because they sat on the left side of a raised platform during the National Convention.

Explanation
After the insurrection of August 10, where a large mob stormed the Tuileries palace and killed 600 guards, the Paris Commune, a radical government, was able to exert enough pressure on the National Assembly to call for elections for a legislative body using universal male suffrage. This event marked a significant turning point in the French Revolution, as it demonstrated the power of the radical factions and their ability to influence political decisions.

Explanation
The group that sat on the right in the Convention were the Girondins, Girondans, or Girondists. They favored exile for the king, believed in laissez-faire, wanted some degree of local autonomy, feared the influence of sans-culottes, and favored continuation of voting rights based on property ownership.

Explanation
During the Convention meeting, the sans-culottes, a radical group of French revolutionaries, disrupted the proceedings and managed to expel the Girondins, who were a more moderate political faction. In order to appease the sans-culottes, the Convention implemented the law of maximum prices, which aimed to control the cost of essential goods, such as bread. This measure was intended to address the concerns of the lower classes and demonstrate the Convention's commitment to their well-being. The additional taxation of the wealthy was meant to fund the war effort, as France was engaged in a conflict at the time.

Explanation
The first coalition consisted of Austria and Prussia, the two countries who wanted to restore King Louis XVI to the throne. Britain and Spain joined after Louis XVI's execution.

Explanation
The Vendee is a counter-revolutionary revolt that started in March 1793 in a western region of France. This revolt was fueled by the anger towards the limitations imposed on the church by the Civil Constitution of the Clergy.

Explanation
The Committee of Public Safety was created in response to various challenges faced by the French government, including the Vendee uprising, defeats in the Austrian Netherlands, and the betrayal of General Rumouries. The leaders of this committee, including Danton, Lazare Carnot, and Robespierre, were influential figures associated with the Jacobins. The committee was responsible for maintaining public order and security during the French Revolution, and it played a significant role in the Reign of Terror, implementing policies to suppress counter-revolutionary activities and preserve the revolutionary ideals.

Explanation
Marat was a radical journalist and a hero of the sans-culottes during the French Revolution. He was known for his fiery writings and his support for the lower classes. Marat's assassination by Charlotte Corday, a Girondin, further fueled the tensions between the Girondins and the radical Jacobins. Marat's death was seen as a martyrdom by the Jacobins and contributed to the radicalization of the revolution.

Explanation
Carnot was one of the three leaders of the Committee of Public Safety and head of the military. He issued a proclamation calling for a levee en masse, drafting the entire population for military service. Men were expected to go into battle, women should make tents and clothing and serve in hospitals, children were to "turn old linen into lint", and old people were to go to public places and arouse courage of warriors and preach the hatred of kings and the unity of the Republic.

Explanation
The Jacobins' ideal was known as the Republic of Virtue. They believed that in order to achieve their ideal society, they needed to completely eliminate any remnants of the old monarchical regime. They implemented various measures to achieve this, such as introducing a new calendar with 10-day weeks and renaming the months to reflect the seasons. They also attacked Christianity and churches, forcibly removing religious symbols from public buildings. Additionally, they labeled the first year of the Republic as year 1, symbolizing a fresh start for their vision of a virtuous republic.

Explanation
Robespierre established the Cult of Supreme Being to counter the influence of the church and promote a more secular society. He believed that the church had become corrupt and wanted to create a new religion that focused on reason and virtue. As part of this movement, the cathedral of Notre Dame was transformed into a Temple of Reason. However, these actions were met with opposition and eventually led to a political backlash against the Committee of Public Safety, which Robespierre was a part of.

Explanation
The correct answer is "economy" because the sentence mentions a planned construction by the Committee of Public Safety to supply the war and aid the poor. This suggests that the construction was related to managing resources and finances, which falls under the concept of economy.

Explanation
The hebertists were extreme radicals who were violently anti-Christian. They demanded revolutionary war both within France and across Europe, and put pressure on the National Convention to pass radical measures, both political and economical. They were later arrested and the leaders, including Jacques Hébert himself, were guillotined.

Explanation
The event described in the question is known as the Thermidorian Reaction. It refers to the overthrow and execution of Maximilien Robespierre and his supporters during the French Revolution. The term "Thermidorian" comes from the French Republican calendar, and it refers to the month of Thermidor when this event took place. The Thermidorian Reaction marked a turning point in the revolution, leading to the end of the Reign of Terror and the beginning of a more moderate phase in French politics.

Explanation
After the Thermidorian Reaction, the Paris Commune and the Committee of Public Safety were abolished and the Directory was established. The Directory was headed by an executive council of 5 men and the new constitution provided for a 2-house legislature, made up of a Council of the Ancients, who discussed and voted on legislations proposed by the Council of Five Hundred.