Theory And Principles Of Planning

Clarence Perry developed the neighborhood principle based on the natural catchment area of community facilities. This means that he believed that community facilities such as schools and shops should be located in close proximity to the neighborhoods they serve. This principle aims to create more accessible and walkable neighborhoods, where residents can easily access the services they need within a short distance from their homes. Perry's approach emphasizes the importance of planning communities that are convenient and conducive to the well-being of its residents.

Urban sprawl refers to the uncontrolled expansion of urban areas into surrounding rural lands. It is characterized by the spread of low-density residential and commercial development, often resulting in the fragmentation of open space and the loss of agricultural land. The growth in the proportion of a population living in urban areas can be attributed to urban sprawl as it leads to the outward expansion of cities and the increase in the number of people residing in these areas. Urban sprawl can have various social, economic, and environmental implications, including increased traffic congestion, reduced air and water quality, and decreased access to green spaces.

New urbanism is the correct answer because it refers to an urban planning approach that prioritizes people and the environment. It emphasizes creating neighborhoods where workplaces, shops, and houses are within walking distance of each other, similar to the traditional city neighborhood model. This approach aims to promote walkability, reduce dependence on cars, and create vibrant, sustainable communities. Garden City, Letchworth, and Welwyn are also urban planning concepts, but they do not specifically focus on the principles of new urbanism.

The correct answer is that the conversion of a component city into a highly-urbanized city shall make it independent of the province where it is geographically located. This means that the highly-urbanized city will no longer be under the jurisdiction or control of the province and will have its own local government and administration.

Robustness refers to the ability of an environment to withstand various uses and functions. In this context, the given statement suggests that the environment can be utilized for multiple purposes due to factors like building depth, access, and building height. The term "robustness" implies that the environment is strong and resilient, capable of accommodating diverse activities without being easily compromised.

A highly urbanized city refers to an area with at least 200,000 people and an income of P50M or more. This means that the city has a large population and a high level of economic activity, making it highly developed and urbanized. It is likely to have advanced infrastructure, amenities, and services to cater to the needs of its residents.

Mohenjo-Daro and Harappa are the correct answers because they are both ancient cities in the Indus Valley that are well-known for their impressive, organized, and regular layout. Additionally, they are known for having advanced and extensive drainage systems.

The correct answer is i, ii, and iii. The analysis of surface drainage pattern includes evaluating the amount of drainage, the directions of drainage, and identifying flood zones. The presence of an aquifer is not included in the analysis of surface drainage pattern.

According to Abraham Maslow's Hierarchy of Human Needs, belonging needs refer to the need for affiliation and the desire to be a part of a group. This need involves seeking social connections, forming relationships, and feeling accepted and valued by others. It is a fundamental human need that comes after physiological needs for survival and safety, and before esteem needs for recognition and self-worth. Meeting belonging needs can contribute to a sense of belonging, identity, and overall well-being.

The term "affordable cost" in this context refers to the price of land and shelter that is reasonable and within the financial means of the program beneficiaries. It takes into consideration their needs and financial capability, ensuring that they can afford the housing without facing excessive financial burden. This concept also includes appropriate financing schemes to make the cost even more manageable for the beneficiaries.

Local microclimates refer to the variations in climate that occur within a small area due to factors such as topography, vegetation, and human activities. Wind deflection and local breeze, as well as heat reflection and storage, are examples of local microclimatic phenomena. However, carbon emission is not directly related to local microclimates. Carbon emission is a measure of the amount of carbon dioxide released into the atmosphere, which contributes to global climate change. While local microclimates can influence the distribution of carbon emissions within a specific area, carbon emission itself is not a characteristic of local microclimates.

The term "urban area" refers to all cities, regardless of their population density. It includes municipalities with a population density of at least 500 persons per hectare. This means that any city, regardless of its size or population, can be considered part of an urban area as long as it meets the minimum population density requirement.

The street pattern of loops can have a disadvantage of eventually causing narrow lot frontages, especially along the curvature. As the loops curve and intersect, the shape of the lots can become irregular and narrower, which may limit the space available for buildings or landscaping. This can also affect the aesthetics of the neighborhood and potentially create challenges for parking and maneuvering vehicles.

Khirokitia is the correct answer because it is the first documented settlement that fits the description provided. It had streets with a narrow main street heading uphill and a wider terminal, which could have served as a social spot. Jericho, Catalhoyuk, and Damascus are not the correct answers because they do not match the given description.

Streets are the correct answer because they are the lines where various activities occur, such as transportation, commerce, and social interactions. Streets are the pathways that connect different places and allow movement and flow of people, vehicles, and goods. They are also the focal points of urban life, where various amenities and services are concentrated. Overall, streets are the key elements that create a sense of life and movement in a city or town.

Patrick Abercrombie is the correct answer because he is known for preparing the Greater London Plan of 1944. This plan was a comprehensive urban planning document that aimed to address the post-war housing crisis and improve the overall layout and design of London. Abercrombie's plan proposed the creation of new satellite towns, the preservation of green spaces, and the development of a comprehensive transportation network. His work had a significant impact on the development and modernization of London's urban landscape.

Positive drainage refers to the practice of directing storm water away from buildings to prevent moisture and structural issues. This is achieved by creating a slope or using drainage systems to ensure that water flows away from the building rather than accumulating near its foundation. Positive drainage is crucial in preventing water damage and maintaining the integrity of the building's structure.

According to the given passage, Alberti believes that if a city is noble and powerful, its streets should be designed winding, rather than straight and broad, as this conveys a sense of greatness and majesty. The other statements are not mentioned in the passage and therefore cannot be determined as true or false based on the given information.

The correct answer is i, ii, and iii. User density, land-use mix, and configuration are physical factors that have the most influence on street use. User density refers to the number of people using the street, which can affect the level of activity and interaction. Land-use mix refers to the variety of different activities and functions present on the street, which can attract different types of users. Configuration refers to the physical layout and design of the street, including factors such as width, sidewalks, and intersections, which can impact how people navigate and use the space.

The elements necessary for a street or section of a street to possess the quality of enclosure are an entrance, the place itself, and a termination or exit. The length of the street is not mentioned as one of the main elements. Therefore, the correct answer is i, iii, and iv.

Hammer, T-junctions, and turn-around are examples of streets. Streets are defined as public roads in a town or city, typically with houses or buildings on one or both sides. These examples all refer to specific types of street configurations or features commonly found in urban or suburban areas. A hammer is a type of street layout where multiple streets converge into a central point. T-junctions are streets that intersect at a right angle, resembling the letter "T". Turn-arounds are street features that allow vehicles to reverse direction without making a U-turn. Therefore, all of these examples fit the category of streets.

According to Kevin Lynch, a site varies in size, location, and characteristics (statement i). He also believes that a site in its own right is a living, changing community of plants and animals (statement iii). Additionally, Lynch states that a site and its own intended purpose are closely interrelated (statement iv). Therefore, the correct answer is i, iii, and iv.

Borrowed view refers to the concept of incorporating elements from the surrounding environment into the design of a composition. It involves utilizing the scenery or elements beyond the actual design to enhance the overall composition. This technique is commonly used in Chinese gardens, where it is known as jie jing, in Japanese landscapes as shakkel, and in Italian design as integrazione scenica. By incorporating borrowed views, designers can create a sense of harmony and unity between the composition and its surroundings, blurring the boundaries between the man-made and natural elements.

Daniel Burnham is the correct answer because he was an American architect and urban planner who is known for his work in designing cities. He believed in creating planned cities with organized circulation systems and focal points for civic buildings and public spaces. This aligns with the description given in the question about the city being a designed system with main circulation arteries, parks, and civic centers. Leonardo da Vinci, Ebenezer Howard, and Arturo Soria Y Mata were not known for their work in city planning.

Sieve-mapping is a method used to map natural determinants in order to assess the suitability of a site for various land uses. It involves analyzing and categorizing different factors such as soil type, topography, vegetation, and hydrology to determine the most appropriate uses for a particular area. This method allows for a comprehensive understanding of the site's characteristics and helps in making informed decisions regarding its potential uses.

Von Thunen's theory of agricultural land use suggests that as distance from the market increases, the intensity of land use diminishes. This means that farmers will tend to use their land more intensively closer to the market, where transportation costs are lower and access to consumers is easier. As distance from the market increases, transportation costs increase and it becomes less profitable to use the land intensively. Therefore, von Thunen's theory explains the relationship between land use and distance from the market.

Permeability refers to the extent to which the environment allows for movement, connection, and interaction between different elements. In the context of user experience, permeability represents the degree to which the environment facilitates user engagement and navigation. It suggests that the environment is open and accessible, enabling users to easily navigate through it and interact with its elements. This concept is important in designing user-friendly environments that promote seamless interactions and positive user experiences.

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The average end area method is appropriate for large, relatively uncomplicated grading plans and can also be used to compute volumes of water in ponds and lakes. This method is most accurate and is commonly used by landscape architects. It involves calculating the average elevation of the cross-sections at the beginning and end of the area being graded, and then using these average elevations to estimate the volume of earthwork required.

The growth pole concept suggests that by investing in capital intensive industries in major urban centers, governments in developing countries can stimulate economic growth. This growth will then spread outward and generate regional development, taking advantage of the economies of scale found in large cities. This concept focuses on creating specific areas of economic growth that act as "poles" and attract investment and development, which then spills over into surrounding regions.

The elements of human settlements typically include nature, man, and network. However, community is not included in the elements of human settlements. While community is an important aspect of human settlements, it is not considered as one of the fundamental elements.

Geotechnical refers to the study of the engineering behavior of the earth's materials, such as soil and rock, and how they interact with structures. In the context of the given question, the study of the processes that might have affected the site, its formation, and the type of bedrock below the surface of the soil would fall under the domain of geotechnical investigation. This involves assessing the stability, strength, and suitability of the site for construction or other purposes. Geotechnical investigations provide valuable information for designing foundations, evaluating slope stability, and mitigating potential geologic hazards.

Historical analysis is the correct answer because it involves studying the past events, developments, and influences on a particular site or area. This technique helps in understanding the genius loci, which refers to the unique spirit or character of a place. By examining the historical context of a site, including its cultural, social, and architectural aspects, one can gain insights into its genius loci and use it as a starting point for the project. This approach is particularly useful in moderate to large-scale projects where a comprehensive understanding of the site's history is necessary.

Friedman and Douglas proposed the Agropolitan approach, which focuses on concentrating development activities in rural districts with a population ranging from about 50,000 to 150,000 people. This approach aims to promote balanced regional development by stimulating economic growth and improving the quality of life in rural areas. By concentrating development in these districts, it is believed that it will help alleviate the issues associated with urbanization, such as overcrowding and inadequate infrastructure, while also providing opportunities for rural communities to thrive and prosper.

Unity refers to the state of being united or joined as a whole. In the context of urban decoration, unity means that all the elements and components of the environment are cohesive and harmonious, creating a sense of oneness and coherence. It implies that the signs and clues in the urban environment are designed in a way that they complement each other and work together to create a clear and understandable pattern. This ensures that the overall aesthetic and functional goals of the urban decoration are achieved, resulting in a visually pleasing and coherent environment.

Zoning ordinances are local laws that regulate land use and development. They typically include regulations on the density of residential development, the allowed or disallowed uses in each zone or district, and the conditions for allowing those uses. They also outline any legally allowed deviations from the requirements of the ordinance. Therefore, the correct answer is i, iii, and iv.

An acquifer is a type of underground rock material that contains water and is capable of storing and transmitting it. It is found at various depths below the earth's surface and is present everywhere. This explanation fits with the given description of a consolidated rock material lying below all points of the earth's surface. The other options, surficial geology, tectonic, and bedrock, do not specifically refer to underground rock material that contains water.

Urban form refers to the physical layout and arrangement of buildings, streets, and other elements within a city. It encompasses the shape, size, and organization of urban spaces, as well as the overall aesthetic and functional characteristics of the built environment. This term is often used in the field of urban planning and design to describe the physical structure and configuration of urban areas. It is closely related to urban morphology, which focuses on the study of the form and structure of cities. Urban form plays a crucial role in shaping the identity, functionality, and livability of cities.

The branch of geology that deals with the origin and nature of landforms with emphasis on erosional processes is referred to as geomorphology. A topography map, on the other hand, is a representation of the physical features of an area, including its landforms, elevation, and relief. While a topography map can be used to study geomorphology, it is not the same as the branch of geology itself.

The term "spirit of the place" refers to the unique character, atmosphere, and essence of a specific location. "Urban Landscape" is the correct answer because it encompasses the physical features, structures, and design elements found in cities and urban areas. The urban landscape plays a significant role in shaping the spirit of a place by influencing the culture, lifestyle, and overall experience of the people who inhabit or visit that area.

When a proposed contour is moved away from an existing slope, it is necessary to fill the gap between the existing slope and the proposed contour. This is done by adding fill material to raise the ground level and create a smooth transition between the slope and the proposed contour. Fill is commonly used in construction and landscaping to level uneven terrain and create a stable foundation for structures or landscaping features.

Robert Malthus is the correct answer because he proposed the theory of population growth and its impact on resources. Malthus argued that population increases at a faster rate than food production, leading to a scarcity of resources. He believed that unless population growth is controlled through natural disasters, war, or sexual restraint, it will ultimately result in famine or war. Malthus' theory has been influential in the field of demography and has sparked debates about population control and resource sustainability.

Hot-dry regions, also known as desert-like regions, are characterized by limited water supply, prevalent drying winds, and often intense cold at night. These regions have a scarcity of water, making it difficult for plants and animals to survive. The prevalent drying winds exacerbate the aridity of the region by increasing evaporation rates. Additionally, the lack of cloud cover in these regions allows heat to escape at night, resulting in cold temperatures. Therefore, the correct answer is "Drying winds are prevalent."

The given options are all potential inherent problems in a site, except for abnormal grading. Abnormal grading refers to uneven or irregular slopes in the land, which can cause issues such as poor drainage, instability, or difficulty in construction. The other options, such as good drainage, difficult street pattern, and inefficient layout, are all examples of problems that can arise in a site but are not related to abnormal grading specifically.

Mixed use refers to the combination of different types of land uses, such as residential, commercial, and recreational, within a single development or neighborhood. This creates a diverse and vibrant environment where people can live, work, and play in close proximity. The presence of a mix of uses contributes to the overall character and identity of a place, as it reflects the interactions and activities of the people who live and visit there. This interaction of various factors, including built form, people, activity, and history, ultimately shapes the distinctive identity of a particular place.

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The contour area method is the best suited for lineal construction such as roads, paths, and utility trenching. This method involves calculating the volume of earthwork by dividing the area between two consecutive contour lines into trapezoidal or triangular sections. It is particularly useful when working with irregular terrain or when constructing linear features that follow the natural contours of the land. By using the contour area method, accurate calculations can be made to determine the amount of earthwork required for these types of projects.

The correct answer is None of the Above. The statement in the question describes a category of land that is specifically excluded from the options provided. Fisheries land and agricultural land are both types of land that fall under the broader category of "lands devoted to agricultural activity," but they are not the only types. Therefore, the correct answer is None of the Above.

In desert-like regions, building considerations include grouping of rooms or structures around planted/irrigated courts, the provision of food and fodder storage, and recycling of wastewater. These measures are necessary to adapt to the arid environment and ensure the sustainability of the community. By grouping rooms or structures around planted/irrigated courts, the buildings can benefit from shade and cooler temperatures. The provision of food and fodder storage allows for the preservation of essential resources in a region where food scarcity may be an issue. Recycling wastewater helps to conserve water, which is crucial in desert regions where water is scarce. Therefore, the correct answer is "All of the above."