Surgical Technology Examination Appleton & Lange Pg74-88 CST Exam Prep

The three lumens of a Foley catheter are used for different purposes. One lumen is used for inflation, allowing the balloon at the tip of the catheter to be filled with fluid to keep it in place. Another lumen is used for drainage, allowing urine to flow out of the bladder. The third lumen is used for continuous irrigation, which involves the continuous flushing of fluid into the bladder to remove blood clots or debris. This helps to prevent blockages and maintain the patency of the catheter.

The correct answer is that the count be done allowed by circulator and scrub. This means that both the circulator and scrub are responsible for performing the count of both plane and radiopaque sponges. They are allowed to do the count together, indicating that it is a collaborative effort between the two roles. This ensures accuracy and accountability in the counting process.

The correct answer is "an incorrect number of sponges in a pack should be compensated for on a count sheet with a notation." This statement is not true because if there is an incorrect number of sponges in a pack, it should not be compensated for on a count sheet with a notation. Instead, the correct procedure would be to correct the count and ensure that the correct number of sponges is recorded on the count sheet.

During the sponge count procedures, it is unacceptable for soiled sponges used for prep to remain in the kick bucket and not be part of the count. This is because all sponges, whether soiled or not, should be included in the count to ensure that none are left inside the patient after the procedure. This practice increases the risk of retained sponges and potential complications for the patient.

A tourniquet is a device used to temporarily stop the flow of blood to a limb during medical procedures. The proper setting for a tourniquet applied to an arm is 250-300 mm Hg. This range of pressure is sufficient to occlude the blood vessels and prevent bleeding, but not so high that it causes excessive discomfort or potential damage to the tissues. It strikes a balance between effectiveness and safety, ensuring that the limb is adequately controlled without compromising the patient's well-being.

The active electrode on the electrocautery is the tip. The tip of the electrocautery is the part that delivers the electrical current to the tissue, causing it to heat up and coagulate or cut. The tip is the active component of the electrocautery device and is responsible for the surgical effects achieved during the procedure.

A laser plume is composed of carbonized particles, water, and odor. When a laser is used in medical procedures, it vaporizes tissue, creating a plume that contains these components. The carbonized particles are the remnants of the vaporized tissue, while the water comes from the body's natural moisture. The odor is likely a result of the burning tissue. This composition of the laser plume can pose health risks to both patients and medical personnel if not properly controlled and filtered.

The laser unit is not required to be in the "on" position during an entire case.

Sequential pneumatic compression boots are a motorized device that applies intermittent pressure to the legs, promoting blood flow and preventing venous stasis. This action helps reduce the risk of deep vein clotting in high-risk patients. The boots inflate and deflate in a sequential pattern, starting from the foot and moving upwards, which mimics the natural movement of blood in the legs. This promotes circulation and prevents blood from pooling in the veins, reducing the risk of clot formation.

When using a cellsaver for autologous blood transfusion, the blood is suctioned through a double lumen tubing and is heparinized. Heparinization is important to prevent clotting of the blood during the collection process. Heparin is an anticoagulant that inhibits the formation of blood clots by preventing the conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin. By heparinizing the blood, it remains in a liquid state and can be processed and transfused back into the patient without any clotting complications.

A catheter commonly used in any gastrostomy is a mushroom. This type of catheter has a bulbous tip that resembles the shape of a mushroom, which helps to anchor the catheter securely in the stomach during the gastrostomy procedure. The mushroom catheter is designed to be easily inserted and removed, and it is commonly used for long-term feeding or drainage purposes in patients who require a gastrostomy tube.

The correct answer is "a count is unnecessary in a vaginal procedure." This statement is not true because a count of sponges is necessary in all surgical procedures, including vaginal procedures, to ensure that no sponges are left inside the patient's body. A count is performed before and after the procedure to maintain patient safety and prevent complications.

The correct answer is "Air Drill 100". The Air Drill 100 is a neurosurgical drill specifically designed for precision cutting, shaping, and repair of bone. It is commonly used in neurosurgery procedures to create burr holes and perform craniotomies. The Air Drill 100 is known for its high speed and accuracy, making it an essential tool for neurosurgeons to perform delicate procedures with minimal damage to surrounding tissues.

The correct answer is ophthalmic. Ophthalmic specialty deals with the study and treatment of the eyes. A slit lamp is a specialized microscope that allows detailed examination of the eye's structures, and it is commonly used in ophthalmology. Additionally, lasers are frequently used in ophthalmic procedures, such as laser eye surgery for vision correction or treatment of certain eye conditions. Therefore, ophthalmic specialty would employ the use of a slit lamp and the laser.

The French scale is a system used to measure the diameter of catheters and other medical instruments. The scale starts at 3 and goes up to 45, with each number representing a specific diameter size. Therefore, the smallest diameter on a French scale is 3.

Ureteral catheters are used to drain urine from the kidneys to the bladder. They are made of flexible woven nylon or plastic and come in different sizes, ranging from 3 to 14 French. They also have graduated markings in centimeters to measure the depth of insertion. However, ureteral catheters do not provide direct visualization of the bladder. This means that they cannot be used to see the inside of the bladder during the catheterization procedure.

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A Foley, Mallecot, Pezzer, or Mushroom catheter can be inserted for gastrostomy. Gastrostomy is a surgical procedure in which a tube is inserted through the abdomen into the stomach to provide a means of feeding when oral intake is not possible or adequate. These types of catheters can be used to facilitate the delivery of nutrients directly into the stomach through the gastrostomy tube.

A blood warmer is used to maintain a temperature range of 89-105°F. This is important because blood needs to be kept at a specific temperature to prevent damage to the cells and maintain their functionality. Temperature outside of this range can lead to complications such as clotting or hemolysis. Therefore, a blood warmer is used to ensure that the blood being transfused or used in medical procedures remains within the optimal temperature range for safe and effective use.

A grounding pad is not required for the electrocautery in a bipolar unit because in a bipolar unit, the current flows only between the two electrodes of the instrument, which are both located within the surgical field. This means that the current does not need to be grounded through a separate pad placed on the patient's body, as is the case with a monopolar unit. In a bipolar unit, the current is localized and confined to the area between the two electrodes, reducing the risk of electrical burns or injury to surrounding tissues.

When working in the bladder, more current is needed when working in solution. This is because the electrical current tends to disperse in the solution, making it less effective in cauterizing the tissue. Therefore, a higher current is required to ensure that enough heat is generated to effectively cauterize the tissue in the bladder.

A laminectomy is a surgical procedure that involves removing a portion of the vertebral bone called the lamina. Cottonoid strips are used in this procedure to control bleeding and provide hemostasis. The strips are made of absorbable material, such as cotton, and are placed on the surgical site to absorb any excess blood and prevent it from obstructing the surgeon's view. Therefore, a laminectomy would require the use of cottonoid strips to ensure a clear surgical field and minimize the risk of complications.

An abduction pillow is used to immobilize the hip joints after surgery. This pillow helps to keep the legs separated and prevents the hip joints from moving closer together, which could disrupt the healing process. It provides support and stability to the hips, allowing them to remain in the correct position while the patient is lying down or sitting. This helps to reduce pain, prevent complications, and promote proper healing of the hip joints.

The ilium is a common donor site for an autogenous bone graft. Autogenous bone graft involves using bone from the patient's own body, and the ilium, which is the uppermost and largest part of the hip bone, is often chosen as a donor site due to its accessibility and abundance of bone. This bone graft can be used in various surgical procedures to promote bone healing and regeneration. The femur, pelvis, and ischium are not typically used as donor sites for autogenous bone grafts.

A secondary video monitor is commonly referred to as a "slave". This term is used to describe a monitor that is connected to and controlled by a primary or main monitor, known as the "master". The "slave" monitor typically mirrors the display of the master monitor, allowing for simultaneous viewing of the same content on multiple screens. This terminology is often used in scenarios such as presentations, surveillance systems, or multi-monitor setups where one monitor acts as the primary source and the others are secondary displays.

TPN stands for Total Parenteral Nutrition, which is a method of providing nutrition to patients who are unable to consume food orally. It involves delivering a balanced mixture of nutrients directly into the bloodstream through a central venous catheter. TPN is used when a patient's digestive system is unable to absorb nutrients properly. Therefore, the correct answer "maintains patient's nutrition" accurately describes the purpose of TPN in providing essential nutrients to patients who cannot eat or digest food normally.

Elevating the extremity before tightening the tourniquet helps to drain venous blood. By elevating the extremity, gravity assists in moving the blood away from the area, reducing the amount of blood in the veins. This makes it easier to apply the tourniquet and ensures that the tourniquet is effective in compressing the arteries and stopping arterial blood flow.

When using a pneumatic tourniquet, it is important to prevent solutions from pooling under the tourniquet. This is necessary to avoid contamination and potential infection. If solutions are allowed to accumulate under the tourniquet, they can seep into the wound or surgical site, increasing the risk of complications. Therefore, proper precautions should be taken to ensure that solutions are effectively prevented from pooling under the tourniquet during its use.

The correct answer is that the electrical circuit of electrocautery is completed when the current flows from the generator to the active electrode, through the tissue, and back to the generator via the inactive electrode. This is because electrocautery involves the use of an active electrode to deliver the electrical current to the tissue, and an inactive electrode to complete the circuit and allow the current to return to the generator.

The correct answer is A and C. The OR bed may have a metal crossbar between the two upper sections which may be raised to elevate the kidney and gallbladder. This means that the metal crossbar on the OR bed can be lifted to provide elevation for both the kidney and the gallbladder during a surgical procedure.

The correct answer is rotary movement. Rotary movement refers to the circular motion of a power instrument, such as a drill, which is used to drill holes or insert screws, wires, or pins. This type of movement allows the tool to rotate continuously in one direction, providing the necessary force and precision for drilling or fastening tasks.

The Yankauer suction tip is used in the mouth or throat because it has an angled design that allows for better access and suctioning in these areas. It is commonly used during surgical procedures or for oral suctioning to remove fluids or debris from the patient's mouth or throat. The other options, Ferguson, Ferguson-Frazier, and Poole suction tips, do not specifically mention being used in the mouth or throat, making Yankauer the most appropriate choice.

A complete blood count (CBC) is a laboratory test that provides information about the cells in a person's blood, including the number of red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. While a CBC can provide valuable information about a patient's overall blood health, it is not a direct method for determining intraoperative blood loss. Intraoperative blood loss is usually determined through visual inspection of blood in sponges, measurement of blood and sponges by weighing, and estimation of blood in the suction container. Therefore, the correct answer is complete blood count.

A tourniquet is a device used to control severe bleeding by applying pressure to a limb. It is not the first choice for controlling bleeding and should only be used when other methods have failed to stop the hemorrhage. This is because a tourniquet can cause damage to the tissues and restrict blood flow to the limb, which can lead to complications. Therefore, it is important to exhaust other methods of bleeding control before resorting to the use of a tourniquet.

The colpomicroscope is a medical device used for examining the cervix. It provides a magnified view of the cervix, allowing for detailed observation and assessment of any abnormalities or conditions present. This tool is commonly used in gynecology to detect cervical cancer, infections, or other cervical issues. Therefore, the correct answer is "cervix" because the colpomicroscope is specifically designed to provide a view of this particular structure.

Chest drainage accomplishes several factors, including draining fluid and air from the pleural cavity, providing a water seal for gravity drainage, and controlling suction through the level of water. However, it does not accomplish positive pressure re-establishment.

A radiant warmer would be found in a cesarean section procedure. A cesarean section is a surgical procedure in which a baby is delivered through an incision in the mother's abdomen and uterus, instead of through the vaginal canal. A radiant warmer is a device used to provide heat to newborn babies, helping to maintain their body temperature after birth. It is commonly used in cesarean sections to ensure that the baby stays warm and comfortable during the procedure.

ENT surgery often requires the use of several patent suction cannulas and suction that is often controlled by a foot pedal. This is because ENT surgery involves procedures on the ear, nose, and throat, which often require the removal of fluids and secretions from these areas. The use of multiple suction cannulas allows for efficient and thorough removal of these fluids, while the foot pedal control allows the surgeon to easily regulate the suction as needed during the procedure.

A tourniquet is contraindicated in a gangrenous toe amputation procedure because the purpose of a tourniquet is to restrict blood flow to a specific area, which can be dangerous in a procedure involving a gangrenous toe. In this case, the toe is already compromised and lacks proper blood circulation, so further restricting blood flow could worsen the condition and potentially lead to further complications.

The binocular microscope provides stereoscopic vision because it has double eyepieces, allowing each eye to view the specimen from a slightly different angle. This creates a three-dimensional image, giving the viewer a sense of depth and perspective.

A 30-cc bag Foley is used after a transurethral resection (TUR) of the prostate for hemostasis. This means that it helps to control bleeding by applying pressure to the surgical site. By inflating the balloon of the Foley catheter, it creates pressure on the prostate bed, which helps to stop bleeding and promote clot formation. This is important after a TUR procedure, as it reduces the risk of postoperative bleeding and helps to ensure proper healing.

Disposable chest drainage units are used to provide drainage collection from the intrapleural space, maintain a seal to prevent air from entering the pleural cavity, and provide suction control determined by water level. However, they do not aid in re-establishing positive pressure in the intrapleural space. This is because the purpose of chest drainage units is to remove excess fluid or air from the pleural space, rather than increasing pressure.

Fulguration is a surgical technique that uses high-frequency electrical current to destroy tissue. It is primarily used in transurethral resection (TUR) and prostate operations. In TUR, fulguration is used to remove abnormal tissue from the bladder or urethra, while in prostate operations, it is used to treat conditions such as benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) by removing excess prostate tissue. Fulguration is not commonly used in ENT, gynecologic, or thoracic surgeries.

The purpose of the beam splitter in an operating microscope is to coincide the assistant's field of view with the surgeon's. This allows both the assistant and the surgeon to view the same area simultaneously, enhancing communication and coordination during the surgical procedure. The beam splitter splits the light entering the microscope, directing a portion towards the assistant's eyepiece while the other portion goes to the surgeon's eyepiece, ensuring that both have a synchronized view of the surgical site.

The procedure of removing oil or fingerprints by soaking the lens in solvent for 10 minutes and drying with a cotton ball is inappropriate when caring for optic lenses. This is because using solvents can damage the lens and affect its optical properties. Instead, it is recommended to clean the lens using cotton tipped applicators and distilled water to remove any blood, water, or irrigating solutions. The lens should be cleaned in a circular motion, starting from the center. Latent or dust can be removed using a lens brush or rubber bulb syringe.

Extreme Trendelenburg position is indicated when shoulder braces are used. This position involves tilting the patient's body with the head lower than the feet. It is commonly used in surgical procedures such as laparoscopic surgeries to provide better access to the abdominal cavity. The use of shoulder braces helps to secure the patient's shoulders and prevent them from sliding down during the procedure.

Chest rolls, also known as bolsters, are used to facilitate respiration. By placing the chest rolls under the patient's chest, it helps to elevate the upper body, allowing for easier breathing. This positioning helps to open up the airways and improve lung expansion, making it easier for the patient to breathe. Additionally, the chest rolls also help to minimize pressure on the abdominal organs and bony prominences, further enhancing the patient's comfort and overall respiratory function.

Moistened drapes are not typically used to control the effects of the laser plume. Smoke evacuators, suctions, and high filtration masks are commonly used measures to control and remove the laser plume, which consists of smoke, vapor, and particles generated during laser procedures. Moistened drapes may be used to create a barrier or protect the surrounding area from the laser plume, but they do not directly control its effects.

Stockinette is a seamless tubular cotton fabric that has the ability to stretch and conform to the shape of an object. It is commonly used for padding purposes, such as providing cushioning and protection for wounds or injuries. Stockinette is often used in medical settings, as well as in various other applications where padding is needed.

A protective skin coating can be achieved using tincture of benzoin. Tincture of benzoin is a solution made from benzoin resin, which is known for its antiseptic and protective properties. When applied to the skin, tincture of benzoin forms a thin film that helps protect the skin from irritants, aids in wound healing, and provides a barrier against moisture. It is commonly used in medical settings to protect and strengthen the skin before applying adhesive bandages or dressings.

A Minerva jacket is a type of cast that is applied from the hips to the head and is specifically used to immobilize cervical fractures. It provides support and stability to the neck and upper body, allowing the patient to heal properly. The other options, such as a body jacket, shoulder spica, and cylinder, are not specifically designed for immobilizing cervical fractures and may not provide the necessary support and immobilization required for this type of injury.

A permanent pacemaker operates on a pulse generator powered by lithium. Lithium is commonly used in pacemakers due to its long-lasting and stable energy storage capabilities. It has a high energy density and can provide a reliable power source for extended periods of time. This makes lithium an ideal choice for powering the pulse generator in a permanent pacemaker, as it ensures that the device can function effectively and consistently over an extended period without the need for frequent battery replacements.

The amount of pressure used to inflate a tourniquet depends on the patient's age, size of extremity, and systolic blood pressure. However, the depth of surgical incision does not affect the amount of pressure needed to inflate a tourniquet.

Ebonization refers to the process of coating instruments to decrease reflectivity. This means that a layer of material is applied to the surface of the instrument to reduce the amount of light that is reflected off of it. This can be beneficial in various fields such as photography or microscopy, where reflections can interfere with the clarity of images. The coating helps to absorb or scatter the light, resulting in a clearer view or image.

Universal precautions refer to the standard set of infection control practices that healthcare workers follow to prevent the transmission of diseases. These precautions include wearing personal protective equipment (such as gloves, masks, and goggles), practicing hand hygiene, and using safe work practices. By following universal precautions, healthcare workers can minimize the risk of occupational exposure to surgical smoke, which may contain harmful substances, when using a laser. The other options, such as charcoal filters, copper shield, and standard suction, do not specifically address the overall prevention of occupational exposure to surgical smoke.

A temporary biologic dressing refers to a type of dressing that is used temporarily to cover wounds or burns. Porcine refers to something that is derived from pigs. Therefore, the correct answer, "porcine," suggests that the temporary biologic dressing is made from pig-derived materials.

A sponge that is cotton-filled gauze with a cotton thread attached is called a tonsil.

A common size chest tube is typically 30 Fr. "Fr" stands for French, which is a unit of measurement used for the diameter of medical devices like catheters and tubes. In the context of chest tubes, a 30 Fr tube is commonly used for the drainage of fluid or air from the chest cavity. It is important to use the appropriate size chest tube based on the patient's condition and the amount of fluid or air that needs to be drained.

A stent can be used for both long-term and temporary ureteral drainage. A stent is a flexible tube that is inserted into the ureter to help urine flow from the kidney to the bladder. It can be left in place for an extended period of time or removed after a short period, depending on the patient's needs. Stents are commonly used in cases of ureteral obstruction or after surgical procedures to ensure proper drainage and prevent complications.

Extracorporeal circulation refers to the process of circulating blood outside of the body. This is commonly done during certain medical procedures, such as heart surgeries, where a machine called a heart-lung bypass machine is used to temporarily take over the functions of the heart and lungs. By diverting the blood outside of the body, it can be oxygenated and filtered before being returned to the patient. This allows for the heart and lungs to be temporarily stopped or bypassed, providing the surgeon with a controlled environment to perform the necessary procedures.

The correct answer is "damn dust lenses with detergent-disinfectant before use." This is because using detergent-disinfectant on the lenses can potentially damage them. Lenses should be cleaned with a soft, lint-free cloth or lens paper specifically designed for cleaning optics.

A dissecting sponge that is a small role of heavy cotton tape is called a Kitner.

A stent is a medical device that is used to hold open a blocked or narrowed blood vessel or other tubular structure within the body. It is typically made of metal or plastic and is inserted into the vessel or structure to provide support and maintain its patency. In this context, a dressing that is held in place by long suture ends crisscrossed and tied can be referred to as a stent because it acts as a support to keep the dressing secure and in position.

A central venous catheter is usually inserted into the external jugular vein. This vein is located on the side of the neck and is easily accessible for catheter insertion. It is a common site for central venous catheter placement due to its larger size and lower risk of complications compared to other veins. The external jugular vein allows for efficient delivery of medications, fluids, and blood products directly into the central circulation.

A Pezzer is a type of catheter that is designed with a mushroom-shaped tip. This shape allows for secure placement within the body, as the wider end prevents the catheter from being easily dislodged. The mushroom catheter is commonly used in urology procedures to drain or irrigate the bladder.

Stereotactic surgery is a specialized surgical technique that precisely targets specific areas in the brain. It involves the use of a three-dimensional coordinate system to locate and operate on small, deep-seated structures within the brain. This procedure is commonly used for the treatment of various neurological conditions, such as brain tumors, movement disorders, and chronic pain. Therefore, the correct answer is brain.

A blood filter is the most necessary item for a blood transfusion. During a transfusion, the blood needs to be filtered to remove any impurities or clots before it is infused into the recipient. This helps to ensure that the blood being transfused is safe and free from any potential contaminants. The blood filter plays a crucial role in maintaining the quality and safety of the transfusion process.

A bipolar electrosurgical unit provides precise control of the coagulated area. Unlike monopolar electrosurgery, which uses a single electrode to deliver energy and requires a grounding pad, bipolar electrosurgery uses two electrodes that are both placed in close proximity to the tissue being treated. This allows for more localized and controlled coagulation, making it ideal for delicate procedures where precision is crucial. Bovie is a brand that manufactures electrosurgical units, but it is not the only option for bipolar electrosurgery.

Halon is the fire extinguisher of choice for a laser fire because it is effective in extinguishing fires caused by laser beams. Halon is a clean agent that works by interrupting the chemical reaction that sustains a fire, making it an ideal choice for fires involving lasers. It is non-conductive and does not leave residue, making it safe for use in electrical environments like laser labs. Additionally, Halon is a highly efficient extinguishing agent, requiring a relatively small amount to suppress a fire, which is crucial in laser fire situations where quick response is needed.

A dissecting sponge made of gauze that is used to dissect or absorb fluid is called a peanut. This term is commonly used in medical settings to refer to a small, absorbent sponge that is used during surgical procedures to soak up blood or other fluids. The shape and size of the sponge resemble that of a peanut, hence the name.

A choledochoscopy is a procedure in which a flexible tube with a light and camera is inserted into the bile duct to examine and treat any abnormalities. In this setup, the 1000-cc bag of normal saline is used to flush the bile duct during the procedure, the sterile IV tubing is used to administer the saline solution, the IV pole is used to hang the bag and tubing, and the pressure bag is used to regulate the flow of the saline solution. This setup is necessary for maintaining a sterile environment and ensuring the smooth progress of the choledochoscopy procedure.

In electrosurgery, "buzzing" refers to the coagulation of a vessel using a metal instrument that is touching the active electrode. When the active electrode comes into contact with the vessel, it generates heat, causing the vessel to coagulate and stop bleeding. This technique is commonly used in surgical procedures to control bleeding and achieve hemostasis.

An elastic adhesive bandage is commonly known as elastoplast. It is a flexible bandage that is made of stretchable material and has adhesive properties. Elastoplasts are often used to provide support and compression to injured joints or muscles. They are also used for securing dressings or splints in place. The elastic nature of the bandage allows for easy movement and flexibility while providing the necessary support and protection.

When a sponge is intentionally left in a patient during a surgical procedure, a notation is placed on the operative record. This is done to ensure that the information about the incident is documented and easily accessible for future reference. It serves as a record of what happened and helps in tracking and monitoring the patient's condition. Making a report to the supervisor and completing an incident report may also be necessary, but the primary action in this situation is to place a notation on the operative record.

Fiberoptic lighting refers to a type of lighting that uses optical fibers to transmit light. It is called a "cool light" because it does not produce heat, unlike traditional light sources. The plastic fibers used in fiberoptic lighting are flexible and can be easily manipulated to create various lighting effects. The intensity of fiberoptic lighting can be adjusted, making it suitable for different purposes and settings. However, the answer does not mention anything about being powered by a battery, so it is unclear if this is a correct statement.

Wearing clear glass or plastic glasses with side guards can help guard against corneal injuries caused by the CO2 laser impact. These glasses provide a protective barrier for the eyes, shielding them from the laser's harmful effects. The side guards further enhance the protection by preventing any stray laser beams from entering the eyes from the sides. Amber-tinted lenses, green-tinted lenses, or looking away from the energy source do not provide the same level of protection as clear glasses with side guards.

Prolene may be used in the presence of infection because it is a synthetic mesh that is resistant to infection. It has a low rate of infection and is often used in contaminated or infected surgical sites. Prolene is made from a non-absorbable material that does not break down in the body, providing a durable and long-lasting support for tissue repair. It is commonly used in hernia repairs and other surgical procedures where infection is a concern. Gore-tex and Mersilene are not typically used in the presence of infection.

Suspension microlaryngoscopy is the correct answer because it involves the use of a self-retaining laryngoscope and microscope. This procedure allows for a detailed examination and surgical intervention of the larynx under magnification. The term "suspension" refers to the use of a suspension system to hold the patient's head in an optimal position during the procedure. This technique is commonly used for the diagnosis and treatment of various laryngeal conditions, such as vocal cord nodules, polyps, and tumors.

The shoulder bridge is likely to aid operative accessibility in thyroid surgery because it provides support and stability to the patient's shoulders, allowing the surgeon to have better access to the surgical site. By elevating the patient's shoulders, the shoulder bridge helps to create a more comfortable and optimal position for the surgeon to perform the procedure. This can improve visibility, reduce strain on the surgeon's arms and shoulders, and enhance overall surgical precision.

An indwelling catheter used for chemotherapy administration is a Tenckhoff. The Tenckhoff catheter is a type of indwelling catheter that is specifically designed for long-term use. It is commonly used for peritoneal dialysis, but it can also be used for other purposes such as chemotherapy administration. The catheter is inserted into the peritoneal cavity and remains in place, allowing for the administration of chemotherapy drugs directly into the abdominal cavity. This method helps to minimize systemic side effects and allows for a higher concentration of the drugs to be delivered to the target area.

Hegar dilator is not used for urethral dilation. The other options mentioned, McCarthy dilator, VanBuren sound, and Phillips filliform and followers, are commonly used for urethral dilation procedures. Hegar dilators are typically used for cervical dilation during gynecological procedures.

The correct answer is Sengstaken-Blakemore. When a patient comes to the operating room with rupture of esophageal varices, a Sengstaken-Blakemore tube may be placed to control bleeding. This tube is a type of balloon tamponade device that is inserted into the esophagus and inflated to put pressure on the bleeding varices, helping to stop the bleeding.

Fulguration via the resectoscope is a surgical technique that involves the use of electrical current to destroy tissue. In this case, the correct answer is "electrode" because it is the tool used to deliver the electrical current. The electrode tip is designed to effectively transmit the electrical energy to the tissue, allowing for precise and controlled destruction. The other options, such as ball, blade, and needle, do not have the same capability to deliver electrical current and are not typically used for fulguration procedures.

Plastic vaginal and rectal speculums are not measures employed to reduce laser-induced injuries because they are not specifically designed to protect against laser beams. Ebonized instruments, anodized instruments, and reflective drapes, on the other hand, are all measures that can help reduce laser-induced injuries. Ebonized instruments are coated with a black material that absorbs laser energy, anodized instruments have a protective layer that prevents laser reflection, and reflective drapes are used to shield non-target areas from laser beams.

A Fogarty catheter is a type of catheter that is commonly used for the removal of small gallstones. It has a balloon at the tip that can be inflated to create a seal and then deflated to remove the stones. This catheter is designed specifically for this purpose and is effective in safely removing small gallstones. The other options, T-tube, Robinson, and Rehfus, are not typically used for this procedure.

A Hickman catheter is specifically designed to facilitate the infusion of chemotherapeutic drugs. It is a long-term central venous catheter that is inserted into a large vein, typically in the chest, and is used to deliver medications, including chemotherapy, directly into the bloodstream. The design of the Hickman catheter allows for easy access and administration of chemotherapy drugs, making it the ideal choice for this purpose.

A cardiopulmonary bypass system is used during heart surgery to temporarily take over the function of the heart and lungs. It consists of various components that help maintain blood circulation and oxygenation. The oxygenator is responsible for adding oxygen to the blood, the heat exchanger helps regulate the temperature of the blood, and the pump circulates the blood throughout the body. However, a ventricular fibrillator is not a component of a cardiopulmonary bypass system. A ventricular fibrillator is a device used to treat abnormal heart rhythms, specifically ventricular fibrillation.

An air-powered instrument is small, lightweight, and free of vibration, making it easy to handle. It provides pinpoint accuracy at high speeds due to the compressed air that powers it. This type of instrument is commonly used in various industries such as automotive, construction, and manufacturing, where precision and speed are crucial. It is an efficient and reliable choice for tasks that require accuracy and maneuverability.

The power source for air-powered dermatomes can be either compressed nitrogen or air. Both compressed nitrogen and air can be used to generate the necessary power for the operation of the dermatome. Nitrous oxide, on the other hand, is not commonly used as a power source for air-powered dermatomes. Therefore, the correct answer is A or C.

The available magnifying powers for the microscope eyepieces are 10x, 12.5x, 16x, and 20x.

Laser surgery performed in the rectal area should be preceded by suctioning of the lower bowel to remove methane gas. This is because methane gas can be flammable and poses a risk during laser surgery. By removing the methane gas through suctioning, the risk of fire or explosion during the procedure can be minimized.

A MAST (Military Anti-Shock Trousers) is a device used to correct and counteract internal bleeding conditions and hypovolemia. It applies pressure to the lower body, specifically the legs and abdomen, to help control bleeding and increase blood flow to vital organs. By compressing the blood vessels in the lower body, MAST helps to redirect blood to the heart and brain, stabilizing the patient's condition until further medical intervention can be provided.

Mersilene mesh can be steamed sterilized if it is unused and not soiled. This means that if the mesh has not been used and is still clean, it can be sterilized using steam. However, if the mesh is soiled or has been used, it cannot be resterilized and should be disposed of.

The correct answer is 10:1. This means that the radiation exposure in fluoroscopy is 10 times greater than that of a single x-ray. Fluoroscopy is a medical imaging technique that uses continuous x-ray beams to create real-time images of the body. It requires a higher dose of radiation compared to a single x-ray because it involves a longer exposure time. This increased exposure is necessary to capture continuous images and monitor dynamic processes in the body.

The placement of a Levin tube would be in the stomach. A Levin tube is a flexible tube that is inserted through the nose or mouth and down into the stomach. It is used for various medical purposes such as administering medication, removing stomach contents, or feeding patients who are unable to eat normally. The stomach is the correct placement for a Levin tube as it allows for easy access to the stomach and its contents.

A roentgenogram is the correct answer because it refers to the photographic image produced by an x-ray. The term "roentgenogram" is derived from the name of Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen, the physicist who discovered x-rays. It is commonly used in medical imaging to diagnose and detect various conditions by capturing the internal structures of the body. The other options, ultrasound wave, magnetic image, and computerized tomography, are not accurate terms to describe an x-ray's photographic image.