Surgical Technology Examination Appleton & Lange Pg59-73 CST Exam Prep

A rib retractor is a surgical instrument used to hold back the ribs during thoracic surgeries, allowing access to the underlying organs. The Weitlaner, Harrington, and Beckman are types of retractors used in various surgical procedures, but they are not specifically designed for rib retraction. On the other hand, the Finochietto retractor is specifically designed for rib retraction and is commonly used in thoracic surgeries. Therefore, the correct answer is Finochietto.

The correct answer is 2, 3, 5, and 6. The picture shows a vascular setup, which is used for procedures involving blood vessels. Instruments 2, 3, 5, and 6 are all commonly used in vascular procedures. Instrument 2 appears to be a vascular clamp, which is used to temporarily block blood flow during surgery. Instrument 3 appears to be a vascular forceps, which are used to grasp and manipulate blood vessels. Instrument 5 appears to be a vascular scissors, which are used to cut blood vessels. Instrument 6 appears to be a vascular needle holder, which is used to hold and manipulate needles during vascular surgery.

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The correct answer is Randall. Randall forceps are commonly used in biliary surgery to remove stones from the gall duct. They are designed with a specific shape and grip that allows for precise and effective removal of stones. Mixter forceps, Lahey gall duct forceps, and Potts-Smith forceps are not specifically used for stone removal in biliary surgery.

A split-thickness mesh graft must be obtained using a Dermatome. A Dermatome is a surgical instrument used to harvest thin layers of skin for grafting purposes. In a split-thickness mesh graft, the Dermatome is used to remove a thin layer of skin from the donor site, which is then meshed to increase its surface area. This type of graft is commonly used for large wounds or burns, as it allows for better healing and coverage.

Glass suction bottles should ideally be cleaned with a disinfectant solution and autoclaved before reuse. This is because glass suction bottles can become contaminated with various microorganisms during use, and cleaning them with a disinfectant solution helps to eliminate any potential pathogens. Autoclaving the bottles further ensures that they are thoroughly sterilized and safe for reuse. Rinsing with tap water or sterile distilled water may not be sufficient to remove all contaminants and may not provide the necessary level of sterilization. Autoclaving the bottles daily is not necessary unless they have been used in a particularly high-risk case.

In a cesarean section procedure, the patient may be placed in a supine position with the right side slightly elevated by a wedge to tilt the patient to the left. This positioning helps to prevent compression of the inferior vena cava by the uterus, ensuring adequate blood flow to the mother and the baby during the surgery.

The statement "nail polish may be worn, if not chipped" indicates inappropriate preparation for the surgical scrub because nail polish should not be worn at all. Nail polish can harbor bacteria and interfere with proper hand hygiene during surgery. Therefore, it is important for healthcare professionals to have bare nails to ensure cleanliness and prevent the spread of infections.

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The correct answer is Randall Stone forceps because it is a specific type of instrument used in kidney surgeries. The other options mentioned are different instruments used for various purposes, but not specifically for kidney procedures.

The correct answer is extracorporeal shock wave lithotriptor. This device uses shock waves generated outside the body to break down kidney stones into smaller fragments, allowing them to be passed more easily through the urinary tract. The shock waves are focused on the stone, causing it to disintegrate without the need for invasive surgery. This non-invasive procedure is effective in treating kidney stones and has become a common method for their removal.

A central venous pressure (CVP) catheter insertion requires a sterile setup because it involves accessing a major blood vessel and introducing a catheter into the bloodstream. A sterile environment is necessary to prevent the introduction of bacteria or other pathogens into the bloodstream, which could lead to infection. Additionally, a sterile setup helps to minimize the risk of complications and ensures the safety of the patient during the procedure.

Implied consent is allowed by law in emergencies when no other authorized person may be contacted. This means that in certain situations where immediate action is necessary to prevent harm or save a person's life, consent can be assumed based on the circumstances, even if the person is unable to give explicit permission. This is an exception to the general requirement of obtaining explicit consent for any medical or surgical procedures.

The Potts forceps is not typically found on a nasal set up. While the other instruments mentioned (Freer elevator, bayonet forceps, and Frazier suction tube) are commonly used in nasal procedures, the Potts forceps is not specifically designed for nasal surgery. It is more commonly used in oral and maxillofacial surgery for tasks such as bone manipulation and extraction.

Stockinette is a seamless, stretchable material that is commonly used to cover extremities during draping. It provides a smooth surface and helps to protect the skin during medical procedures. Esmarch is a type of bandage used for exsanguination, Ace bandage is a type of elastic bandage used for compression, and kling is a type of self-adherent wrap used for securing dressings. Therefore, the correct answer is stockinette.

Blunt nerve hooks are selected for a vagotomy setup. A vagotomy is a surgical procedure that involves cutting or removing a portion of the vagus nerve to reduce acid production in the stomach. Blunt nerve hooks are used in this setup to gently manipulate and dissect the nerve without causing excessive damage or trauma. This allows for a more precise and controlled procedure, minimizing the risk of complications.

The surgical consent form can be witnessed by the surgeon, a nurse, and an authorized hospital employee. However, the patient's spouse cannot be a witness to the consent form. This is because the spouse may have a personal interest in the surgery and their presence as a witness may compromise the impartiality and validity of the consent process. Therefore, it is important to have witnesses who are unbiased and not directly involved in the patient's care or personal life.

A Gomco clamp is a surgical instrument used in circumcision procedures to remove the foreskin from the penis. It is specifically designed for this purpose and is not used in any of the other mentioned procedures such as colostomy, breast augmentation, or femoral popliteal bypass. Therefore, the correct setup that would include a Gomco clamp is circumcision.

The correct answer is abdominoperineal resection (APR). This procedure requires the patient to be positioned supine and modified with lithotomy. Abdominoperineal resection is a surgical procedure performed to remove the rectum, anus, and part of the sigmoid colon. It is typically done to treat rectal cancer or other conditions that cannot be treated with less invasive methods. The patient is positioned supine (lying on their back) and modified with lithotomy (legs raised and supported in stirrups) to provide the surgeon with better access to the surgical site.

A tonsillectomy set up includes various instruments and tools that are used during the procedure. The Yankauer suction, Hurd dissector and pillar retractor, and tongue depressor are all commonly found in a tonsillectomy set up as they serve different purposes during the surgery. However, the Jameson hook is not typically included in a tonsillectomy set up. The Jameson hook is a tool used in oral surgery for elevating and retracting the tongue, but it is not specifically used in tonsillectomies.

The statement "the surgeon may do the procedure if he documents that it is necessary as a lifesaving measure" is not true. Informed consent is a fundamental principle in medical ethics, and it requires that patients have the right to refuse treatment even if it may be lifesaving. Therefore, the surgeon cannot proceed with the procedure against the patient's refusal, even if they believe it is necessary for the patient's life.

The correct answer is placed on a dry area because drapes need to be placed on a dry area to ensure a sterile environment in the operating room. Moisture can harbor bacteria and compromise the effectiveness of the drapes in preventing contamination. Therefore, it is important to place the drapes on a dry surface to maintain a sterile field during surgery.

The instruments shown/pictured above are used to retrieve a needle biopsy from either the thyroid, liver, kidney, or prostate. The correct answer is Silverman.

The surgical scrub involves both mechanical washing and chemical antisepsis of the skin. Mechanical washing refers to the physical removal of dirt, debris, and microorganisms from the skin using soap or detergent and water. This helps to physically cleanse the skin and remove any potential contaminants. Chemical antisepsis, on the other hand, involves the use of antiseptic agents such as iodine or chlorhexidine to kill or inhibit the growth of microorganisms on the skin. This step helps to further reduce the risk of infection during surgery. Therefore, the correct answer is mechanical washing and chemical antisepsis of the skin.

A Hurd dissector and pillar retractor are commonly used instruments in tonsillectomy procedures. Tonsillectomy is the surgical removal of the tonsils, which are located at the back of the throat. The Hurd dissector is used to separate the tonsil from the surrounding tissue, while the pillar retractor helps to hold the tissue aside, providing better visibility and access to the tonsils. Therefore, these instruments are specifically designed and utilized for tonsillectomy surgeries.

The correct answer is Ballenger swivel knife. A Ballenger swivel knife is commonly used in nasal surgery to make precise incisions in nasal cartilage. It has a small, sharp, rotating blade that allows for controlled and accurate cutting. This instrument is specifically designed for delicate procedures in the nasal cavity, making it the most suitable option among the given choices. The other instruments mentioned are not typically used for incising nasal cartilage.

The purpose of a set of bakes would be common duct dilation.

The correct answer is "common duct dilators" because the term "bakes" is not a recognized medical term or instrument. However, "common duct dilators" are commonly used in medical procedures to dilate the common bile duct, allowing for the passage of instruments or the removal of obstructions. The other options, such as retractors, uterine dilators, and elevators, are unrelated to the term "bakes" and are not appropriate answers.

Wire localization is the correct answer because it involves inserting a needle or wire through a needle into the breast tissue to identify suspicious areas. This technique is commonly used to guide the surgeon to the precise location of a suspicious lesion or tumor in the breast before performing a surgical biopsy or lumpectomy. The wire acts as a marker or guide for the surgeon to accurately remove the targeted tissue for further examination.

Skeletal traction requires a sterile setup because it involves the insertion of pins or wires directly into the bone to provide stability and alignment. This procedure carries a higher risk of infection due to the direct contact with the bone, which is why a sterile environment is necessary to minimize the risk of introducing bacteria. In contrast, manual skin traction and skin traction do not involve invasive procedures, and closed reduction typically involves manipulating the bones without the need for a sterile setup.

The correct answer is "with preoperative shower". This means that the preliminary preparation of the patient's skin is started by giving them a shower before the operation. This is done to ensure that the patient's skin is clean and free from any potential contaminants that could increase the risk of infection during the surgery. The preoperative shower helps to remove bacteria and other microorganisms from the skin, reducing the chances of post-operative complications.

The brush-stroke method of describing prescribes the number of strokes required for each body part. According to the given answer, the number of strokes required for nails is 30, for fingers is 20, for hands (back and palm) is 20, and for arms is 20.

A pedicle clamp is the instrument used in a splenectomy. A pedicle clamp is a surgical tool that is used to temporarily occlude the blood vessels or ducts during a surgical procedure. In a splenectomy, the pedicle clamp is used to clamp the blood vessels supplying the spleen, allowing the surgeon to safely remove the spleen without excessive bleeding. The other options mentioned, doyen, Allen, and Jacobs, are not specifically used for splenectomy procedures.

Herrick is the correct answer because a kidney pedicle clamp is a surgical instrument named after the American surgeon, George Herrick. The clamp is used to temporarily occlude the blood vessels and control bleeding during kidney surgery.

Image intensification is the correct answer because in orthopedic surgery, the viewing of the progression of a procedure on a television screen is commonly done using image intensification technology. This technology enhances the visibility of the images captured by the surgical instruments, allowing the surgeon to have a clearer and more detailed view of the procedure. It helps in accurately assessing the progress of the surgery and making necessary adjustments if required.

A Pereyra or Stamey needle would be found on a urologic setup.

A boomerang cannot be found in any of the mentioned cases (prostate, ovary, eye, nose) as it is a curved throwing stick used by Aboriginal people for hunting and sport. It is not a part of the human body.

A Cavitron unit is used for phacoemulsification. Phacoemulsification is a surgical technique used to remove cataracts from the eye. The Cavitron unit uses ultrasonic energy to break up the cataract into small pieces, which can then be easily removed from the eye. This technique is considered to be a highly effective and safe method for cataract removal.

The most desirable position for a pilonidal cystectomy or a hemorrhoidectomy is the Kraske position. This position involves the patient lying on their abdomen with their hips flexed and their knees bent. The patient's buttocks are elevated, allowing for better access to the surgical site. This position provides optimal exposure and accessibility for the surgeon to perform the procedure effectively and efficiently. The lithotomy position is commonly used for gynecological procedures, the knee-chest position is used for rectal examinations, and the modified prone position is used for certain spinal surgeries.

The correct answer is "hand the folded gown to the person at the neckband." This statement is not true because when gowning another person, you should not hand the folded gown to them at the neckband. Instead, you should hold the gown open and allow the person to step into it, then secure it at the neck and waist ties.

Wescott scissors are commonly used in ophthalmic surgery. These scissors have delicate, curved blades that are specifically designed for precise and intricate procedures in the eye area. Ophthalmic surgery often involves delicate tissue manipulation and requires instruments that are specifically designed for this purpose. Wescott scissors are known for their fine and sharp blades, making them ideal for ophthalmic surgeries where precision is crucial.

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The Hulka instrument is used in laparoscopy to manipulate the uterus for increased structure visibility. It is specifically designed to hold and manipulate the uterus during the procedure, allowing for better visualization and access to the area being examined. The Verres, Pratt, and Mayo-Hegar instruments are not specifically used for manipulating the uterus in laparoscopy, making them incorrect answers.

Tissue expanders are used in breast reconstruction. This procedure involves creating a pocket under the chest muscle and placing a tissue expander in it. Over time, the expander is gradually filled with saline solution to stretch the skin and muscle, creating space for a permanent breast implant. This allows for the restoration of breast shape and size after mastectomy or other breast surgeries. Tissue expanders are not typically used in augmentation mammoplasty, reduction for gynecomastia, or transrectus myocutaneous flap procedures.

Rib removal for surgical exposure of the kidney requires various instruments, such as an Alexander periosteotome, Doyen raspatory, and Stille sheers. These instruments are used to carefully remove the rib and create a clear surgical field for accessing the kidney. However, a Heaney clamp is not typically used for rib removal. Instead, a Heaney clamp is commonly used in gynecological procedures for clamping and manipulating tissues. Therefore, it is not necessary for rib removal in this context.

The areas needing special cleaning attention on a weekly or monthly routine would include air conditioning grills and walls. This is because air conditioning grills can accumulate dust and debris over time, which can affect the air quality and efficiency of the system. Walls can also collect dust, dirt, and stains, especially in high traffic areas. Regular cleaning of these areas helps to maintain a clean and healthy environment.

The correct answer is supine with a bolster under the pelvis. This position allows for better access to the bladder during open surgery. The supine position means lying flat on the back, while the bolster under the pelvis helps to elevate and tilt the pelvis, providing optimal exposure of the surgical site. This position allows the surgeon to have a clear view and easier access to the bladder for the procedure.

The ideal place to do the shave prep is in the holding area of the OR. This is because the holding area is specifically designated for preoperative preparations, including shaving. It is a controlled environment where the necessary equipment and supplies are readily available, ensuring proper hygiene and safety measures are followed. Additionally, performing the shave prep in the holding area allows for better time management and coordination with the surgical team, as the patient can be prepared and ready for surgery before entering the operating room.

A total radical mastectomy is a surgical procedure that involves the removal of the entire breast, along with the underlying chest muscles and lymph nodes. This extensive surgery often requires the use of a skin graft setup, which involves harvesting a piece of healthy skin from another area of the body and attaching it to the surgical site to aid in the healing process. The skin graft setup is necessary to cover the large area of tissue that is removed during the mastectomy and to promote proper wound healing.

The correct answer is heart block, Bradyarrhythmia. Heart block refers to a condition where there is a disruption in the electrical signals that control the heartbeat, leading to a slower heart rate. Bradyarrhythmia refers to a slow heart rhythm. Both of these conditions can result in symptoms such as dizziness, fainting, and fatigue, and may require the use of a permanent pacemaker to regulate the heart's rhythm and ensure proper blood flow. The other conditions listed, such as coronary or mitral insufficiency and pulmonary stenosis, are not typically associated with the need for a permanent pacemaker.

Traction applied directly on bone via pins, wires, or tongs is referred to as skeletal traction. This method involves the use of devices that are inserted into the bone to provide stability and allow for the application of pulling force. Skeletal traction is commonly used in orthopedic surgeries or to treat fractures, dislocations, or other conditions that require realignment or immobilization of the bones. It provides a more direct and controlled method of applying traction compared to external methods.

A furlough inserter is a medical instrument used specifically in penile implantation procedures. This procedure involves the surgical placement of an inflatable or semi-rigid device in the penis to treat erectile dysfunction. The furlough inserter is used to insert and position the implant within the penis, allowing for improved sexual function in individuals with erectile dysfunction.

A bougie is a medical instrument used to dilate or enlarge a narrow passage or opening in the body. It is commonly used in procedures such as endoscopy or surgery to help widen a constricted area, allowing for easier access or the insertion of other instruments. The bougie is designed to gradually increase in size, gently stretching the surrounding tissues and expanding the opening. This helps to improve the flow of fluids or to facilitate the passage of other medical devices. Therefore, the correct answer is dilator.

When draping a table, the scrub nurse should drape from front to back. This is because draping from front to back helps to maintain a sterile field by preventing contamination from the nurse's body or clothing. Draping in this direction ensures that any potential contaminants are moved away from the sterile field, reducing the risk of infection during the surgical procedure.

A head drape consists of a medium sheet, towel, and towel clip. These items are used to cover and secure the patient's head during a medical procedure. The medium sheet provides a barrier and helps to maintain a sterile environment. The towel is used to absorb any fluids or sweat that may occur during the procedure. The towel clip is used to secure the drape in place and prevent it from slipping or falling off.

The correct answer is 3. In surgical procedures involving the aorta, clamping is necessary to control blood flow. The instrument used for this purpose is called an aortic clamp. Therefore, the correct answer is 3, indicating that the aortic clamp is used to clamp the aorta.

A Beaver knife handle would be found in an eye set up. This suggests that the Beaver knife is specifically designed for use in eye surgeries or procedures. The other options, orthopedic, pediatric, and gynecologic, do not typically involve surgeries or procedures related to the eye, making the eye set up the most logical choice.

The instrument pictured above would be found in a tonsillectomy set. This is because a tonsillectomy is a surgical procedure that involves the removal of the tonsils, and the set would contain the necessary instruments for this specific procedure.

Right-angled pedicle clamps would be found on a setup for splenectomy. During a splenectomy, the surgeon needs to control the blood flow to the spleen and its surrounding vessels. Right-angled pedicle clamps are commonly used in this procedure to clamp and secure the splenic artery and vein, which allows for safe and effective removal of the spleen. This helps to minimize bleeding and ensure a successful splenectomy.

Harrington rods are commonly used in surgical treatment for scoliosis. These rods are implanted along the spine to correct the curvature and provide stability. They are attached to the vertebrae using hooks or screws and then connected with a rod. This helps to straighten the spine and prevent further progression of the deformity. Harrington rods are a well-established and effective treatment option for scoliosis, providing long-term correction and improved quality of life for patients.

The correct answer is 1 because in the picture provided, only instrument 1 is visible on the intestinal setup. Instruments 2, 4, and 5 are not shown in the picture, so they cannot be considered as part of the intestinal setup.

A myelogram is a neurologic study where a radiopaque substance is injected into the subarachnoid space through a lumbar puncture. This procedure helps in visualizing the spinal cord and nerve roots to detect any abnormalities or diseases such as tumors, herniated discs, or spinal stenosis. It is commonly used to diagnose conditions affecting the spinal cord and surrounding structures. Cerebral angiography is a different procedure that involves injecting a contrast dye into the blood vessels of the brain to study blood flow. Encephalogram is a term used for an electroencephalogram (EEG), which measures brain activity. Diskogram is a procedure used to evaluate intervertebral discs in the spine.

The correct answer is 85° because infants and children have a higher metabolic rate and are less able to regulate their body temperature compared to adults. Keeping the room temperature at 85° helps to ensure that they stay warm and comfortable, reducing the risk of hypothermia or other temperature-related issues. However, it is important to note that this is just a general guideline and individual preferences and needs may vary.

Storage shelves must be cleaned with the germicide each week. This ensures that any potential germs or bacteria that may have accumulated on the shelves are eliminated regularly, maintaining a clean and hygienic storage environment. Cleaning the shelves on a weekly basis helps prevent the spread of contaminants and reduces the risk of contamination of stored items. Regular cleaning also promotes good sanitation practices and helps maintain the overall cleanliness and organization of the storage area.

In positioning for laminectomy, roles or bolsters are placed longitudinally to support the chest from axilla to hip. This positioning provides stability and support to the chest area during the procedure. Placing the roles or bolsters in this manner helps to maintain proper alignment and prevent any unnecessary movement or strain on the patient's chest and upper body.

Skeletal traction of a lower leg is accomplished with the use of a Kirschner wire. A Kirschner wire, also known as a K-wire, is a type of surgical wire that is commonly used in orthopedic procedures to stabilize bone fragments or to provide traction. In the case of skeletal traction of a lower leg, a Kirschner wire is inserted through the skin and into the bone, providing a stable anchor point for attaching weights or other devices to apply traction. This helps to align and immobilize the fractured bone, promoting proper healing.

A Steffe plate is a type of spinal implant. It is used in spinal surgeries to provide stability and support to the spine. The plate is attached to the vertebrae using screws or other fixation devices, helping to correct spinal deformities, fractures, or instability. It is designed to promote fusion between the vertebrae and restore proper alignment and function of the spine.

The statement "renders the skin aseptic" is not true. The scrub procedure is designed to reduce the microbial count on the skin and remove any dirt or contaminants, but it does not make the skin completely sterile or aseptic. Aseptic techniques involve using sterile equipment and maintaining a sterile environment, which is not achieved through a scrub procedure alone.

A Scoville retractor is commonly used in a laminectomy procedure. A laminectomy involves the removal of a portion of the vertebral bone called the lamina to relieve pressure on the spinal cord or nerves. During this procedure, a Scoville retractor is used to hold the surrounding tissues and muscles aside, providing better visibility and access to the spine. This allows the surgeon to safely remove the lamina and alleviate the compression on the spinal cord or nerves, addressing conditions like spinal stenosis or herniated discs.

A T-tube is typically used in the procedural setup of exploration of the common bile duct. This procedure involves the insertion of a tube into the common bile duct to allow for drainage of bile and to prevent any blockages or leaks. The T-tube is shaped like a "T" and is placed in the common bile duct to keep it open and allow for the passage of bile. This setup is commonly used after surgeries such as cholecystectomy, where the gallbladder is removed, to ensure proper drainage and healing of the bile duct.

Bowman probes are used in lacrimal surgery. Lacrimal surgery involves the treatment of conditions related to the lacrimal system, which includes the tear ducts and tear drainage system. Bowman probes are thin, flexible instruments that are used to explore and clear blockages in the lacrimal system. They help in diagnosing and treating conditions such as blocked tear ducts, excess tearing, and recurrent eye infections. By inserting the Bowman probe into the lacrimal system, the surgeon can assess the blockage and determine the appropriate treatment, which may involve dilation, irrigation, or surgical repair.

A Mason-Judd retractor is a surgical instrument used to hold back tissues and provide better access to the surgical area during procedures. In this case, the correct answer suggests that the procedure involving a Mason-Judd retractor would be related to the bladder. This instrument would likely be used to retract the surrounding tissues and provide visibility and access to the bladder during a surgical intervention or examination.

A Humi Cannula is a surgical instrument used in gynecologic procedures. It is specifically designed for the dilation and irrigation of the cervix during certain gynecologic surgeries, such as hysteroscopy or dilation and curettage (D&C). This instrument allows the surgeon to access and visualize the cervix while maintaining a clear field of view through continuous irrigation. Therefore, the correct answer is gynecologic.

Uterine dilators are instruments used in gynecology to gradually expand the cervix and uterus during medical procedures such as dilation and curettage or the insertion of intrauterine devices. Hanks dilators are a specific type of uterine dilators that are commonly used. They are designed with a tapered shape to gently widen the cervix and allow for easier access to the uterus.

Bougies are commonly used in esophagoscopy procedures. Esophagoscopy involves the insertion of a flexible tube with a light and camera into the esophagus to examine and diagnose conditions such as swallowing difficulties, acid reflux, or esophageal cancer. Bougies are thin, flexible rods that can be inserted into the esophagus to dilate strictures or narrow areas. They help to widen the esophagus and improve swallowing function. Therefore, esophagoscopy is the setup where bougies would typically be found.

The correct answer is Omni-Tract. Omni-Tract is a urology perineal retractor system. It is a commonly used surgical instrument that helps to retract and hold the perineal tissues during urological procedures. The system consists of various retractors and blades that can be adjusted and positioned according to the surgeon's needs. Omni-Tract is known for its versatility and ease of use, making it a popular choice among urologists.

A rib approximator is a surgical instrument used to hold and approximate ribs during thoracic surgeries. It helps in stabilizing the ribs and maintaining proper alignment while the surgeon performs procedures such as rib fixation or thoracotomy. A Bailey, on the other hand, is not a known surgical instrument or term in the medical field. Therefore, the correct answer is rib approximator.

A long thoracic forceps is a surgical instrument used for grasping and manipulating tissues during surgical procedures. It is named after the German surgeon, Friedrich Schnidt, who likely developed or popularized the design of this particular forceps.

Stapedectomy is a surgical procedure performed to treat hearing loss caused by otosclerosis, a condition where the stapes bone in the middle ear becomes fixed and cannot vibrate properly. During the procedure, a small microsuction is used to remove the stapes bone, a speculum is used to hold the ear canal open, and a prosthesis is inserted to replace the removed bone and restore hearing. An autograft, which is the transplantation of tissue from one part of the body to another in the same individual, is not required for a stapedectomy.

An intra-aortic balloon pump is a device used to support the heart by increasing coronary blood flow and reducing the workload of the heart. It is not typically included in the setup for a transvenous pacemaker, which is a device used to regulate the heart's rhythm. The other options, including the tunneling instrument, fluoroscopy, and defibrillator, are more commonly used during the setup for a transvenous pacemaker.

Cloward instrumentation is a surgical technique used for cervical spine surgery. This technique involves the use of bone grafts and metal plates to stabilize and fuse the vertebrae in the cervical spine. It is commonly used to treat conditions such as cervical disc herniation, degenerative disc disease, and spinal stenosis in the neck. Therefore, Cloward instrumentation would be included for surgery of the cervical spine.

The correct answer is 4 because the picture shows two instruments, one of which is labeled as number 4. Therefore, it can be inferred that instrument number 4 is found on a cholecystostomy set up.

Crutchfield tongs are used for skeletal traction. Skeletal traction is a technique used to immobilize and align fractured bones by applying traction directly to the skeletal system. Crutchfield tongs are a type of traction device that is inserted into the skull to provide traction and stabilize the cervical spine. They consist of metal pins that are inserted into the skull and are attached to a traction system. This allows for controlled and precise traction to be applied to the cervical spine, aiding in the alignment and healing of fractures or dislocations.

A lebsche is a surgical instrument used to open the sternum. The sternum is the breastbone located in the center of the chest, and opening it may be necessary during certain surgical procedures, such as cardiac surgeries or thoracic surgeries. The lebsche is specifically designed to safely and effectively separate the sternum, allowing access to the underlying structures. By using a lebsche, surgeons can perform procedures that require direct access to the heart, lungs, or other organs in the chest cavity.

A small fine needle holder used in plastic surgery is called a Webster.

A bronchus clamp is a surgical instrument used to clamp or occlude the bronchus, which is the main airway leading to the lungs. It is commonly used during thoracic surgeries to temporarily block the bronchus and prevent the entry of air or fluid into the lung being operated on. This allows the surgeon to perform the procedure without interference from the lung's ventilation.

The correct answer is modified Trendelenburg. In hypovolemic shock, the body is experiencing a significant loss of blood volume. The modified Trendelenburg position is commonly used to help improve blood flow to vital organs by elevating the patient's legs above the level of the heart. This position promotes venous return and increases cardiac output, helping to stabilize the patient's condition. The reverse Trendelenburg position, supine position, and dorsal recumbent position do not provide the same benefits in terms of improving blood flow and are not typically used in cases of hypovolemic shock.