Superior Mediastinum And Lungs - Block 3

The area above the red line is called the superior mediastinum.

The mediastinal pleura is the membrane that covers the organs in the mediastinum, the central compartment of the chest. It is innervated by the phrenic nerve, which is a major nerve that originates from the cervical spine and supplies sensation to the diaphragm and the surrounding structures. Therefore, the statement that the mediastinal pleura is supplied by the phrenic nerve is true.

The Angle of Louis, also known as the sternal angle, is an anatomical landmark that separates the inferior and superior mediastinum. It is located at the level of the intervertebral disc between the fourth and fifth thoracic vertebrae (T4 and T5).

The glandular plane of the superior mediastinum consists of the thymus. The thymus is a gland located in the upper chest region, behind the sternum. It plays a crucial role in the development and maturation of T-cells, which are important for the immune system. The thymus is most active during childhood and gradually decreases in size and function as a person ages. It is considered a part of the lymphatic system and is responsible for producing and releasing lymphocytes.

The left recurrent laryngeal nerve does indeed pass inferior to the arch of the aorta and posterolateral to the ligamentum arteriosum. It then ascends to the larynx, positioning itself between the trachea and esophagus. Therefore, the statement is true.

The phrenic nerve is a nerve that originates from the cervical spine and passes in front of the root of the lungs. It supplies the mediastinal pleura, which is the lining of the chest cavity, and the pericardium, which is the membrane surrounding the heart. Therefore, the statement that the phrenic nerve passes anterior to the root of the lungs and supplies the mediastinal pleura and pericardium is true.

The correct answer is that the left lung has 3 lobes and two fissures. This statement is incorrect because the left lung actually has 2 lobes and one fissure. The left lung is divided into the superior and inferior lobes by the oblique fissure, whereas the right lung has 3 lobes and 2 fissures (oblique and horizontal).

The statement is true because the right recurrent laryngeal nerve does indeed hook around the subclavian artery and then ascends between the trachea and esophagus. This anatomical arrangement is important for the nerve's function in innervating the muscles of the larynx and controlling vocal cord movement.

The venous plane of the superior mediastinum consists of the left and right brachiocephalic veins, superior vena cava, and the arch of the azygos vein. The great saphenous vein, however, is not a part of the venous plane of the superior mediastinum. It is a superficial vein located in the lower limb and is not directly related to the structures in the superior mediastinum.

The arch of the Azygos vein does indeed loop superiorly around the root of the right lung. This anatomical structure can be seen in the human body and is a valid statement.

The right subclavian artery is the correct answer because it is not a branch of the aorta. The brachiocephalic trunk, left subclavian artery, and left common carotid artery are all branches of the aorta. The right subclavian artery arises from the brachiocephalic trunk, which is the first branch of the aorta. Therefore, the right subclavian artery is the only option that does not fit the pattern of being a branch of the aorta.

The trachea is a tube-like structure that extends from the larynx to the bronchi. It is located in the anterior part of the neck and chest. The trachea ends at the sternal angle, which is a landmark on the sternum. It descends anteriorly to the esophagus, which is located posteriorly. The trachea divides into the left and right main bronchi, which further branch into smaller bronchi. Finally, the trachea terminates superior to the heart, where it bifurcates into the bronchi. Therefore, all of the given statements are true characteristics of the trachea.

The correct answer is trachea and esophagus. The visceral plane of the superior mediastinum refers to the area located in the upper part of the chest, between the sternum and the vertebral column. It contains the organs that are involved in respiration and digestion, such as the trachea (windpipe) and the esophagus (food pipe). The larynx (voice box) is not included in the visceral plane of the superior mediastinum.

The superior vena cava is responsible for carrying deoxygenated blood from the upper body to the heart. It receives blood from various structures located above the diaphragm, such as the head, neck, upper limbs, and chest wall. However, it does not receive blood from the heart and lungs, as they have their own separate pathways for blood circulation. Therefore, the statement that the superior vena cava shunts blood from structures superior to the diaphragm, with the exceptions of the heart and lungs, is true.

The left recurrent laryngeal nerve is prone to injury due to the involvement of structures such as the arch of the aorta, esophagus, bronchogenic carcinoma, and lymphadenopathy. Unilateral damage to this nerve can result in hoarseness, while bilateral damage can lead to aphonia, which is a complete loss of voice.

Carina is located in the trachea.

The question asks for an incorrect match among the given options. However, the answer states that all the options are correct. This implies that there is no incorrect match among Azygos vein, Superior vena cava, Pulmonary arteries, and Pulmonary veins. Therefore, the answer suggests that all the options are correctly matched.

The lymphatic plane of the superior mediastinum consists of the thoracic duct. The thoracic duct is the largest lymphatic vessel in the body and is responsible for draining lymph from the lower body, left upper body, and left side of the head and neck. It runs through the superior mediastinum and eventually empties into the venous system near the junction of the left subclavian and left internal jugular veins. The other options listed, such as the descending aorta and lymphatic ducts, are not specifically part of the lymphatic plane of the superior mediastinum.

The arch of the aorta ascends posterolaterally to the right.

visceral pleura is INSENSATIVE TO PAIN

The cervical pleura projects into the neck, not shielded by bony structures. Therefore, cervical pleura can be easily injured at thsi point. ie stabbing wounds.

H is the bronchus

During a Pericardiocentesis, the point of the needle should be inserted in the 5th and 6th intercostal space near the sternum. This is the correct answer because the pericardial sac, which is the target for the procedure, is located in this area. By inserting the needle in the 5th and 6th intercostal space, healthcare professionals can safely access the pericardial sac to drain fluid or perform other necessary interventions.

When the phrenic nerve or the tissues it supplies become irritated, it can trigger the hiccup reflex. The phrenic nerve plays a crucial role in controlling the diaphragm, which is the main muscle involved in breathing. When irritated, the nerve can cause involuntary contractions of the diaphragm, leading to the characteristic sound and movement of hiccups. This irritation does not directly affect coughing or breathing difficulties, which are more commonly associated with other respiratory conditions. Therefore, the correct answer is the hiccup reflex.

The correct answer is "cervical pleura; hilum of the lung". The cervical pleura refers to the portion of the pleura that covers the neck region of the lung. The hilum of the lung is the area where the blood vessels, nerves, and bronchi enter and exit the lung. This is the most accurate description of the letters A and B in the picture.

right vagas nerve and left phrenic nerve are also part of the arterial nervous plane

The costal pleura and the peripheral part of the diaphragmatic pleura are supplied by the intercostal nerves. These nerves originate from the spinal cord and run along the spaces between the ribs. They provide sensory innervation to the intercostal muscles and the skin of the chest and abdomen. Since the costal pleura is located near the ribs and the diaphragmatic pleura is near the diaphragm, it makes sense that they would be supplied by the intercostal nerves.

The pericardium is a double-layered sac that surrounds the heart. The costomediastinal recess is a potential space located between the pericardium and the mediastinum. It is formed by the reflection of the parietal pleura onto the mediastinum. In this space, the pericardium is in direct contact with the posterior surface of the thoracic wall. Therefore, the correct answer is thoracic wall.

The parietal pleura covers the root of the lung. The parietal pleura is the outer layer of the pleura, which is a thin membrane that lines the chest cavity and covers the lungs. It is attached to the chest wall, ribs, and diaphragm. The visceral pleura, on the other hand, covers the surface of the lungs. The costal pleura refers to the part of the parietal pleura that lines the inner surface of the chest wall. The diaphragmatic pleura covers the diaphragm, which is the muscle that separates the chest cavity from the abdominal cavity.

The thymus is located in the anterior (front) part of the body. It sits in front of the left brachiocephalic vein and the aortic arch. This means that if you were looking at the thymus from the front, you would see it in front of these two structures. The other options do not accurately describe the position of the thymus in relation to these specific structures.

Marked by a sharp stabbing pain.

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Thoracocenthesis should be conducted at the 9th intercostal space. This is because the procedure involves inserting a needle or catheter into the pleural space, which is located between the ribs. The 9th intercostal space is a suitable location for this procedure as it provides access to the pleural space without causing damage to vital structures such as the lungs or major blood vessels. Additionally, the 9th intercostal space allows for effective drainage of fluid or air that may have accumulated in the pleural space.