Mcq_mini3 Superior Mediastinum And Lungs

The bronchoscope would pass more readily into the right lung because of its angle with the trachea and size of the main bronchus.

The feature that is found only in the left lung is the cardiac notch. The cardiac notch is a concave impression on the medial surface of the left lung that accommodates the heart. This feature is not present in the right lung. The other options mentioned, such as the horizontal and oblique fissures, superior lobar bronchus, and three lobes, are all present in both the left and right lungs.

The correct answer is Carina. During a bronchoscopy, the doctor observed a cartilagenous structure separating the right and left main stem bronchi. This structure resembles a ship's keel and is called the carina.

When a foreign object is aspirated into the airway, it is most likely to get lodged in the bronchus of the lung on the same side as the hand used to manipulate the object. In this case, the girl had been playing with beads and had apparently aspirated one, so it is likely to be in the right main bronchus. As the right main bronchus is wider and more vertical than the left main bronchus, it is more prone to foreign body aspiration.

The correct answer is Inferior lobe. The question states that the knife just nicked the right lung halfway between its apex and diaphragmatic surface. The inferior lobe of the lung is located towards the bottom and is closer to the diaphragm. Therefore, it is most likely to be injured in this scenario.

The thymus gland is located in the anterior mediastinum, behind the sternum. In this case, the tumor is impinging posteriorly on a blood vessel. The left brachiocephalic vein is a major blood vessel that drains blood from the upper body into the superior vena cava. It is located in close proximity to the thymus gland and could be affected by the tumor. The other options, such as the left pulmonary vein, left bronchial vein, right pulmonary artery, and right superior intercostal vein, are not as likely to be affected by a mid-line tumor of the thymus gland.

When a patient is bed-ridden and lying supine for a long period, gravity causes fluid to accumulate in the dependent areas of the lungs. The superior segment of the lower lobe is the most dependent area in the lungs when the patient is lying supine. Therefore, it is the most likely site of fluid accumulation in this case.

The phrenic nerve originates from the cervical spinal nerves C3-C5 and supplies the pericardium and diaphragm. It is responsible for controlling the movement of the diaphragm, which is the main muscle involved in breathing. The pericardium is a protective sac around the heart, and the phrenic nerve provides sensory innervation to it. Therefore, the correct answer is Pericardium and Diaphragm.

The lingula is a small, tongue-like projection of the left lung that extends from the anterior part of the upper lobe. During full inspiration, the lingula may partially fill the costomediastinal recess, which is a potential space between the lung and the mediastinum. This occurs because the lingula is located in close proximity to the mediastinum, allowing it to expand and fill the recess during deep inhalation.

The fluid (pus) would most likely have accumulated in the superior segment of the inferior lobe due to gravity. When a person lies supine (flat on their back), the fluid will pool in the dependent areas of the lung, which are the lower lobes. In this case, the pneumonia is in the right lung, so the fluid would accumulate in the superior segment of the right lower lobe.

During deep inspiration, the lung tissue just above the cardiac notch would tend to expand into the costomediastinal recess. The costomediastinal recess is a potential space located between the costal pleura and the mediastinal pleura. It is formed by the reflection of the parietal pleura at the level of the 4th or 5th costal cartilage. This recess allows for the expansion of the lung tissue during deep inspiration, allowing for increased lung capacity and improved oxygenation.

The left brachiocephalic vein courses across the mediastinum in an almost horizontal fashion. The mediastinum is the central compartment of the thoracic cavity, and the left brachiocephalic vein is one of the major veins located in this region. It receives blood from the left subclavian vein and the left internal jugular vein, and then joins with the right brachiocephalic vein to form the superior vena cava. The left subclavian artery, left subclavian vein, left internal jugular vein, and left common carotid artery are all located in the mediastinum, but they do not course across it in a horizontal fashion like the left brachiocephalic vein does.

The oblique fissure of the right lung separates the lower lobe from both the upper and middle lobes.

The recurrent laryngeal branch of the Vagus Nerve loops around the Ligamentum Arteriosum on the left side of the mediastinum. The Ligamentum Arteriosum is a remnant of the fetal ductus arteriosus, which connects the pulmonary trunk to the aorta in the developing fetus. As the Vagus Nerve descends through the superior mediastinum, it gives off this branch that wraps around the Ligamentum Arteriosum.

When the tracheobronchial lymph nodes are enlarged due to a diseased situation, the left recurrent laryngeal nerve would be most vulnerable to irritation. The left recurrent laryngeal nerve loops around the aortic arch before ascending to supply the muscles of the larynx. Enlarged lymph nodes in this area can compress or irritate the nerve, leading to symptoms such as hoarseness of voice and difficulty swallowing. The other nerves listed in the options are not as closely related to the tracheobronchial lymph nodes and are less likely to be affected by their enlargement.

The question describes a stabbing injury to the back that just nicked the left lung. The lung is divided into lobes, and the inferior lobe is located at the bottom of the lung. Since the injury is described as being halfway between the apex (top) and diaphragmatic surface (bottom) of the lung, it is most likely to have affected the inferior lobe.

When a person aspirates fluid while swallowing, it is most likely to end up in the bronchopulmonary segment that is closest to the location where the aspiration occurred. In this case, the fluid would most likely end up in the superior segmental bronchus of the right inferior lobe, as it is the closest to the location of aspiration.

The correct answer is Left brachiocephalic vein. The patient's edema of the left upper limb is likely due to poor venous return caused by compression of a large vein by the aneurysm of the ascending aorta. The left brachiocephalic vein is located immediately anterosuperior to the ascending aorta, making it the most likely vein to be impinged upon.

To avoid injuring the lung or neurovascular elements during thoracentesis, the aspiration needle should be inserted at the bottom of interspace 9 in the midaxillary line. This location ensures that the needle is inserted below the lung and away from any major blood vessels or nerves. The midaxillary line is a reliable landmark for this procedure, and the bottom of interspace 9 is the correct insertion point to safely remove fluid from the pleural cavity.

The correct answer is "its upper lobar bronchus lies behind and above the right pulmonary artery." This statement refers to the anatomical position of the upper lobar bronchus in the right lung, indicating its location relative to the right pulmonary artery.

The minor (horizontal) fissure separates the middle lobe from the upper lobe.

During the surgery to remove the thymus, the surgeon would have ligated the anterior intercostal artery that supplies blood to the thymus. The thymus is located in the anterior mediastinum, which is supplied by the anterior intercostal arteries. Ligation of this artery would effectively cut off the blood supply to the thymus, allowing for its removal.

If the surgeon accidentally cuts the first aortic intercostal arteries, the structure that might be deprived of its main source of blood supply is the right bronchus. The first aortic intercostal arteries are branches of the descending aorta that supply blood to the intercostal spaces and the bronchial arteries. Since the right bronchus is located in close proximity to the descending aorta, it is likely to be affected by the accidental cut.