Spring 2010 - Pac801 - Final Exam Practice

The banjo was a musical instrument commonly used in minstrel shows, which were popular in the 19th and early 20th centuries. These shows often depicted African-Americans in a derogatory and stereotypical manner. The banjo became associated with these negative stereotypes, as it was frequently played by white performers in blackface, perpetuating harmful racial caricatures. Its use in minstrelsy contributed to the perpetuation of negative stereotypes of African-Americans.

The Delaware creation story describes a turtle rising up out of the water as the formation of the earth. This suggests that the turtle plays a significant role in their mythology and symbolizes the beginning of life and the earth's creation. The turtle is often associated with wisdom, longevity, and stability in many cultures, so it is likely that the Delaware people view the turtle as a powerful and sacred creature in their creation story.

David Goodis was a film noir fiction writer from Philadelphia and a Temple graduate. He was most famous for his novel "Down There" which was later adapted into the film "Shoot the Piano Player". Goodis's works often explored themes of crime, loneliness, and despair, and he became known for his gritty and atmospheric writing style. His contributions to the film noir genre have made him a highly regarded and influential figure in the world of crime fiction.

William Penn is the correct answer because he is the one who thought of Philadelphia as a "holy experiment" where its residents would have religious and political freedom that was not available elsewhere. As the founder of Pennsylvania and a Quaker, Penn believed in the importance of religious tolerance and wanted to create a society where people could freely practice their faith and participate in political decision-making. This vision of Philadelphia as a place of religious and political freedom was a central aspect of Penn's founding principles and continues to be associated with the city today.

The talbotype was a patented English process that served as an alternative to the Daguerreotype. It was based on the negative-positive process, which allowed for the creation of multiple copies of an image. The talbotype process involved creating a paper negative from which multiple positive prints could be made. This technique was developed by William Henry Fox Talbot in the 19th century and played a significant role in the early development of photography.

In the early 19th century, Charles Willson Peale's Philadelphia Museum, located on the second floor of Independence Hall, showcased various exhibits. This included portraits of the founding fathers painted by Peale himself and specimens of natural history. One notable exhibit was the fossilized skeleton of a mastodon. Peale had personally excavated this ancient creature, making it a significant addition to his museum.

The correct answer is "the gross clinic" or "gross clinic". This painting, created by Thomas Eakins, was intended to be exhibited at the 1876 Centennial in Memorial Hall. However, it was rejected because it was deemed too realistic and graphic, particularly due to its portrayal of a surgical procedure with blood.

The particular literary setting being described in the passage is Monk Hall. This can be inferred from the description of the mansion's front, which is described as a plain mass of black and red brick, with a massive hall-door defended by heavy pillars and surmounted by an intricate cornice carved into hideous satyr-faces.

Thomas Holme, the surveyor, is the correct answer. He is the one who took years to provide his long-awaited map of the improved part of the Province of Pennsilvania in America, which was published in London in 1687.

Benjamin Henry Latrobe is considered the U.S.'s first professional architect because he was one of the first individuals to practice architecture as a full-time occupation in the country. He was highly skilled and trained in the field of architecture, and his notable works, such as the United States Capitol and the Baltimore Basilica, showcase his expertise. Latrobe's contributions to American architecture laid the foundation for the profession in the United States, making him a significant figure in the field.

The correct answer is Mercer. The Mercer Museum in Doylestown, named for its founder, contains more than 50,000 objects from over 60 early American trades, which document the changing industry in Pennsylvania.

Jacques Greber, a French architect and urban planner, is the correct answer. He improved the plan for the Parkway and modeled it on the Avenue des Champs-Élysées in Paris.

James Logan was a Quaker statesman, book collector, and member of the Proprietary Party. He was known for his close friendship and advisory role to William Penn, the founder of Pennsylvania. Logan also established a significant country estate called 'Stenton.' His involvement in politics, his passion for collecting books, and his close relationship with Penn made him a prominent figure in colonial Pennsylvania.

On May 17, 1838, an anti-Abolitionist mob burned down Pennsylvania Hall, which had been recently constructed at Race and 6th Streets. The mob's actions were fueled by their opposition to the abolitionist movement, and they targeted the newly built hall as a symbol of their resistance to the cause. This incident highlights the intense opposition and violence faced by abolitionists during this time period.

Rittenhouse Square was named one of the Best Parks & Plazas by the Partners for Public Spaces.

Thomas Eakins was an artist who was inspired by anatomy and the human body. He was known for his realistic and detailed portrayals of the human figure. However, he faced controversy during his teaching position at the Pennsylvania Academy of Fine Arts because he allowed nudity in a mixed gendered classroom. This violated the societal norms of the time and led to his ousting from the academy.

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George Lippard, a 19th century writer and founder of the Brotherhood of the Union, wrote a famous work called "Monks of Monk Hall" which was initially given in several parts. This work was based on the real 1843 trial of Singleton Mercer, who was tried for the murder of his sister's rapist. Another famous work by Lippard is "Quaker City."

The correct answer is "class". This is because the sentence mentions various professions and social positions such as merchants, generals, shopkeepers, clergymen, craftsmen, bankers, and revolutionaries, indicating that people from different social classes used Windsor furniture to meet their seating needs.

Gustavus Hesselius, who arrived from Sweden in 1712, painted portraits of Lapowinska and Tishchohan in 1735. This suggests that Hesselius was from Sweden and that he traveled to the location where Lapowinska and Tishchohan were in order to paint their portraits.

The term "redlining" refers to the practice of systematically denying or limiting financial services, such as loans or insurance, to certain neighborhoods or communities based on their racial or ethnic composition. The Home Owners Loan Corporation (HOLC) in 1935 conducted a survey to assess the risk of real estate investments and marked areas considered "hazardous" or high-risk. These areas were often predominantly inhabited by minority groups, and the term "redlining" became associated with the discriminatory practice of denying financial opportunities to these neighborhoods.

Christopher Morley was a popular Philadelphian author who was most famous for his 1939 book, Kity Foyle, which would later become a hit Hollywood movie. The subject of the book was the changing landscape of urban work in the late 30-40s and a romance with a Philadelphia socialite.

Benjamin Lay was a Quaker reformer who gained recognition for his unconventional and dramatic methods of promoting his Quaker beliefs. He was a staunch opponent of slavery and war, actively denouncing both practices. Lay's theatrical demonstrations aimed to raise awareness and provoke a change in societal attitudes towards these issues. His actions and outspokenness made him a prominent figure in the Quaker community and contributed to the broader anti-slavery movement.

In 1666, one year after the bubonic plague, London was devastated by a massive fire known as the Great Fire of London. This fire started in a bakery on Pudding Lane and quickly spread, destroying a significant portion of the city. The fire lasted for several days and caused widespread damage and loss of life. It is considered one of the most significant events in London's history and led to major rebuilding and improvements in fire safety measures.

This answer suggests that the artist's work is influenced by their perception of the world, as well as the specific time and place they are in. The artist's response to their surroundings, combined with our own understanding of ourselves, shapes the artwork.

Henry Ossawa Tanner is the correct answer because he studied under Thomas Eakins and created The Banjo Lesson, a painting that challenges stereotypes of African American culture. The painting portrays a respectful image of a banjo lesson, highlighting themes of family, continuity, and culture. Tanner's work aims to reclaim the banjo as a symbol of African American heritage, countering negative stereotypes and celebrating the richness of their culture.

William Bartram, an American botanist and travel journal writer, is known for his sketches of birds, plants, and animals. In the early 1790s, he published his book "Travels in Florida and the South." He is also remembered for the botanical gardens named after him and his father in Philadelphia, known as the William Bartram Gardens.

Lithography is a printmaking process that involves drawing with wax pencils on a polished stone. This process is considered relatively easy and inexpensive compared to engraving copper plates. In lithography, the artist creates an image on the stone surface using wax-based materials, which repel ink. The stone is then inked, and the ink adheres only to the drawn areas. Finally, a print is made by transferring the inked image onto paper or another surface. Lithography allows for a wide range of artistic expression and is commonly used in creating posters, illustrations, and fine art prints.

On President Thomas Jefferson's instructions, Meriwether Lewis was in Philadelphia to learn what to look for on his upcoming Expedition to the Pacific Ocean and how to record and preserve it. He returned to Philadelphia again in 1807 to begin work on a multi-volume account of the expedition's discoveries.

Edward Williams Clay was a cartoonist from the late 1820s whose work focused on social pretensions of many groups within Philadelphia society.

Laurel Hill was established not only as a permanent burial place but also as a scenic sanctuary for the living. It served as a recreational area for various activities such as photography, tourism, jogging, nature appreciation, art, picnics, and sightseeing. In addition to its primary function as a cemetery, Laurel Hill provided a space for people to enjoy and engage with the natural surroundings and cultural heritage of the area.

Philadelphia expanded and evolved into the "workshop of the world" because it became a significant industrial center during the Civil War and into the new century. The city's growth and development in industries such as textiles, manufacturing, and shipbuilding earned it this nickname. Philadelphia's factories and workshops played a crucial role in supplying goods and materials during this time, solidifying its reputation as a major industrial hub.

During the turn of the century in Philadelphia, the three major industries that dominated the city were iron/steel, coal, and the railroad. The railroad played a crucial role in the city's economy as it facilitated the transportation of goods and people, connecting Philadelphia to other regions and markets. It provided a vital link for the transportation of raw materials, such as coal, and the finished products of the iron and steel industry. The railroad industry also created job opportunities and stimulated economic growth in the city.

In 1876, the centennial exhibition celebrated the 100th anniversary of the Declaration of Independence through technology, expression, and exuberance. This exhibition was a significant event that showcased advancements in various fields and celebrated the nation's progress and achievements over the past century. It provided a platform for showcasing new inventions, artistic creations, and cultural displays, all aimed at highlighting the nation's growth and development. The centennial exhibition was a grand celebration that brought together people from all walks of life to commemorate this important milestone in American history.

Frank Furness was a renowned architect from the Victorian era who was known for his bold, muscular, and eclectic designs. Some of his notable works include the Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts and several banks along Chestnut Street. Furness's architectural style was characterized by its distinctive and innovative approach, combining elements from various architectural movements. His designs were often characterized by their robustness and strong visual impact. Overall, Frank Furness's architectural contributions during the Victorian era were highly influential and continue to be admired today.

William Rau was a business photographer hired by the Pennsylvania Railroad to take pictures that would encourage travel by rail.

Poor Richard's Almanack was a widely popular publication that was bought by a significant portion of the population every year. The almanac was first issued by Benjamin Franklin in 1733. Franklin, a renowned American polymath, author, printer, and statesman, used the pseudonym "Poor Richard" for the publication. His almanac contained various useful information, proverbs, and witty sayings, which made it highly sought after. Franklin's reputation and the quality of the content contributed to the widespread popularity and high sales of Poor Richard's Almanack.

Charles Brockden Brown’s 1799 novel, Edgar Huntly: Memoirs of a Sleepwalker is based on the 1737 land grab by James Logan and William Penn’s sons known as the Walking Purchase. The Walking Purchase was a fraudulent land deal in which the Penn family claimed a large portion of Native American land by exploiting a loophole in a previous treaty. This event had significant consequences for both the Native American tribes involved and the colonial settlers, and it serves as the backdrop for Brown's novel.

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The correct answer is Thomas Affleck. The blue easy chair from 1770-1771 is considered to be the most ornate example of American rococo and is owned by the Philadelphia Museum of Art. It is attributed to Thomas Affleck, a Quaker cabinetmaker.

The painting "Penn's Treaty with the Indians" was commissioned by Thomas Penn in 1772 and later reproduced on various items in the 19th century. The artist responsible for this painting was Benjamin West, who was born in Swarthmore, PA.

Martin Jugiez was a master wood carver who was a prominent member of the Carpenters' Company and founded Philadelphia's first architectural drawing school. He is recognized for his sculptural designs in the woodwork of John Macpherson’s "Mount Pleasant" on the banks of the Schuylkill River, which John Adams called "the most elegant seat in Pennsylvania".

During the period 1876-1905, Philadelphia underwent a significant transformation and emerged as a commercial giant, primarily due to its iron-related industries. This implies that the city experienced a boom in industries such as iron manufacturing, steel production, and other related sectors. This economic growth and industrial development led to Philadelphia being referred to as the "Iron Age" because of its dominance in iron-related industries during that time.

Gustavus Hesselius did not paint the portrait of Sitting Bull.

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John Moran practiced photography and wrote about the medium as "art" because he likely considered photography as a form of artistic expression. By categorizing it as art, he acknowledged the creative and aesthetic aspects of photography, emphasizing that it goes beyond mere documentation or journalism. Moran likely believed that photography has the potential to evoke emotions, convey messages, and capture the beauty of the world, making it a valuable artistic medium.

Nicholas Biddle was not an architect. The other individuals listed - John Haviland, Louis Kahn, William Strickland, and Frank Furness - were all architects known for their contributions to the field.

Frank Furness was not part of the original group of illustrators that would form the Ashcan school. The Ashcan school was a group of American realist painters who focused on depicting everyday life in urban areas. The original group of illustrators included William Glackens, John Sloan, and Everett Shinn. Frank Furness, on the other hand, was an architect known for his innovative designs and was not involved in the Ashcan school movement.

Louis Kahn believed that architecture is about feeling and expression, and he taught his students to "honor the brick." He emphasized the importance of using materials such as brick in a way that showcases their inherent qualities and celebrates their beauty. Kahn's architectural designs often featured exposed brickwork, creating a sense of warmth and texture. He believed that architecture should evoke emotions and create meaningful spaces that resonate with people on a deeper level.

Joseph Saxton is best known for making the first American Daguerreotype from the window of the US Mint at Chestnut and Juniper Streets in 1839.