Sociology Practice Quiz #5

A married couple and their firstborn child are considered a triad because a triad refers to a group consisting of three members. In this case, the married couple and their firstborn child make up a group of three individuals, thus fitting the definition of a triad.

In-groups and out-groups are significant in distinguishing between the relative power to define what is considered normal versus abnormal behavior within a group. In-groups refer to the group to which an individual belongs and identifies with, while out-groups are those that an individual does not belong to. The in-group members have the power to define what is considered normal behavior within the group, while behavior that deviates from these norms is seen as abnormal. Out-group members, on the other hand, are not part of this power dynamic and may have different definitions of normal and abnormal behavior.

The main reason for the success of Amish businesses when compared to other United States businesses is that the Amish prioritize the community and its social capital, rather than rugged individualism. This means that they work together as a community, supporting and helping each other, which leads to a stronger and more resilient business environment. This sense of community and collaboration allows them to overcome challenges and achieve success in their businesses.

A duo such as Batman and Robin is an example of a dyad because a dyad refers to a group consisting of only two members. In this case, Batman and Robin form a partnership where they work together as a team to fight crime. They rely on each other's skills and support, making them a classic example of a dyad.

A family is considered an example of a primary group according to Cooley's classification. Primary groups are characterized by close, intimate, and long-lasting relationships. They are usually small in size and involve face-to-face interactions. Families fit this description as they consist of individuals who share deep emotional bonds, live together, and engage in regular personal interactions. In contrast, secondary groups are typically larger and more impersonal, focusing on specific tasks or goals rather than personal relationships.

Sets of dyads held together by ties between the individuals are known as social networks. Social networks refer to the connections and relationships between individuals, forming a web of social interactions. These networks can be formed within various contexts, such as friendships, family ties, or professional relationships. Social networks play a crucial role in shaping social behavior, information flow, and social support systems. They can also impact individual and collective outcomes, such as influencing job opportunities, access to resources, and social capital.

Cooley identified secondary groups as larger, impersonal groups where individuals interact based on specific roles and tasks. These groups are often formed for a specific purpose, such as a classroom setting, where individuals come together to achieve a common goal or objective. In this case, the intro sociology class can be considered a secondary group as it consists of a larger number of students who come together for the purpose of learning and studying sociology.

Network analysis is a research method that examines the relationships between individuals or groups. It can be applied to both microlevel and macrolevel studies in sociological research. At the microlevel, network analysis can be used to study interpersonal relationships and social interactions within small groups or communities. At the macrolevel, it can be used to analyze social structures and patterns of relationships within larger populations or societies. Therefore, the statement "It can be used in both microlevel and macrolevel studies" is true.

A reference group is a social group that individuals use as a standard for evaluating their own attitudes, behaviors, and beliefs. It is a group that people compare themselves to, even if they don't know the members personally. Reference groups can be aspirational (groups that individuals admire and strive to be a part of) or normative (groups that individuals use to gauge their own behavior and conform to societal norms). Therefore, the correct answer is reference groups.

The correct answer is the terrorist attacks of 9/11/01. According to Putnam's research, this event led to a temporary revival of civic engagement among young people. The attacks caused a sense of unity and solidarity among Americans, leading to increased participation in community activities and a stronger sense of community-oriented behavior.

The correct answer is "open source." Open source refers to a collaborative production model where individuals or organizations contribute to the development and improvement of a product or software. It allows for transparency, accessibility, and shared ownership of the final product. This model has gained popularity in recent years and is seen as an alternative to traditional hierarchical structures in organizations. It fosters innovation, creativity, and community participation in the production process.

Simmel termed a person who intentionally tries to drive a wedge between two other people as "divide and conquer". This term refers to the strategy of causing division and conflict among a group in order to gain control or power. By creating tension and animosity between individuals, the person seeks to weaken their unity and manipulate the situation to their advantage. This term highlights the manipulative and divisive nature of such individuals.

Cooley distinguished between two types of groups: primary and secondary groups. Primary groups are characterized by intimate and personal relationships, such as families or close friends, where individuals have strong emotional ties and engage in face-to-face interactions. On the other hand, secondary groups are larger and more impersonal, such as work colleagues or members of a club, where relationships are more formal and task-oriented. Cooley's distinction helps to understand the different dynamics and purposes of these two types of social groups.

The correct answer is technological advancements, especially the Internet. This is because the Internet has revolutionized the way social networks and organizations operate. It has allowed for faster communication, increased connectivity, and the ability to reach a larger audience. These advancements have greatly impacted the structure and dynamics of social networks and organizations, making them more efficient and accessible.

Stigmatized groups, such as gays and lesbians in the United States, are known as out-groups. Out-groups refer to social groups that are perceived as being different or outside of the dominant or majority group. These stigmatized groups often face discrimination, prejudice, and social exclusion due to their perceived differences, which can lead to marginalization and inequality within society.

The correct answer is organizational structure. This refers to the manner in which power and authority are allocated in a hierarchical manner within an organization. It determines how tasks, responsibilities, and decision-making are divided and coordinated among different levels and departments. Organizational structure helps establish clear lines of communication, accountability, and control within the organization.

According to Simmel, a party is considered multifocal because it involves multiple individuals interacting with each other simultaneously. In a party, people engage in various conversations and activities, creating a dynamic and diverse social environment. This multifocality is what distinguishes a party from other social gatherings or events that may have a single focal point or purpose.

Asch conducted experiments that demonstrated the power of group conformity. In his famous conformity study, participants were shown a line and asked to match it with one of three other lines. The catch was that the majority of the participants were confederates who purposely chose the wrong answer. Asch found that many participants conformed to the incorrect group answer, even when they knew it was wrong. This study highlighted the influence of social pressure and the tendency for individuals to conform to group norms, even when it goes against their own judgment.

Embeddedness refers to the degree to which ties within a social network are reinforced through indirect paths. It emphasizes the interconnectedness and interdependencies among individuals within a network. This concept recognizes that social relationships are not isolated, but rather embedded within a larger social structure. By understanding the embeddedness of ties, sociologists can analyze the strength and influence of social networks on individual behavior and outcomes.

The examples of more and more people bowling and eating alone suggest a decrease in social capital. This means that people are becoming more isolated and disconnected from their communities. The increase in solo activities like bowling and eating alone indicates a decline in social interactions and connections with others. This can have negative effects on individuals and society as a whole, as social capital is essential for building strong relationships, trust, and cooperation within a community.

Wikipedia is a popular example of the open-source format because it is an online encyclopedia that allows anyone to create, edit, and contribute to its content. It operates under a Creative Commons license, which means that the content is freely available for anyone to use, modify, and distribute. This open collaboration model has led to the creation of a vast and diverse knowledge base that is constantly evolving and improving with the help of a global community of contributors.

The example of real estate agents earning money by maintaining or creating distance or contact between potential buyers and sellers demonstrates the concept of structural holes. Structural holes refer to gaps or spaces between individuals or groups in a social network. In this case, the real estate agents are exploiting the gaps or holes in the network by acting as intermediaries, connecting buyers and sellers who may not have otherwise been aware of or connected to each other. This allows them to earn money through their role in bridging these structural holes.

An old boys' club is an example of organizational culture because it is a type of group that allows only certain groups of males to join and provides them with preferential treatment in hiring, promotion, and other aspects. This type of organization creates a culture that reinforces gender bias and exclusion, which can have a significant impact on the overall dynamics and values within the organization.

Organizational culture refers to the shared beliefs and behaviors that exist within a social group. It encompasses the values, norms, attitudes, and practices that are characteristic of a particular organization. This culture influences how employees interact with each other, make decisions, and approach their work. It is often shaped by the organization's mission, vision, and core values, and plays a significant role in shaping the overall work environment and employee behavior.

C. Wright Mills coined the term "the power elite" to describe the interconnectedness and concentration of power among a small group of individuals who hold influential positions in society. This concept refers to the idea that political, economic, and military elites work together to maintain their power and control over society. Mills argued that this power elite operates behind the scenes, making decisions that shape the direction of society, often without the knowledge or input of the general population. Therefore, "the power elite" is the correct term for interlocking directorates according to Mills.

A narrative refers to a collection of stories or accounts that are interconnected and revolve around a particular set of ties between people. It is a way of representing and understanding the relationships and interactions within a social network. While a social network refers to the overall structure of relationships, a narrative focuses on the specific stories and experiences that shape these ties. Therefore, the term "narrative" is the most appropriate answer in this context.

The Hart-Cellar Act is the correct answer because it is a federal law that eliminated quotas on national origins for potential immigrants to the United States. The 14th Amendment, Title IX, and the Civil Rights Act are not relevant to this question as they do not pertain to immigration quotas.

Marina's reference group refers to the singers Mariah Carey and Christina Aguilera. A reference group is a group of people that an individual identifies with and uses as a standard for evaluating their own attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors. Marina looks up to and imitates these singers, indicating that they serve as her reference group. They are a source of inspiration and influence for her, shaping her perception of what it means to be a successful singer.

Researchers report that approximately 50% of teens older than age 15 admit to engaging in sexual intercourse. This suggests that a significant portion of teenagers in the United States are sexually active. It is important to note that this statistic represents self-reported data and may not reflect the actual prevalence of teenage sex. Additionally, this percentage may vary depending on factors such as demographics, cultural norms, and individual experiences.

A set of stories that explain the content of a particular relationship are known as a "tie". This term refers to the narratives or anecdotes that provide insight and understanding into the nature and dynamics of a relationship between individuals or groups. These stories help to illustrate the connection and interdependence between the parties involved, shedding light on their shared experiences and the significance of their bond.

Social capital refers to the training and skills that individuals possess, which make them more productive and valuable to employers. This includes information, knowledge of people or things, and connections. Social capital is an important asset in the professional world as it allows individuals to leverage their networks, expertise, and resources to achieve their goals and contribute to organizational success. It helps in building relationships, trust, and collaboration, which ultimately leads to increased productivity and effectiveness in the workplace.

Conley uses the example of writing a Sociology 101 text without accepting any monetary compensation to highlight the concept of commons-based peer production. This concept refers to a collaborative process where individuals voluntarily contribute their time, skills, and resources to create and share a common resource, such as knowledge or software, without the need for traditional hierarchical structures or monetary incentives. By using this example, Conley emphasizes the idea of individuals coming together to create something valuable for the benefit of the community, rather than for personal gain.

The given answer suggests that while the results for later years may vary, there is still hope that early intervention programs like Head Start can provide benefits to some disadvantaged students. This implies that the effectiveness of these programs is not universally positive or negative, but rather depends on individual circumstances and outcomes.

Simmel's small group is characterized by face-to-face interaction being unifocal, lack of formal arrangements or roles, and equality among its members. However, the statement "they are made up of three or fewer people" is not a characteristic of Simmel's small group.

The correct answer is "Social capital is decreasing." This is based on the information presented in Chapter 4, which indicates that social capital in the United States today is declining.

According to Simmel, the three types of groups larger than a triad are small groups, parties, and large groups. Aggregates are not included in this list.

The Amish in Pennsylvania is a culture that has endured and maintained its traditions despite wide changes in United States modern life. The Amish are known for their simple and traditional way of life, including their dress, technology use, and agricultural practices. They have chosen to live separate from mainstream society and prioritize their religious beliefs and community values. This commitment to their traditions has allowed them to preserve their unique lifestyle over time, even as the surrounding culture has evolved.

Benkler's term for "a new model of economic production in which the creative energy of large numbers of people is coordinated (usually with the aid of the Internet) into large meaningful projects" is commons-based peer production. This term refers to a collaborative and decentralized approach to production, where individuals contribute their skills and resources to create and share goods or services. It emphasizes the importance of community and cooperation, rather than traditional hierarchical structures. This model harnesses the power of collective intelligence and enables the participation of a diverse range of contributors.

The explanation for this finding is that the replaced exes don't want to lose social status and be seen as "leftovers." This means that when one person in a romantic heterosexual couple breaks up and starts dating someone new, their ex-partner's new boyfriend or girlfriend is unlikely to date their ex. This is because the exes may feel that dating their partner's ex would make them appear like they are settling for leftovers and lower their social status.

Simmel wrote "The Dyad and the Triad," which argues that the number of people in a group helps to determine the form of the social relations within the group.

An organization is a social network that is defined by a common purpose and has a boundary between its members and the rest of the social world. This means that it is a group of individuals who come together to achieve a specific goal or objective, and they have distinct roles and responsibilities within the organization. The term "organization" is commonly used in sociology to refer to such social networks that have a clear structure and purpose.

The correct answer is "the strength of weak ties". This concept refers to the idea that weak ties, or connections with acquaintances and distant contacts, can be more valuable in certain situations, such as job searches, compared to strong ties with close friends or family. Weak ties provide access to new information, diverse perspectives, and different networks, which can lead to opportunities that may not be available within one's immediate social circle. This concept highlights the importance of expanding one's network beyond close relationships and leveraging the potential benefits of weak ties.

The legal approach to immigration in the United States is based on people's family preferences and ties. This means that individuals who have family members already living in the US may have a higher chance of being granted immigration status. The US immigration system values the reunification of families and allows for certain family members to sponsor their relatives for immigration. This approach prioritizes keeping families together and supporting family unity in the immigration process.

In Simmel's theory, a large group is characterized by a formal structure and status differentiation. This means that there are clear roles, rules, and hierarchies within the group. In a large group, individuals have different positions and levels of authority or power, which contributes to the overall formal structure. This differentiation of status helps to maintain order, manage conflicts, and facilitate decision-making within the large group. Therefore, the characteristics of a formal structure and status differentiation are essential to a large group according to Simmel's perspective.

Isomorphism refers to the process by which organizations, in similar environments, tend to adopt similar structures, practices, and behaviors. This occurs due to pressures from the environment, such as regulatory requirements or industry norms, which lead organizations to conform to the dominant practices in order to gain legitimacy and maintain their competitive position. Isomorphism can result in organizations becoming more similar to each other over time, even if they initially had different structures or strategies.

Fake is the correct answer because the question is asking about the person whose work includes creating websites for Nike, McDonald's, and Flickr. Simmel, Merton, and Cooley are not known for their work in web design or creating websites for these specific companies. Fake is the only option that suggests a possibility of someone creating websites for these well-known brands.

The question asks for an exception among the given options for the basic forms of political relations that can evolve within a triad depending on the role of the entering third party. The options "mediator," "the third party rejoices," and "divide and conquer" are all valid forms of political relations that can evolve within a triad. However, "chaos reigns supreme" does not fit this category as it does not describe a specific role or form of political relation within a triad.

The correct answer is "How do people become Nazis?" This question focuses on the process or factors that contribute to individuals becoming Nazis. It seeks to understand the influences and motivations that lead people to join the Nazi party. It does not address the effects of membership or the reasons behind becoming a Nazi, but rather explores the path individuals take towards becoming involved with the Nazi ideology and party.

According to research in Chapter 5, approximately 5,000,000 people visit the Amish communities of Pennsylvania each year.

The emphasis on abstinence programs and "virginity pledges" by President George W. Bush and other religious and conservative policy makers has led to a delayed onset of sexual activity, on average. This means that teenagers are choosing to engage in sexual activity at a later age compared to before.