Sociology Midterm

The U.S. is considered a pluralistic society because it is made up of diverse groups and subcultures. This means that there are various ethnic, religious, and cultural groups coexisting within the country, each maintaining their own distinct identities and practices. Pluralism promotes the acceptance and recognition of these differences, encouraging a multicultural society where individuals from different backgrounds can live together harmoniously.

Sociology examines the impact of nurturing and external factors on human behavior and development. This field of study recognizes that both nature (genetic factors) and nurture (environmental factors) play a role in shaping individuals and society. By studying social interactions, cultural norms, and social institutions, sociology aims to understand how external factors influence human behavior and social outcomes. Therefore, it is true that sociology focuses on nurturing and outside factors when considering the nature vs. nurture debate.

Manifest functions refer to the intended or deliberate consequences of an action, institution, or social structure. In the case of a place of worship, the manifest function is indeed to worship, as it is the primary purpose for its existence. On the other hand, latent functions are the unintended or unrecognized consequences of the same action, institution, or social structure. In this case, the latent function of a place of worship is to bring the community together, which may not be the primary intention but still occurs as a positive consequence. Therefore, the answer "True" is correct.

George Mead's theory of the self states that individuals develop their sense of self by learning to take on the perspectives of others, including significant others (such as family and close friends) and generalized others (society as a whole). This process of social interaction and understanding allows individuals to develop a sense of self-identity and an understanding of how they are perceived by others. Therefore, the statement that George Mead believes the self is developed by learning to take the role of the other is true.

The given statement is true. Genie, the 13-year-old child discussed in class, was unable to interact with people in a "normal" way due to a total lack of socialization. This means that Genie did not have the opportunity to learn and develop social skills and behaviors through interactions with others. As a result, she may have struggled to understand social cues, communicate effectively, and form meaningful relationships with others.

Social location refers to the social constructs that influence and shape our identities. These constructs include factors such as race, stereotypes, and gender. By considering these aspects, we can understand how they impact our experiences, opportunities, and perspectives in society. Therefore, the correct answer is a & c, as both race and gender are examples of social constructs that contribute to our social location.

Folkway sanctions refer to informal social norms that are not legally enforced and are considered less serious. These norms are typically related to etiquette, manners, and customs within a society. Since folkway sanctions are minor, it implies that they are not significant enough to warrant serious consequences or punishment. Therefore, the statement "Folkway sanctions are minor" is true.

Norms are expectations and rules of behavior that are meant to reflect and enforce the values of a culture. They provide guidelines for how individuals should behave in different situations and are often seen as social norms or cultural norms. Norms can vary across different cultures and societies and can include both positive and negative sanctions, which are consequences or reactions to individuals' adherence or violation of these norms. Norms help to maintain social order and cohesion within a community by establishing shared expectations for behavior.

Functionalism is a sociological perspective that examines how social structures and institutions work together to maintain stability and order in society, even during times of significant change or disruption. It focuses on the functions and roles that different parts of society play in maintaining social cohesion. Therefore, the statement that functionalism is the study of how order and society are maintained despite great unrest and upheaval is correct.

The correct answer is Industrial Revolution, political revolutions, & globalization/imperialism. These historical conditions played a significant role in the formation of sociology. The Industrial Revolution brought about massive social and economic changes, leading to the emergence of new social classes and inequalities. Political revolutions, such as the French Revolution, challenged traditional social structures and paved the way for new ideas and social movements. Globalization and imperialism further transformed societies by connecting different cultures and societies and creating new social dynamics. These historical events created the need for a scientific study of society, which eventually led to the formation of sociology.

Technological advances have a significant impact on various aspects of society. They not only change material culture by introducing new tools, equipment, and inventions, but also influence symbolic culture by shaping beliefs, values, and norms. Additionally, technological advances play a crucial role in transforming language and communication methods, leading to the development of new forms of communication and the evolution of languages. Therefore, all the options mentioned, material culture, symbolic culture, and language & communication, are correct as they are all influenced and changed by technological advances.

Karl Marx was a philosopher, economist, and sociologist who developed the conflict theory. He analyzed the production relations in society and divided it into two main classes - the bourgeoisie (owners of the means of production) and the proletariats (working class). Marx also discussed the concept of class struggle and how the economic base of society creates the superstructure, which includes institutions, culture, and ideology. Therefore, the correct answer is "All of the above" as Marx's ideas encompass all the mentioned points.

Culture encompasses various aspects of society, including values, religion, traditions, and language. It also refers to the lens through which individuals perceive and evaluate their surroundings. Additionally, culture includes both material and non-material or symbolic representations of society. Therefore, the correct answer is "All of the above" as it encompasses all the mentioned elements that constitute culture.

Culture shock refers to the feeling of disorientation and confusion that individuals experience when they encounter a different culture or social environment. In this case, Professor McCord is at a strip joint and feels disoriented and at odds with the values he encounters there, which aligns with the concept of culture shock.

Sociology looks at various aspects of society including the sociological imagination, which involves understanding how individual experiences are shaped by social forces. It also examines the family unit, social class (SES), and social institutions. Additionally, sociology analyzes politics and the effects of the economy on society. Therefore, the correct answer is "b & c" as it encompasses the topics that sociology focuses on.

Functionalism is the view that interprets latent and manifest functions that create the basis for social cohesion and consensus. Functionalists believe that society is made up of interconnected parts that work together to maintain social order and stability. They argue that social institutions and practices serve specific functions, both intended (manifest) and unintended (latent), which contribute to the overall functioning and balance of society. This perspective emphasizes the importance of social cohesion and consensus in maintaining social order and stability.

Taboo is the correct answer because it refers to a norm that is considered socially unacceptable or forbidden within a particular culture or society. These norms often involve strong moral or religious beliefs and can result in feelings of disgust, fear, or repulsion when violated or even when just thinking about them. The concept of taboo is deeply ingrained in societies and can vary greatly across different cultures.

Max Weber believed that the Protestant work ethic and the values of Calvinism, such as hard work, frugality, and self-discipline, were conducive to the development of capitalism. He argued that the Calvinist belief in predestination, where salvation was believed to be predetermined by God, led individuals to strive for success in their worldly endeavors as a sign of their election. This mindset, according to Weber, created a favorable environment for the rise of capitalism, as it encouraged the accumulation of wealth and the pursuit of economic success. Therefore, the statement is true according to Weber's perspective.

Symbolic interactionism is a microsociological view of sociology that focuses on how individuals interact and create meaning through symbols and language. It emphasizes the importance of communication, interpretation, and the role of symbols in shaping social interactions and relationships. This perspective examines how individuals construct their social reality through shared meanings, gestures, and symbols, and how these interactions shape their behavior and identity. Unlike conflict theory and functionalism, which are macro-level perspectives that focus on larger social structures and systems, symbolic interactionism zooms in on the micro-level interactions and processes that occur in everyday life. Barbarous Darwinism is not a recognized sociological perspective.

Auguste Comte is the correct answer because he is known as the father of sociology and was a strong proponent of positivism. He emphasized the use of scientific methods and empirical evidence in studying society. Comte also advocated for the application of sociology in solving social problems and improving society. His work laid the foundation for the development of sociology as a distinct discipline.

Cultural artifacts are material expressions of symbolic culture because they are physical objects that hold cultural significance and convey meaning within a particular society or group. These artifacts can include items such as artwork, tools, architecture, and religious objects. They reflect the values, beliefs, and practices of a culture, and often serve as a means of communication and identity expression. Clothing and food, while also important aspects of culture, are not specific to material expressions of symbolic culture as they can be considered more as practices or behaviors within a culture.

Theft, burping out loud, vandalism, and cutting in line are examples of both mores and folkways. Mores refer to more serious and deeply held norms that are considered vital to the functioning of a society, while folkways are less serious norms that govern everyday behavior. In this case, theft and vandalism would be considered mores as they involve actions that are considered morally wrong and harmful to society, while burping out loud and cutting in line would be considered folkways as they are less serious and more socially accepted norms.

The cornerstone of sociology is socialization. This refers to the process through which individuals learn and internalize the norms, values, and behaviors of society. It is through socialization that individuals are able to understand and participate in the social world around them. Socialization plays a crucial role in shaping individuals' identities, beliefs, and actions, and it is a fundamental concept in the study of sociology.

Norms are social rules or expectations that guide behavior in a particular society. Folkways are the least severe norms, referring to everyday customs and manners that are not considered morally significant. Mores are more serious norms that carry moral significance and are widely followed in society. Taboo refers to the most severe norms, which are considered highly offensive or forbidden. Therefore, the correct order from minor to most severe is folkways, mores, taboo.

Negative and positive sanctions are expressions of approval or disapproval for behavior that can be explicit, such as a dirty look or a thumbs up. The consequences of inappropriate behaviors can also serve as negative or positive sanctions. Therefore, the correct answer is a & c.

Hell's Angels are considered a counterculture because they embrace values, beliefs, and behaviors that are opposed to mainstream society. They often engage in illegal activities and have a reputation for being rebellious and defiant. On the other hand, motorcycle enthusiasts are considered a subculture because they share a common interest in motorcycles and motorcycle culture, but they do not necessarily oppose or challenge mainstream society. They may have their own unique style, language, and social norms, but they still exist within and are influenced by the dominant culture.

This answer is incorrect. The correct answer is "society, behavior". Sociology is the study of human society and behavior, not the other way around.

The immediate goal of sociology is to develop sociological imagination. This refers to the ability to see the connection between personal experiences and larger social forces. It allows individuals to understand how society shapes their lives and how their actions can impact society. By developing sociological imagination, individuals can analyze social issues from a broader perspective and recognize the influence of social structures and institutions on their lives.

According to Charles Cooley, we gauge others' reactions to us in order to develop our self-concept. Self-concept refers to our understanding and perception of ourselves, which is influenced by how we believe others perceive us. By observing how others react to us, we are able to form an idea of who we are and what we are like. Therefore, both options a (self) and b (self-concept) are correct as they both relate to the process of developing our understanding of ourselves through the perceptions of others.

Symbolic interactionism focuses on the individual and small-group interactions, examining how shared meanings and symbols shape social behavior. It emphasizes the subjective interpretations and meanings individuals attach to their social world, unlike macro-level theories like Conflict Theory and Functionalism, which analyze broader societal structures and systems.

Max Weber advocated the objective study of sociology. This means that he believed in conducting research and analysis without personal biases or subjective interpretations. Weber emphasized the importance of using empirical evidence and scientific methods to understand social phenomena, rather than relying on personal opinions or preconceived ideas. By adopting an objective approach, Weber aimed to ensure that sociological research was based on facts and could be replicated and verified by other researchers. This approach helped establish sociology as a rigorous and credible social science discipline.

Mead's stages of development include imitation, play stage, and team play. During the imitation stage, children observe and mimic the behaviors of others. In the play stage, children engage in pretend play and start to take on different roles. Finally, in the team play stage, children learn to cooperate and work together with others in organized activities. These stages reflect the progression of a child's social and cognitive development, as they move from simple imitation to more complex social interactions.

Symbolic interactionism is a sociological perspective that focuses on how individuals create and interpret symbols in their everyday interactions. It emphasizes the importance of symbols, such as language, gestures, and objects, in shaping social behavior and meaning. Additionally, symbolic interactionism also examines the role of everyday interpersonal relationships in shaping individuals' understanding of the world and their place within it. Overall, this perspective highlights the significance of symbols and interpersonal interactions in the construction of social reality.

The immediate goal of socialization is the development of the self. Socialization is the process through which individuals learn and internalize the values, norms, and behaviors of their society. It involves acquiring a sense of self-identity and understanding one's place within the social world. Through socialization, individuals develop a sense of who they are as individuals, their beliefs, values, and attitudes, which collectively contribute to the formation of their self.

Herbert Spencer believed in the use of pure sociology, which means studying society and social phenomena for the sake of knowledge and understanding, rather than for practical or applied purposes. He argued that sociology should focus on observing and analyzing social structures and processes, rather than trying to intervene or change them. This approach is in contrast to applied sociology, which seeks to use sociological knowledge to address social issues and bring about social change. Spencer's emphasis on pure sociology reflects his belief in the importance of objective observation and understanding of society.

The examples provided in the question, such as laws to protect internet users many years after the introduction of the internet, the presence of McDonald's in Japan, and the suppression of Native Indian language and culture by the US government, all illustrate different aspects of cultural change and adaptation. "Cultural lag" refers to the time it takes for society to adjust to new technological advancements or social changes. "Cultural diffusion" is the spread of cultural traits or ideas from one society to another. Lastly, "cultural leveling" refers to the process of cultures becoming more similar to one another due to globalization and increased interconnectedness. Therefore, the correct answer is cultural lag, cultural diffusion, and cultural leveling.

Symbolic culture refers to more than just language, literature, music, and traditions. It encompasses a broader range of symbolic systems, including art, rituals, beliefs, values, and social norms. These elements are essential for the transmission of meaning and the development of shared understandings within a society. Therefore, the given statement is false as it only covers a limited scope of symbolic culture.

William Ogburn noted that changes in society first lead to changes in material culture, followed by changes in symbolic culture. This means that when society undergoes changes, such as advancements in technology or shifts in values, it is reflected in the physical objects and artifacts produced by that society. These changes in material culture then influence the symbolic culture, which includes the beliefs, values, and norms of that society. Ogburn's theory suggests that material culture is a driving force behind changes in symbolic culture.

Durkheim, one of the founding fathers of sociology, contributed significantly to the field. He developed the concept of functionalism, which suggests that society is composed of various interconnected parts that work together to maintain stability. Durkheim's study on suicide explored the social factors that influence this behavior, highlighting the importance of social integration and regulation. He also introduced the concept of anomie, which refers to a state of normlessness or lack of social cohesion. Anomic suicide, a type of suicide resulting from this state, further emphasizes Durkheim's focus on the impact of social factors on individuals and society.

The big 3 perspectives in sociology are conflict theory, functionalism, and symbolic interactionism. Conflict theory focuses on the idea that society is characterized by inequality and competition for resources, with social change occurring through conflict and struggle. Functionalism emphasizes the interdependence of different parts of society and how they contribute to its overall stability and functioning. Symbolic interactionism examines how individuals create and interpret meaning through their interactions with others, emphasizing the role of symbols and language in shaping social reality. These perspectives offer different ways of understanding and analyzing social phenomena and provide a comprehensive framework for studying society.