Sociology 101 Quiz: Ultimate Exam! Trivia

Social interaction refers to the way individuals behave and respond to others in their social environment. It involves various forms of communication, such as verbal and non-verbal interactions, and includes behaviors like listening, speaking, and observing. Social interaction is an essential aspect of human life as it allows individuals to form relationships, exchange information, and engage in social activities. Therefore, the statement that social interaction is the process by which people act and react in relation to others is true.

A reference group refers to a social group that individuals use as a standard or point of comparison when making evaluations and decisions, even if they are not a member of that group. This means that people often look to certain groups or individuals to determine what is considered acceptable or desirable behavior, beliefs, or values. The reference group can influence individuals' opinions, choices, and actions by providing a benchmark against which they evaluate themselves and others.

Close face to face interactions like family are examples of primary social groups because primary groups are characterized by intimate, long-lasting, and personal relationships. These groups play a crucial role in shaping an individual's identity, values, and beliefs. Family, as a primary social group, provides emotional support, socialization, and a sense of belonging. The interactions within a family are typically characterized by strong emotional bonds, mutual care, and shared experiences, making it a prime example of a primary social group.

Role conflict refers to a situation where an individual experiences conflict or tension between the different roles they hold in their life, particularly when these roles are connected to multiple social statuses. This conflict arises when the expectations, demands, or obligations associated with these roles clash or contradict each other. It can occur when there is a clash between work and family responsibilities, or when the expectations of different social groups or communities conflict with each other. In such cases, individuals may find it challenging to meet the expectations of all their roles, leading to stress, frustration, and difficulty in balancing their various responsibilities.

Asch's research was based on the subjects going along rather than risking opposition of the group. This suggests that Asch was interested in studying conformity and how individuals are influenced by group pressure. He wanted to understand why people often conform to the opinions or behaviors of others, even when they may personally disagree. Asch's experiments involved participants making judgments about the length of lines and observing how their responses were influenced by the incorrect answers given by other group members.

Emotions are a social construction because they are shaped and influenced by cultural and social factors. The way individuals experience and express emotions is learned through language and societal norms. Emotions are not universal and can vary across different cultures and societies. Therefore, emotions are not solely biologically determined but are also influenced by social and cultural contexts.

An ascribed status refers to a social position that a person is given at birth or acquires later in life without any choice or control over it. This status is typically determined by factors such as one's family background, race, ethnicity, or gender. Unlike achieved status, which is earned through personal accomplishments or efforts, an ascribed status is not something that an individual can actively work towards or change. Therefore, the correct answer is "Ascribed status."

Groupthink refers to the phenomenon where members of a group prioritize harmony and consensus over critical thinking and independent decision-making. This leads to a narrow view of issues as individuals suppress their own doubts and dissenting opinions in order to maintain group cohesion. Groupthink can occur when there is a high level of cohesiveness within the group, strong leadership, and a lack of diverse perspectives. This conformity can hinder creativity, innovation, and effective decision-making within the group.

A person who feels competition or opposition can be considered part of the out-group because they are experiencing a sense of being excluded or alienated from a particular group or community. This feeling of being outside the established group dynamics can lead to a sense of being different or separate from the majority or in-group.

Dramaturgical analysis refers to Erving Goffman's study of social interactions in terms of theatrical performance. Goffman suggests that individuals engage in impression management, presenting themselves in a way that is favorable to others, much like actors on a stage. He argues that social interactions can be understood as a series of performances, where individuals play different roles and use various strategies to shape the impressions they give to others. This perspective emphasizes the importance of symbols, gestures, and the social context in shaping our understanding of social interactions.

Deviance refers to the recognition and identification of behaviors or actions that violate social norms. It involves behaviors that are considered abnormal, unacceptable, or outside the boundaries of what is considered normal or appropriate in a particular society or culture. Deviance can vary across different societies and can be influenced by factors such as cultural norms, values, and beliefs. It is a concept used to understand and study the social control mechanisms and reactions to behaviors that deviate from societal expectations.

The correct answer is a norm forbidding sexual relations or marriage between certain relatives. Incest taboo refers to the cultural or societal prohibition on engaging in sexual relationships or marriage with close relatives. This norm exists in many societies around the world and is based on the recognition of the potential harm that can arise from such relationships, including genetic disorders and the disruption of family dynamics. It aims to maintain social order and prevent potential harm within families.

Role exit refers to the process of disengaging from an important role in one's life. It occurs when an individual transitions out of a particular role that has been central to their identity, such as leaving a job, ending a relationship, or retiring from a long-held position. This process involves a series of psychological and social adjustments as the individual navigates the loss of their previous role and seeks to establish a new identity. Role exit is a term used in sociology to describe this transition and the challenges associated with it.

Reality Play refers to the social construction of humor. This means that humor is not an inherent or objective quality, but rather a product of social and cultural influences. It suggests that what is considered funny or humorous is shaped by societal norms, values, and expectations. The concept of Reality Play highlights the subjective nature of humor and how it varies across different cultures and contexts.

Bureaucracy is an organizational model that is rationally designed to perform tasks efficiently. It is characterized by a hierarchical structure, division of labor, clear rules and procedures, and impersonal relationships. Bureaucracy aims to maximize efficiency and productivity by ensuring that tasks are carried out in a systematic and standardized manner. This model is often used in large organizations, such as government agencies and corporations, to achieve consistency and effectiveness in their operations.

The correct answer is "a number of roles attached to a single status." Role set refers to the multiple roles that are associated with a particular status or position in society. It implies that individuals who hold a specific status are expected to fulfill various roles that are connected to that status. These roles may vary in terms of expectations, responsibilities, and behaviors, but they are all linked to the same status.

Groupthink refers to the phenomenon where members of a group prioritize harmony and consensus over critical thinking and independent decision-making. This tendency to conform often leads to a narrow view of issues, as group members suppress dissenting opinions and fail to consider alternative perspectives. Groupthink can hinder creativity, problem-solving, and effective decision-making within the group, as individuals may fear speaking up or challenging the dominant group opinion.

In the context of the question, the term "role" refers to the behavior that is expected of someone who holds a particular status. A role is a set of norms, expectations, and responsibilities that are associated with a specific position or social status. It outlines how individuals should behave and what they should do in order to fulfill the expectations of their status. Therefore, the correct answer for this question is "role".

An achieved status refers to a social position that a person attains through their own abilities and efforts. Unlike ascribed status, which is assigned at birth or based on characteristics beyond an individual's control, an achieved status is acquired through personal achievements, qualifications, or accomplishments. It reflects the individual's voluntary choice to pursue certain goals or develop certain skills, and it often carries a sense of pride and accomplishment. This status can change throughout a person's life as they continue to achieve new goals or acquire new skills.

A social group refers to a collection of two or more individuals who recognize and engage with each other. They share a common purpose, interests, or activities, and their interactions are based on social relationships. This group can be formed in various contexts, such as family, friends, colleagues, or communities. Unlike primary groups that involve close-knit relationships and long-term interactions, social groups can be more loosely connected and may not necessarily involve deep emotional bonds.

A primary social group refers to a small social group where the members have personal and lasting relationships with each other. This group is characterized by strong emotional bonds, mutual trust, and intimate interactions. The relationships within a primary social group are typically long-term and based on shared experiences, values, and interests. Examples of primary social groups include families, close friends, and romantic partners. In contrast, secondary social groups are larger and more impersonal, and reference groups are groups that individuals use as a standard for evaluating themselves and their behavior.

Tertiary deviance refers to the process where individuals who have been labeled as deviant reject the label and instead embrace their deviant behavior as a positive identity. This involves redefining their behavior as non-deviant and justifying their wrong actions by rationalizing them. In other words, it is a stage where individuals not only engage in deviant behavior but also actively defend and normalize it, going against societal norms and values.

Ethnomethodology is the study of the way people make sense of everyday surroundings or the study of common sense knowledge. It focuses on the methods and practices that individuals use to create and maintain social order. Ethnomethodologists examine how people interact and interpret their surroundings, emphasizing the importance of shared understandings and social norms in shaping social interactions. This approach aims to uncover the underlying assumptions and taken-for-granted knowledge that guide human behavior in everyday life.

Symbolic interactionism is the best theoretical perspective to evaluate social interaction in everyday life. This perspective focuses on the subjective meanings that individuals attach to their actions and the symbols they use to communicate with others. It emphasizes the importance of symbols, language, and social interactions in shaping individuals' behavior and understanding of the social world. Symbolic interactionism allows for a detailed analysis of how individuals interpret and negotiate their social interactions, making it a valuable perspective for understanding everyday social interactions.

Hirshi's Control & Bond Theory suggests that individuals with stronger social bonds, such as those with family, church, and school, are less likely to commit crimes. This theory proposes that these social bonds act as a form of control, preventing individuals from engaging in deviant behavior. When individuals have strong attachments to these social institutions, they are more likely to conform to societal norms and values, reducing the likelihood of criminal activity.

The given answer, "participatory," is not a leadership style presented in the text. The text mentions three leadership styles: authoritarian, democratic, and laissez-faire. Participatory leadership, which involves involving team members in decision-making processes, is not mentioned as one of the leadership styles in the text.

Social construction of reality refers to the process in which individuals collectively create and agree upon the meanings and interpretations of the world around them through social interactions. It emphasizes that reality is not an objective, fixed entity, but rather a subjective and socially constructed concept. This concept highlights the role of language, symbols, and shared beliefs in shaping our understanding of reality. It suggests that our perceptions, experiences, and interactions are influenced by the social context in which we live, and that our understanding of reality is continuously negotiated and constructed through social processes.

George Ritzer's McDonalization of Society is based on the principles of efficiency, uniformity, and control. Efficiency refers to the emphasis on fast and standardized processes to maximize productivity. Uniformity refers to the standardization of products, services, and experiences to ensure consistency across different locations. Control refers to the strict regulations and hierarchical structures that are implemented to maintain order and minimize variation. These three principles are central to the McDonalization concept, which argues that modern society is becoming increasingly rationalized and resembling a fast-food restaurant in terms of its organizational structures and processes.

The correct answer is "member feels respect & loyalty". This option suggests that in a group, a member experiences a sense of respect and loyalty from other members. This implies that they are valued and appreciated within the social group, which contributes to a positive and supportive environment.

In New Jersey, first cousin marriages are allowed. This means that individuals who are first cousins can legally marry each other in the state of New Jersey.

Secondary deviance refers to a type of deviant behavior where a person engages in wrong behavior due to being labeled as bad. This means that the individual internalizes the negative label and begins to identify with the deviant behavior. Unlike primary deviance, which is a one-time occurrence, secondary deviance becomes a part of the person's identity and may lead to further involvement in deviant activities. Criminal deviance refers specifically to illegal behavior, while tertiary deviance is not a recognized concept in the field of deviance.

Milgram's research was based on testers believing they were shocking subjects at the direction of the researcher all the way to 450 volts. Milgram conducted a famous experiment in the 1960s to study obedience to authority. Participants were instructed to administer electric shocks to another person (who was actually an actor) when they answered questions incorrectly. The shocks increased in intensity, and despite the actor's pleas for mercy, many participants continued to administer shocks up to the maximum voltage of 450 volts. This study demonstrated the power of authority and obedience, and it raised ethical concerns about the treatment of human subjects in research.

Oligarchy is the correct answer because it refers to a type of formal organization where power is held by a small group of individuals. In an oligarchy, decision-making and control are concentrated in the hands of a few people, typically the elite or ruling class. This type of organization is characterized by a lack of democracy and limited participation from the general population. In contrast, normative, utilitarian, and coercive are not types of formal organizations but rather different concepts or approaches within organizational theory.

Oligarchy is defined as "rule of the many by the few." This means that a small group of individuals hold the power and make decisions on behalf of the larger population. In an oligarchy, power is concentrated in the hands of a select few, often based on wealth, social status, or other factors. The ruling elite in an oligarchy have the ability to influence and control the government and its policies, often to serve their own interests. This form of government is characterized by limited political participation and little to no accountability to the general population.

The correct answer is 2.8% of men & 1.4% of women. This suggests that a higher percentage of women claim a homosexual identity compared to men.

Queer theory is the correct answer because it refers to a body of research findings that challenges the heterosexual bias in US society. It examines and critiques societal norms and assumptions about gender and sexuality, aiming to deconstruct the binary understanding of sexuality and promote inclusivity. It seeks to challenge and dismantle heteronormativity and the privileging of heterosexual relationships and identities.

24 states forbid 1st cousin marriages.

Language is a key factor in the social construction of gender. It shapes our understanding and expression of gender roles, expectations, and identities. Through language, society assigns certain words, phrases, and meanings to different genders, reinforcing societal norms and stereotypes. It influences the way we communicate, perceive, and interact with others based on their gender. Language also plays a role in the creation and maintenance of gendered power dynamics and inequalities. Overall, language is a powerful tool that contributes to the social construction of gender by shaping our thoughts, beliefs, and behaviors related to gender.

An expressive leadership role focuses on the emotional well-being and satisfaction of the group members. This type of leader encourages open communication, supports individual growth, and fosters a positive and inclusive team environment. They prioritize building relationships and creating a sense of belonging within the group. By emphasizing the group's well-being, an expressive leader helps to enhance morale, motivation, and overall group cohesion.

Heterosexism refers to the belief that heterosexuality is the only valid or superior sexual orientation, and that other sexual orientations are abnormal or inferior. It involves the discrimination, prejudice, and marginalization of individuals who do not identify as heterosexual. In the given context, the view that labels anyone who is not heterosexual as "queer" aligns with the concept of heterosexism, as it implies a negative and discriminatory perspective towards non-heterosexual individuals.

Primary deviance refers to the initial act of deviant behavior that a person engages in. It is the first instance of deviance and does not necessarily lead to the person being labeled as deviant or criminal. This type of deviance is often seen as a temporary and situational behavior that may be influenced by various factors such as peer pressure or personal circumstances. Unlike secondary or tertiary deviance, primary deviance does not involve a long-term commitment to deviant behavior or a strong identification with deviant subcultures.

The latent function of prostitution is to meet the needs of soldiers, travelers, unattractive people who do not have a partner, people who do not have a marital partner, and people who are too poor to attract a partner. This means that prostitution serves as a means for these individuals to fulfill their sexual desires or companionship needs when they are unable to do so through conventional means.