Review Question - Clinical Pathology

Osteoporosis is a disease that commonly affects the elderly and is characterized by a decrease in bone mass and strength. This condition leads to fragile and brittle bones, making individuals more prone to fractures. Chondromalacia patellae is a condition that affects the knee, causing pain and damage to the cartilage under the kneecap. Osteoarthritis is a degenerative joint disease that causes the breakdown of cartilage in the joints, resulting in pain and stiffness. Lyme disease is an infectious disease caused by bacteria transmitted through tick bites, leading to various symptoms such as fever, fatigue, and joint pain.

Carpal tunnel syndrome is the correct answer because it is a condition characterized by the compression of the median nerve at the flexor retinaculum and transverse carpal ligament in the hand. This compression leads to symptoms such as soreness, numbness, and weakness in the hand. Thoracic outlet syndrome is a condition involving compression of nerves or blood vessels in the shoulder region, while scalene syndrome refers to compression of nerves by the scalene muscles in the neck. Brachial plexus syndrome involves injury or compression of the brachial plexus nerves in the shoulder and arm.

A hematoma is a condition caused by a break or leak in a blood vessel, which leads to the accumulation of blood within an organ, tissue, or space. This can result in swelling and the formation of a localized mass. Hypertrophy refers to an increase in the size of an organ or tissue, not specifically related to blood vessel damage. Abrasion refers to a superficial injury to the skin. Adhesion refers to the abnormal sticking together of tissues.

Atrophy refers to the wasting or shrinking of an organ or tissue due to lack of use or stimulation. This can occur when a muscle is not exercised or when a body part is immobilized for a long period of time. Atrophy can also occur as a result of aging or certain medical conditions. It is characterized by a decrease in size, strength, and function of the affected organ or tissue.

A hiatal hernia occurs when the stomach protrudes into the mediastinal cavity above the diaphragm. This can happen when the muscles and tissues that normally keep the stomach in place become weak or damaged. As a result, the stomach can move up into the chest through the opening in the diaphragm called the hiatus. This condition can cause symptoms such as heartburn, chest pain, and difficulty swallowing. Treatment options include lifestyle changes, medications, and in some cases, surgery.

Chronic inflammation and fibrosis of the rotator cuff musculature can lead to frozen shoulder. Frozen shoulder, also known as adhesive capsulitis, is a condition characterized by stiffness, pain, and limited range of motion in the shoulder joint. The inflammation and fibrosis cause the shoulder joint capsule to thicken and tighten, resulting in the loss of movement. This condition can be caused by various factors, including injury, overuse, and certain medical conditions. Treatment often involves physical therapy, pain management, and in some cases, surgical intervention.

The correct answer is "infection". Infection refers to the state in which the body or a part of it is invaded by a pathogenic agent, such as bacteria or viruses, which then multiply and cause cellular injury. This can lead to various symptoms and health problems. Inflammation, induration, and infarction are different conditions that may occur in certain situations, but they do not specifically describe the invasion and multiplication of pathogenic agents in the body.

A subluxation refers to a partial or incomplete dislocation of a bone at an articulation. It occurs when the joint surfaces are partially separated but not completely dislocated. This can result in pain, limited range of motion, and instability in the affected joint. Subluxations can occur in various joints in the body, such as the shoulder, knee, or spine. Treatment may involve realigning the joint, immobilization, and rehabilitation exercises to restore strength and stability.

An aneurysm refers to the weakening of the muscular portion of an artery, causing the vessel to dilate abnormally and potentially rupture. This condition is characterized by a bulge or ballooning in the artery wall, which can be life-threatening if it ruptures. Aneurysms can occur in various parts of the body, but they are most commonly found in the aorta, which is the largest artery in the body. Treatment options for aneurysms include surgery or endovascular repair, depending on the size and location of the aneurysm.

Inflammation of the appendix typically causes pain in the lower right quadrant of the abdomen. This is because the appendix is located in the lower right area of the abdomen. When it becomes inflamed, it can cause localized pain in that specific region. This pain is often described as sharp and intense, and it may be accompanied by other symptoms such as fever, nausea, and vomiting. It is important to seek medical attention if you experience these symptoms, as appendicitis can be a serious condition that requires prompt treatment.

Inflammation is a response of the body's immune system to injury or infection. It is characterized by pain, heat, redness, and swelling. Pain is often present as a result of tissue damage, while heat and redness occur due to increased blood flow to the affected area. Swelling is caused by the accumulation of fluid and immune cells at the site of inflammation. Therefore, the correct answer is pain, heat, redness, and swelling.

Cirrhosis is the correct answer because it is a chronic disease of the liver that is characterized by the formation of dense connective tissue. This leads to the loss of liver function and an increase in resistance to blood flow. Hepatitis, cystitis, and cholecystitis are not correct answers because they do not involve the liver or the formation of dense connective tissue.

A blood clot that has recently formed in a varicose vein and is still stationary is known as a thrombus. A thrombus is a solid mass of blood that forms when the normal clotting process is triggered inappropriately. It can obstruct blood flow in the affected vein, leading to potential complications such as pain, swelling, and inflammation. Unlike an embolus, which is a clot that has dislodged and is moving through the bloodstream, a thrombus remains in place. An embolism refers to the obstruction of a blood vessel by an embolus, while an infarction is the death of tissue caused by a lack of blood supply.

Cystitis is the correct answer because it refers to the inflammation of the bladder, which is commonly caused by the presence of a pathogenic bacteria. This condition leads to frequent urination. Nephritis refers to the inflammation of the kidneys, hepatitis refers to the inflammation of the liver, and diverticulitis refers to the inflammation of the diverticula in the colon. None of these conditions specifically relate to the inflammation of the bladder caused by bacteria.

Acne is an inflammatory disease of the skin that affects the sebaceous glands and hair follicles. It is characterized by the presence of comedones (blackheads and whiteheads), papules (small red bumps), and pustules (pimples filled with pus). Psoriasis, scabies, and decubitus ulcers are different skin conditions and do not match the description provided. Therefore, the correct answer is acne.

Warts are benign neoplasms, which means they are non-cancerous growths. They are caused by a contagious organism, and in this case, the correct answer is virus. Viruses are microscopic infectious agents that can cause various diseases in humans, animals, and plants. In the case of warts, they are caused by certain types of human papillomavirus (HPV). HPV infects the skin cells and causes them to multiply rapidly, resulting in the formation of warts. Therefore, the presence of a virus is responsible for the development of warts.

The iliopsoas muscle is responsible for flexing the hip joint and can cause rotation of the ilium. When this muscle becomes hypertonic or overly tight, it can pull on the ilium, causing it to rotate. This rotation can result in a functional short leg, where one leg appears shorter than the other due to the misalignment of the pelvis. Therefore, the hypertonicity of the iliopsoas muscle can explain the rotation of the ilium and the functional short leg.

Peripheral neuropathy and decreased arterial circulation in the extremities are commonly associated with diabetes. Diabetes is a chronic disease that affects the body's ability to regulate blood sugar levels. Over time, high blood sugar levels can damage the nerves in the peripheral nervous system, leading to peripheral neuropathy. Additionally, diabetes can cause atherosclerosis, a condition where the arteries become narrowed and hardened, reducing blood flow to the extremities. This combination of neuropathy and decreased circulation can result in symptoms such as numbness, tingling, pain, and poor wound healing in the extremities.

Fibrous connective tissue is known to heal quite slowly because it has a limited blood supply. Vascularity refers to the presence of blood vessels, which are responsible for delivering oxygen and nutrients to tissues and removing waste products. Fibrous connective tissue, such as tendons and ligaments, has a low vascularity compared to other tissues like epithelial tissue. This limited blood supply slows down the healing process, making fibrous connective tissue prone to prolonged recovery times.

A sprain is a joint injury that occurs when some of the fibers of a supporting ligament or joint capsule are damaged. This can happen due to overstretching or tearing of the ligaments, usually caused by sudden twisting or wrenching movements. Unlike a dislocation, where the bones are completely out of their normal position, a sprain involves damage to the ligaments and joint capsule without complete displacement of the bones. Subluxation refers to a partial dislocation, and strain refers to an injury to a muscle or tendon.

Kyphosis refers to the abnormal extreme posterior curvature of the thoracic spine. It is a condition where the upper back appears rounded and hunched. This condition can occur due to various reasons such as poor posture, osteoporosis, spinal fractures, or certain medical conditions. Scoliosis, on the other hand, refers to an abnormal sideways curvature of the spine, while lordosis is an excessive inward curvature of the lower back. Therefore, the correct answer is kyphosis.

Ischemia refers to a decrease in blood flow to a tissue or organ, which can lead to impairment of cell function or even cell death. This condition occurs when there is a blockage or constriction in the blood vessels supplying the affected area, restricting the delivery of oxygen and nutrients. Ischemia can have various causes, such as a blood clot, atherosclerosis, or a spasm in the blood vessels. Prompt medical intervention is necessary to restore blood flow and prevent further damage to the tissue or organ.

Osteoarthritis is a chronic degenerative joint disease that is characterized by the deterioration of articular cartilage, overgrowth of bone, and impaired joint function. Unlike gout, which is caused by the accumulation of uric acid crystals in the joints, and rheumatoid arthritis, which is an autoimmune disease, osteoarthritis is primarily caused by wear and tear on the joints over time. Osteoporosis, on the other hand, is a condition characterized by the loss of bone mass, not joint degeneration. Therefore, the correct answer is osteoarthritis.

Tinea versicolor is a fungal infection of the skin that is characterized by the presence of whitish or fawn-colored irregular shaped patches. This condition is caused by a type of yeast called Malassezia, which is normally found on the skin but can overgrow and cause an infection. Tinea versicolor commonly affects areas of the body with high oil production, such as the chest, back, and upper arms. It is not contagious and can be treated with antifungal medications.