Quiz - Essentials Of Exercise Science Chapters 1-2

Adduction refers to the motion of a body part towards the midline of the body. It is the opposite of abduction, which is the motion of a body part away from the midline. In this case, the correct answer is adduction because it aligns with the given definition of motion towards the midline of the body or part.

The anatomical position refers to the standard reference position in which the body is erect, facing front with feet parallel and arms hanging at the sides with the palms facing forward. This position is important because it provides a consistent and standardized frame of reference for describing the location and orientation of various structures in the human body. It allows for accurate communication and understanding among healthcare professionals, anatomists, and researchers.

Glycogen is a stored form of glucose. Glucose is a simple sugar that is used as the primary source of energy in the body. When glucose is not immediately needed for energy, it is converted into glycogen and stored in the liver and muscles. Glycogen can later be broken down into glucose when the body requires energy. Therefore, glycogen acts as a reserve of glucose in the body.

The correct answer is Synovial. Synovial joints are the most common type of joint in the body and are characterized by their ability to move freely. These joints have a synovial cavity filled with synovial fluid, which lubricates the joint and reduces friction during movement. Examples of synovial joints include the knee, shoulder, and elbow joints. Synchondrosis, syndesmosis, and symphysis are types of joints that do not move as freely as synovial joints.

Proximal is the term defined as being close to the origin of the body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk. This means that when referring to a specific body part or limb, proximal indicates a position that is closer to the center of the body or the point of attachment. In contrast, distal refers to a position that is farther away from the center or point of attachment. Therefore, proximal is the correct answer in this context.

Rotation refers to the movement of a body part around its own axis. In this context, it specifically describes the turning of a joint either inward (medial) or outward (lateral) about a vertical axis. This movement allows for the rotation of body parts, such as the head, trunk, or limbs, in different directions. It is an essential movement for activities such as twisting, turning, and rotating the body.

A transverse plane divides the body into superior and inferior segments. This means that it separates the body into upper (superior) and lower (inferior) portions.

The pulmonary artery carries blood that is depleted of oxygen from the heart to the lungs. This artery is responsible for transporting deoxygenated blood from the right ventricle of the heart to the lungs, where it will be oxygenated. Once the blood is oxygenated in the lungs, it will then be carried back to the heart through the pulmonary veins.

A frontal section would be the most appropriate plane to show the heart and both of the lungs. A frontal section is a vertical plane that divides the body into front and back halves. This would allow for a clear view of the heart and both lungs, as they are located in the front of the body. A transverse section would divide the body into upper and lower halves, which may not provide a clear view of all three organs. A sagittal section would divide the body into left and right halves, which would not show all three organs together. Therefore, the correct answer is 1 only, which is the frontal plane.

Lactate is the byproduct of the anaerobic glycolytic energy system. This system is used during high-intensity, short-duration activities when the demand for energy exceeds the oxygen supply. In this system, glucose is broken down into pyruvate, which is then converted into lactate. This process allows for the production of ATP without the need for oxygen. Lactate can accumulate in the muscles during intense exercise, leading to fatigue and muscle soreness.

The correct answer is "Right atrium, right ventricle, pulmonary artery, pulmonary vein, left atrium, left ventricle, aorta." This is the correct flow of blood through the heart. The blood enters the heart through the right atrium, passes to the right ventricle, then is pumped to the lungs through the pulmonary artery. In the lungs, the blood is oxygenated and returns to the heart through the pulmonary vein. It then enters the left atrium, passes to the left ventricle, and is pumped out to the rest of the body through the aorta.

During strenuous exercise, the body requires more oxygen and nutrients to be delivered to the working muscles. As a result, blood flow to the heart, brain, and skeletal muscles increases in order to meet this demand. At the same time, blood flow to non-essential organs such as the kidneys and abdominal organs decreases as the body prioritizes blood flow to the working muscles. Therefore, both statements "Blood flow to the heart, brain, and skeletal muscles would increase" and "Blood flow to the kidneys and abdominal organs would decrease" are correct.

The trachea is the correct answer because it is the tube that connects the throat to the lungs. When we breathe in, air travels through the trachea and into the lungs, allowing oxygen to be exchanged with carbon dioxide. The esophagus is the tube that carries food to the stomach and is not involved in the respiratory system. The alveoli are tiny air sacs in the lungs where oxygen and carbon dioxide are exchanged, but air does not enter the lungs through them. The pharynx is the throat area that connects the nasal and oral cavities to the trachea and esophagus.

Metabolism is a broad term that encompasses all the chemical reactions that take place in the body. These reactions include both synthesis, where larger structures are made from smaller ones, and breakdown, where large molecules are broken down into smaller ones. Metabolism is not limited to the process of breaking down food into simple molecules for absorption, nor is it related to the ability to sense and react to environmental stimuli.

The metabolism of triglycerides involves multiple steps and pathways. Glycolysis is the process by which glucose is broken down to produce energy, and it can contribute to the metabolism of triglycerides. Beta-oxidation is the breakdown of fatty acids to generate energy, and it is another important step in triglyceride metabolism. The Krebs cycle, also known as the citric acid cycle, is a series of chemical reactions that generate energy from carbohydrates, fats, and proteins. Therefore, all of the above options are correct as they are involved in the metabolism of triglycerides.

The endocrine system controls the internal environment (homeostasis) along with the nervous system. The endocrine system consists of glands that produce and secrete hormones, which regulate various bodily functions and maintain balance within the body. These hormones act as chemical messengers, traveling through the bloodstream to target cells and organs, where they help regulate processes such as metabolism, growth and development, reproduction, and response to stress. Therefore, the endocrine system plays a crucial role in maintaining the internal environment of the body and ensuring its proper functioning.

The lymphatic system is the body's slow-acting control system and acts by means of lymphocytes and macrophages. The lymphatic system plays a crucial role in the immune response by producing and distributing lymphocytes, which are a type of white blood cell that helps to fight off infections. Macrophages are another type of white blood cell that engulf and destroy pathogens and foreign substances. Together, lymphocytes and macrophages help to defend the body against harmful invaders and maintain overall immune function.

Supination refers to the movement of the forearm or foot in which the palm or sole is turned upward. In anatomical position, the palms are facing forward, which means they are not supinated. Therefore, the correct answer is Supination.

Moving arms in a side-to-side motion, as that of a chimp, occurs in the frontal plane of movement. The frontal plane divides the body into front and back halves and movements in this plane occur from side to side or side bending. In this case, the chimp's arms are moving laterally, which is a side-to-side motion, indicating that it is occurring in the frontal plane.