Ptap116 - Musculoskeletal Final

The hamstrings are a group of muscles that attach to the ischial tuberosity. These muscles include the biceps femoris, semitendinosus, and semimembranosus. They are located at the back of the thigh and play a role in extending the hip and flexing the knee.

The correct answer for another name for the hip or pelvic bone is "coxa". The term "coxa" is commonly used in anatomy to refer to the hip or pelvic bone. It is derived from Latin and is widely recognized in medical terminology. The other options listed, trochanter, malleolus, and acetabulum, are all anatomical terms, but they do not specifically refer to the hip or pelvic bone.

The muscles responsible for trunk flexion are the rectus abdominis, external oblique, and internal oblique. These muscles work together to bend the trunk forward, bringing the chest closer to the pelvis. The rectus abdominis is the main muscle involved in flexion, while the external and internal obliques assist in the movement by contracting and rotating the trunk. The erector spinae muscles are actually responsible for trunk extension, not flexion. Therefore, the correct answer is rectus abdominis, external oblique, and internal oblique.

The correct answer is "Body." The sternum is divided into three parts: the manubrium, body, and xiphoid process. The body is the middle portion of the sternum, located between the manubrium and the xiphoid process. It is the longest part of the sternum and connects to the ribs. The manubrium is the upper portion of the sternum, while the xiphoid process is the lower, pointed portion. The clavicle is a separate bone that connects the sternum to the shoulder.

The iliopsoas muscle attaches to the bodies and transverse processes of the lumbar vertebrae.

The zygomaticus muscle is responsible for our ability to smile. It is located in the cheek and stretches from the corner of the mouth to the cheekbone. When this muscle contracts, it pulls the corners of the mouth upwards, creating a smile. The other muscles listed, such as the masseter, buccinator, and temporalis, are not directly involved in the action of smiling.

The gracilis muscle is innervated by the obturator nerve. The obturator nerve arises from the lumbar plexus and passes through the obturator foramen to innervate the muscles of the medial thigh, including the gracilis. This nerve provides motor innervation to the gracilis, allowing it to function in adduction and flexion of the hip joint.

A concentric contraction occurs when the muscle shortens and the origin and insertion move towards each other. This means that as the muscle contracts, the distance between the origin and insertion decreases. This type of contraction is commonly observed during activities such as lifting weights or performing bicep curls, where the muscle fibers generate force to overcome resistance and cause movement.

Synarthrodial joints are immovable joints, allowing no motion. These joints are characterized by the presence of fibrous connective tissue, such as in the skull sutures, which provide stability and protection to the underlying structures. Diarthrodial joints allow free movement in multiple directions, biaxial joints allow movement in two directions, and amphiarthrodial joints allow limited movement. Therefore, the correct answer is synarthrodial.

The tibial collateral ligament supports the medial side of the knee. This ligament is also known as the medial collateral ligament (MCL) and runs along the inner aspect of the knee joint. It helps to stabilize the knee and prevent excessive side-to-side movement.

According to the trail guide, 40% of the population has the psoas minor.

The first proximal carpal bone on the lateral side of the hand is the scaphoid. The scaphoid is located on the thumb side of the wrist and is one of the eight carpal bones in the hand. It is easily palpable and can be identified by its boat-shaped appearance. The lunate, capitate, and hamate are also carpal bones, but they are not located on the lateral side of the hand.

The brain and spinal cord are surrounded by three layers of tissue known as the meninges. The correct layers of the meninges are the arachnoid, dura, and pia. The arachnoid is the middle layer, located between the dura and pia. The dura is the outermost and toughest layer, while the pia is the innermost layer that directly covers the brain and spinal cord.

The serratus posterior superior is a muscle located in the upper back. Its primary action is to elevate the ribs during inhalation. This muscle contracts to lift the ribs upwards, expanding the thoracic cavity and allowing for increased lung capacity. By doing so, it assists in the process of inhalation and helps in the expansion of the chest during breathing.

The peroneus brevis muscle attaches to the tuberosity of the 5th metatarsal. This muscle is located on the lateral side of the lower leg and plays a role in ankle stability and foot movement. It helps to evert the foot and assists in plantar flexion.

The piriformis muscle and the sciatic nerve pass through the greater sciatic notch. The piriformis muscle is a small muscle located in the buttocks that helps to rotate the hip joint. The sciatic nerve is the largest nerve in the body and originates from the lower spine, passing through the buttocks and down the back of the leg. Together, the piriformis muscle and the sciatic nerve pass through the greater sciatic notch, which is a large notch in the pelvis bone.

The prime movers for ankle plantarflexion are the gastrocnemius and soleus muscles. These two muscles work together to point the foot downwards, allowing for movements such as walking, running, and jumping. The gastrocnemius is the larger of the two muscles and is located at the back of the lower leg, while the soleus is a smaller muscle that lies underneath the gastrocnemius. Together, they provide the necessary power and strength for ankle plantarflexion. The other muscle options listed do not play a primary role in ankle plantarflexion.

None of these muscles attach directly to the ischial tuberosity. The muscle that attaches to the ischial tuberosity is the hamstring muscle group, which includes the biceps femoris, semitendinosus, and semimembranosus muscles. The gluteus maximus, medius, and minimus muscles are all located in the buttocks and attach to different parts of the pelvis and femur, but not to the ischial tuberosity.

The tibialis anterior and tibialis posterior muscles work as synergists to invert the foot. Synergists are muscles that work together to produce a specific movement. In this case, the tibialis anterior and tibialis posterior both contribute to the inversion of the foot, which is the movement of turning the sole of the foot inward.

The correct answer is the inferior gluteal nerve. The gluteus maximus muscle is innervated by the inferior gluteal nerve, which is responsible for providing motor function to this muscle. The inferior gluteal nerve arises from the sacral plexus and specifically innervates the gluteus maximus, allowing it to perform actions such as hip extension and lateral rotation.

The superficial peroneal nerve innervates the peroneus brevis muscle.

All of the muscles mentioned, including the obturator internus, obturator externus, and piriformis, are responsible for hip external rotation. These muscles work together to rotate the hip joint outward, allowing for movements such as turning the leg outward or crossing one leg over the other. Therefore, all of these muscles contribute to hip external rotation.

not-available-via-ai

The pectineus is a muscle located in the upper thigh region. It is responsible for flexing and adducting the hip joint. The other muscles listed, such as the adductor brevis, obturator internus, and piriformis, are also located in the hip region but have different functions. Therefore, the pectineus is the correct answer because it is the only muscle listed that performs the specific action of flexing and adducting the hip joint.

The plantaris muscle attaches to the lateral suprcondylar ridge of the femur and the calcaneus via the calcaneal tendon.

The diaphragm is a dome-shaped muscle located at the base of the thoracic cavity. It plays a crucial role in the process of breathing. During inhalation, the diaphragm contracts and moves downward, increasing the volume of the thoracic cavity and allowing the lungs to expand. During exhalation, the diaphragm relaxes, returning to its dome shape and allowing the lungs to deflate. Additionally, during inhalation, the diaphragm contracts and pulls down the central tendon, further aiding in the expansion of the thoracic cavity. Therefore, the correct answer is "all of the above."

The sartorius muscle is responsible for flexing, abducting, and externally rotating the hip. Flexion refers to bending the hip joint, abduction refers to moving the leg away from the midline of the body, and external rotation refers to rotating the leg outward.

When you flex your wrist, the motion occurs in the sagittal plane, which divides the body into left and right halves. The axis around which the wrist moves is the frontal axis, which is perpendicular to the sagittal plane and runs from side to side.

The iliac fossa is a shallow, concave surface located on the inner surface of the ilium bone of the pelvis. The muscle that attaches to this fossa is the iliopsoas. The iliopsoas is a combination of two muscles, the iliacus and the psoas major, which merge together to form a common tendon that attaches to the lesser trochanter of the femur. This muscle is responsible for flexing the hip joint and plays a crucial role in walking, running, and other lower body movements.

The correct answer is dorsal interoseei. The dorsal interossei muscles are located between the metatarsal bones of the foot. They are responsible for abduction of the second through fourth toes, meaning they move the toes away from the midline of the foot. The abductor hallucis muscle is responsible for abduction of the big toe, while the lumbricals and palmar interossei muscles are involved in flexion and extension of the toes.

The pes anserine is a tendinous insertion on the medial aspect of the proximal tibia. It is composed of the sartorius, gracilis, and semitendinosus muscles. These muscles work together to flex and medially rotate the leg at the knee joint. The sartorius muscle originates from the anterior superior iliac spine and crosses the hip and knee joints to insert on the pes anserine. The gracilis muscle originates from the pubic symphysis and inserts on the pes anserine. The semitendinosus muscle originates from the ischial tuberosity and also inserts on the pes anserine.

The superior gluteal nerve innervates the tensor fascia latae, gluteus medius, and gluteus minimus muscles. However, it does not innervate the gluteus maximus muscle.

The soleus is a muscle located in the calf region of the leg. It is responsible for plantarflexion, which is the movement of pointing the foot downwards. This action involves the contraction of the soleus muscle, resulting in the extension of the ankle joint and pushing the foot away from the body. The other options mentioned, dorsiflexion and knee extension, as well as plantarflexion and knee flexion, are not actions performed by the soleus muscle.

The gluteus maximus originates from the posterior iliac crest and the coccyx.

The correct answer is tibial. The tibial nerve is responsible for innervating the gastrocnemius muscle. This nerve originates from the sciatic nerve and runs down the back of the leg, providing motor and sensory innervation to the muscles of the calf, including the gastrocnemius. The superficial peroneal and deep peroneal nerves are not directly involved in innervating the gastrocnemius muscle.

The ankle joint is formed by the talus, tibia, and fibula bones. The talus bone sits on top of the calcaneus (heel bone) and connects the leg to the foot. The tibia and fibula are the two long bones of the lower leg, with the tibia being the larger and stronger bone. Together, these three bones allow for movement and stability in the ankle joint.

The obturator internus muscle attaches to the inferior surface of the obturator foramen, the medial surface of the greater trochanter, and the obturator membrane. Therefore, the correct answer is "all of these".

The anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) prevents the anterior glide of the tibia. This ligament is located within the knee joint and plays a crucial role in stabilizing the knee by preventing excessive forward movement of the tibia. It is one of the main ligaments that helps to maintain the integrity and stability of the knee joint, particularly during activities that involve sudden stops, changes in direction, or pivoting movements.

The correct answer is peroneus brevis. The peroneus brevis muscle is innervated by the superficial peroneal nerve. This nerve provides motor innervation to the muscles of the lateral compartment of the leg, including the peroneus brevis. The peroneus brevis muscle plays a role in ankle eversion and foot plantarflexion.

The transverse foramen is not found on the thoracic vertebrae. The transverse foramen is a structure that is present in the cervical vertebrae, not the thoracic vertebrae. The transverse foramen is a hole on each side of the cervical vertebrae that allows for the passage of the vertebral artery and vein.

The mandibular fossa is a depression on the temporal bone of the skull, specifically on the inferior surface. It serves as the articulation point for the mandibular condyle, which is a protrusion on the mandible (lower jaw bone). This allows for the movement of the lower jaw during activities such as chewing and speaking. Therefore, the correct statements are that the mandibular fossa is found on the temporal bone and the mandibular condyle is found on the mandible.

The gastrocnemius muscle is the only option that does not attach to the fibula. It is a two-headed muscle that originates from the femur and attaches to the calcaneus via the Achilles tendon. The peroneus longus, soleus, and tibialis posterior muscles all have attachments to the fibula.

The semitendinosus muscle is responsible for extending the hip and flexing the knee. It is one of the muscles located in the back of the thigh, also known as the hamstring muscles. When the hip is extended, the semitendinosus muscle helps to move the thigh backward, and when the knee is flexed, it assists in bending the leg.

The knee is the largest joint in the body. It is a hinge joint that connects the thigh bone (femur) to the shin bone (tibia). The knee joint allows for flexion and extension of the leg, as well as some rotation. It is a weight-bearing joint and is involved in various movements such as walking, running, and jumping. The knee joint is supported by ligaments, tendons, and muscles, making it crucial for stability and mobility.

The hip joint is classified as diarthrodial, tri-axial. Diarthrodial joints are freely movable joints, allowing for a wide range of motion. Tri-axial joints are capable of movement in three planes: sagittal, frontal, and transverse. The hip joint fits both of these classifications as it is a synovial joint that allows for significant movement in multiple directions.

The sustentaculum tali is a bony projection located on the calcaneus bone. It serves as a support for the talus bone, which is the second largest bone in the foot and forms the ankle joint. The sustentaculum tali helps to stabilize the talus bone and plays a crucial role in weight-bearing and movement of the foot.

The bones forming the subtalar joint are the calcaneus and talus. The subtalar joint is located below the ankle joint and allows for inversion and eversion movements of the foot. The calcaneus is the heel bone, while the talus is the bone that connects the foot to the leg. Together, these two bones form the subtalar joint, which plays a crucial role in foot and ankle movement and stability.

The tibialis posterior is innervated by the tibial nerve. The tibial nerve is a branch of the sciatic nerve and provides motor innervation to the muscles of the posterior compartment of the leg, including the tibialis posterior. It also provides sensory innervation to the sole of the foot. The superficial peroneal nerve innervates the muscles of the lateral compartment of the leg, while the deep peroneal nerve innervates the muscles of the anterior compartment of the leg.

The correct answer is medial pterygoid, lateral pterygoid. These two muscles are responsible for protracting the mandible, which means they move the lower jaw forward. The medial pterygoid muscle is located on the inner side of the jaw and helps in closing and protruding the jaw. The lateral pterygoid muscle is situated on the outer side of the jaw and assists in moving the jaw forward and sideways. Together, these muscles work to protract the mandible and aid in actions like chewing and speaking.

The gluteus medius muscle attaches to the greater trochanter. This muscle is located in the buttocks and is responsible for abducting and medially rotating the thigh. It also helps to stabilize the pelvis during walking and other lower body movements.

The third lever system is the most common lever system used in the human body. In this type of lever system, the fulcrum is located at one end, the effort is applied at the other end, and the load is located between the fulcrum and the effort. This lever system is commonly found in our body's musculoskeletal system, such as when we flex and extend our arms or legs. It allows for efficient movement and force generation, making it the most commonly used lever system in the human body.

not-available-via-ai

The biceps femoris muscle inserts on the fibular head.

The third layer of the plantar surface of the foot contains the flexor hallucis brevis.

The tibialis anterior muscle inserts at the first cuneiform and first metatarsal.

The scalene muscles are frequently responsible for thoracic outlet syndrome. These muscles are located in the neck and are responsible for various movements of the head and neck. When these muscles become tight or overused, they can compress the nerves and blood vessels that pass through the thoracic outlet, resulting in thoracic outlet syndrome. This condition can cause symptoms such as pain, numbness, and weakness in the arm and hand. Therefore, the scalene muscles are often identified as the culprits in cases of thoracic outlet syndrome.

Primary curves, which include sacral and thoracic, are present at birth. These curves are formed during fetal development and help to accommodate the shape of the developing fetus in the womb. The sacral curve is located in the lower back, while the thoracic curve is located in the upper back. These curves play a crucial role in maintaining balance, stability, and proper alignment of the spine. As the child grows and begins to sit, crawl, and walk, secondary curves, such as the lumbar and cervical curves, gradually develop to support the upright posture.

The piriformis muscle is not involved in hip adduction. It is a small muscle located in the buttocks region that is responsible for external rotation of the hip joint. The other three muscles listed (gracilis, pectineus, and adductor longus) are all hip adductors, meaning they help bring the leg towards the midline of the body.

The gluteus medius is responsible for hip abduction, which is the movement of the leg away from the midline of the body. This muscle is located on the outer surface of the pelvis and extends down to the upper part of the thigh bone. When the gluteus medius contracts, it pulls the thigh bone outward, allowing the leg to move away from the body. Therefore, the gluteus medius is the correct answer for the muscle that abducts the hip.

The lumbricals are a group of muscles located in the hand. They originate from the tendons of the flexor digitorum profundus and insert into the extensor expansions of the fingers. Their main action is to flex the metatarsophalangeal (MTP) joint while extending the proximal interphalangeal (PIP) and distal interphalangeal (DIP) joints. This allows for flexion of the toes at the MTP joint while extending the PIP and DIP joints, enabling actions such as gripping and grasping objects with the toes.

The plantar arches refer to the arches formed by the bones and soft tissues on the bottom of the foot. The medial longitudinal arch runs along the inner side of the foot, while the lateral longitudinal arch runs along the outer side. These two arches are responsible for providing support and shock absorption during walking and running. The transverse arch runs across the foot, connecting the medial and lateral arches. It helps with weight distribution and stability. Therefore, the correct answer is medial longitudinal, lateral longitudinal, transverse.

The biceps brachii muscle has two heads: the long head and the short head. The origin of the long head is the supraglenoid tubercle, which is located on the scapula bone. The short head originates from the coracoid process, which is also part of the scapula. Therefore, the correct answer is "long head: supraglenoid tubercle, short head: coracoid process."

The adductor brevis muscle attaches to the pectineal line.

The pubic symphysis is a type of joint known as an amphiarthrodial joint. This type of joint allows for limited movement and is characterized by the presence of a fibrocartilaginous disc that connects the two pubic bones. The pubic symphysis is located in the pelvis and plays a role in stabilizing the pelvis during movement and childbirth.

The internal oblique muscle is responsible for rotating the trunk to the same side when contracting unilaterally. This muscle is located on the sides of the abdomen and helps with lateral flexion and rotation of the trunk. When contracted on one side, it assists in rotating the trunk towards that side. The external oblique muscle, on the other hand, rotates the trunk to the opposite side when contracting unilaterally. The transverse abdominus muscle helps with stabilizing the trunk, while the rectus abdominus muscle is responsible for flexing the trunk.

The ankle is an example of a synovial, uniaxial joint. Synovial joints are characterized by the presence of a synovial cavity, which is filled with synovial fluid to reduce friction and allow smooth movement. Uniaxial joints, also known as hinge joints, allow movement in only one plane, like a door hinge. The ankle joint allows movement in only one plane, allowing the foot to move up and down, similar to a hinge. Therefore, the ankle is the correct answer.

The correct answer is quadratus plantae, lumbricales. The quadratus plantae muscle is located in the second layer of muscles on the plantar surface. It helps to flex the toes and maintain the arch of the foot. The lumbricales muscles are also in the second layer and are responsible for flexing the proximal interphalangeal joints of the toes. These muscles play important roles in foot movement and stability.

The extensor hallucis longus is a muscle located in the lower leg that extends the big toe. In addition to extending the hallux, it also performs dorsiflexion and inversion. Dorsiflexion refers to the movement of the foot in which the toes are brought closer to the shin, while inversion refers to the movement of the foot in which the sole is turned inward. Therefore, the correct answer is dorsiflexion and inversion.

The gluteus medius muscles are responsible for hip abduction. These muscles are located in the buttocks and play a crucial role in stabilizing the pelvis and maintaining balance during activities such as walking or running. When the gluteus medius contracts, it pulls the leg away from the midline of the body, allowing for lateral movement of the hip joint. This action is known as hip abduction. The other muscles listed, such as the iliopsoas, obturator externus, and gracilis, do not primarily function in hip abduction.

The deep peroneal nerve innervates the extensor digitorum longus muscle. This nerve is responsible for controlling the movement and sensation of the muscles in the anterior compartment of the leg. It originates from the common peroneal nerve and runs along the front of the leg, supplying motor function to the extensor digitorum longus as well as other muscles in the anterior compartment.

The knee joint is classified as a synovial joint because it contains a synovial cavity filled with synovial fluid, which allows for smooth movement and reduces friction between the bones. It is specifically categorized as a gliding joint because it allows for limited movement in multiple directions, such as flexion, extension, and rotation.

The sartorius muscle is innervated by the femoral nerve. The femoral nerve is responsible for providing motor innervation to the muscles in the anterior compartment of the thigh, which includes the sartorius muscle. The sartorius muscle is a long, strap-like muscle that runs diagonally across the front of the thigh. It helps with flexing, abducting, and externally rotating the hip joint, as well as flexing the knee joint.

When the external obliques act unilaterally, they are responsible for rotating the trunk to the opposite side. This means that if the right external oblique contracts, it will rotate the trunk to the left, and vice versa. Trunk extension refers to the movement of the trunk straightening or arching backward, while trunk flexion refers to the movement of the trunk bending forward. Therefore, the correct answer is rotation to the opposite side.

The pedicle is located on the vertebrae as a bridge between the body and transverse process.

The pedicle is a bony structure that connects the vertebral body to the transverse process in the spine. It forms a bridge between these two structures, providing stability and support to the spine. Therefore, the correct answer is "body and transverse process."

The joint between the midfoot and hindfoot is called the transverse tarsal joint. This joint is responsible for allowing movement and flexibility in the foot, particularly in the midfoot region. It consists of two separate joints: the talonavicular joint and the calcaneocuboid joint. The transverse tarsal joint plays a crucial role in foot pronation and supination, which are important for shock absorption and maintaining balance during walking and running.

The obturator foramen is a large opening in the pelvis that allows for the passage of nerves and blood vessels. It is formed by the pubis and ischium bones. The pubis is the anterior part of the pelvis, while the ischium is the posterior part. Together, these two bones create the obturator foramen. The ilium, on the other hand, is not involved in the formation of the obturator foramen. Therefore, the correct answer is "pubis and ischium."

The gluteus minimus attaches to the anterior border of the greater trochanter. This attachment point allows the gluteus minimus muscle to help with hip abduction and internal rotation.

The adductor longus muscle attaches to the pubic tubercle.

The teres minor muscle is responsible for lateral rotation and horizontal abduction of the humerus. This means that it helps to rotate the arm outward and move it away from the midline of the body. This muscle is one of the four muscles that make up the rotator cuff and plays a role in stabilizing the shoulder joint.

Elbow extension is an example of a first-class lever because it involves the effort (force) being applied at one end (triceps muscle) to overcome the load (resistance) at the other end (forearm). The fulcrum (pivot point) is located in between at the elbow joint. When the triceps muscle contracts, it generates a force that causes the forearm to extend, overcoming the resistance of any weight or object being held in the hand. This is characteristic of a first-class lever where the fulcrum is located between the effort and the load.

The correct answer is rectus femoris, pectineus, iliopsoas, and gracilis because these are the four muscles that primarily contribute to hip flexion. The rectus femoris is one of the quadriceps muscles located in the front of the thigh. The pectineus is a small muscle located deep in the groin area. The iliopsoas is a combination of two muscles, the iliacus and the psoas major, which work together to flex the hip. The gracilis is a long, thin muscle located on the inner thigh. Together, these muscles play a major role in flexing the hip joint.

The gracilis muscle is responsible for flexing the hip. This muscle is located in the inner thigh and plays a role in movements such as bringing the leg closer to the body or bending the knee. It works in conjunction with other muscles to allow for smooth and controlled movement of the hip joint.