Ptap116 - Musculoskeletal Final

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About This Quiz

PTAP116 - Musculoskeletal FINAL tests knowledge on human anatomy, focusing on musculoskeletal structures. It covers topics like the sternum, spinal curvatures, and vertebral components, essential for students in medical fields.

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2.

Which ribs are considered floaing ribs?
- None of the above
- Ribs 8-12
- Ribs 11-12
- Ribs 1-7
Correct Answer

A. Ribs 11-12

Explanation

Ribs 11-12 are considered floating ribs because they are not attached to the sternum or any other ribs. Unlike the other ribs, which are connected to the sternum by cartilage, floating ribs only attach to the vertebrae in the back. This allows for more flexibility in the ribcage and helps protect the organs in the abdominal area.

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3.

The atlas is also known as:
- T1
- C2
- T2
- C1
Correct Answer

A. C1

Explanation

The atlas is the first cervical vertebra (C1) in the vertebral column. It is responsible for supporting the skull and allowing for the nodding motion of the head. The atlas is also known as C1 because it is the first cervical vertebra, and it is called the atlas due to its role in supporting the weight of the head, just like the mythical titan Atlas who held up the world.

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4.

The bridge between the transverse process and the spinous process is known as:
- Lamina
- Pedicle
- Inferior articulating facet
- Superior articulating facet
Correct Answer

A. Lamina

Explanation

The bridge between the transverse process and the spinous process is known as the lamina. The lamina is a thin, flat bone that connects the transverse process, which extends laterally from the vertebral arch, to the spinous process, which projects posteriorly from the vertebral arch. It forms the posterior portion of the vertebral arch and helps protect the spinal cord.

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5.

Which muscle inserts into the iliotibial tract?
- Tensor fascia latae
- Gluteus maximus
- Gracilis
- Gluteus medius
Correct Answer

A. Tensor fascia latae

Explanation

The tensor fascia latae muscle inserts into the iliotibial tract.

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6.

The PSIS is located on the:
- Tibia
- Femur
- Ilium
- Ischium
Correct Answer

A. Ilium

Explanation

The PSIS (Posterior Superior Iliac Spine) is located on the ilium bone. The ilium is the largest and uppermost bone of the pelvis, forming the superior part of the hip bone. The PSIS is a bony prominence found on the posterior aspect of the ilium, specifically at the posterior end of the iliac crest. It serves as an important landmark for anatomical reference and is commonly used in clinical assessments and procedures related to the pelvis and hip joint.

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7.
- Semitendinosus
- Gracilis
- Sartorius
- Semimembranosus
Correct Answer

A. Semitendinosus
8.
- Gluteus minimus
- Obturator externus
- Piriformis
- Pectineus
Correct Answer

A. Piriformis
9.

What is the purpose of the menisci of the knee?
- Helps the femoral condyles sit upon the tibial plateaus
- Weight distribution
- Friction reduction
- All of the above
Correct Answer

A. All of the above

Explanation

The menisci of the knee serve multiple purposes. They help the femoral condyles sit upon the tibial plateaus, ensuring proper alignment and stability of the knee joint. They also play a crucial role in weight distribution, helping to evenly distribute the forces exerted on the knee during activities such as walking, running, and jumping. Additionally, the menisci help to reduce friction within the knee joint, acting as shock absorbers and preventing excessive wear and tear on the articular cartilage. Therefore, the correct answer is "all of the above."

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10.

Identify the action of the flexor hallucis longus
- Flexes the big toe
- Flexes the hip
- Flexes the knee
- Flexes the ankle
Correct Answer

A. Flexes the big toe

Explanation

The action of the flexor hallucis longus is to flex the big toe. This muscle is responsible for bending the big toe downwards, towards the sole of the foot. It plays a crucial role in activities such as walking, running, and maintaining balance.

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11.

Bones are classified into 6 different categories. into which category does the humerus fall?
- Sesamoid bone
- Long bone
- Short bone
- Flat bone
Correct Answer

A. Long bone

Explanation

The humerus falls into the category of long bones. Long bones are characterized by their elongated shape and consist of a shaft (diaphysis) and two ends (epiphyses). The humerus is the bone located in the upper arm, between the shoulder and the elbow, and it fits the criteria of a long bone as it is longer than it is wide.

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12.

An abnormal lateral curvature of the spine is called:
- Lordosis
- Scoliosis
- Kyphosis
- Spondylosis
Correct Answer

A. Scoliosis

Explanation

Scoliosis is the correct answer because it refers to an abnormal lateral curvature of the spine. This condition causes the spine to curve sideways, resulting in an "S" or "C" shape. Lordosis refers to an excessive inward curvature of the spine, kyphosis refers to an excessive outward curvature of the spine, and spondylosis refers to degenerative changes in the spine.

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13.
- Semispinalis
- Longus capitis and colli
- Scalenes
- Longissimus
Correct Answer

A. Scalenes
14.

The nucleus pulposis is:
- Hardened outer ring of the vertebral disc
- None of the above
- Core of the vertebral body
- Gelatinous substance in the center of the disc
Correct Answer

A. Gelatinous substance in the center of the disc

Explanation

The nucleus pulposus refers to the gelatinous substance located in the center of the vertebral disc. It acts as a shock absorber, providing cushioning and allowing flexibility between the vertebrae. This gel-like material consists mainly of water and proteoglycans, which help maintain the disc's structure and function.

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15.

An increased curve in the thoracic vertebrae is known as:
- Kyphosis
- Scoliosis
- None of the above
- Lordosis
Correct Answer

A. Kyphosis

Explanation

Kyphosis refers to an increased curve in the thoracic vertebrae. It is a condition where the upper back becomes rounded, causing a hunchback appearance. This condition can be caused by various factors such as poor posture, osteoporosis, or certain medical conditions. Scoliosis, on the other hand, refers to an abnormal sideways curvature of the spine, while lordosis is an increased inward curve in the lower back. Therefore, the correct answer is kyphosis.

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16.

The temporomandibular joint is a:
- Amphiarthrodial
- Hinge joint
- Ball-in-socket joint
- Saddle
Correct Answer

A. Hinge joint

Explanation

The temporomandibular joint is classified as a hinge joint because it primarily allows for movement in one plane, similar to the hinge of a door. This joint facilitates the opening and closing of the jaw, allowing for basic functions such as chewing and speaking. Unlike a ball-in-socket joint or a saddle joint, the temporomandibular joint has a more limited range of motion and primarily allows for flexion and extension movements.

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17.

Which of the following muscles is innervated by the trigeminal nerve?
- Temporalis
- Frontalis
- Orbicularis oculi
- Zygomaticus major
Correct Answer

A. Temporalis

Explanation

The temporalis muscle is innervated by the trigeminal nerve. The trigeminal nerve is responsible for providing sensory and motor innervation to the face, including the muscles of mastication. The temporalis muscle is one of the major muscles of mastication, which is involved in jaw movement during chewing. Therefore, it is innervated by the trigeminal nerve.

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18.
- Depressor anguli oris
- Platysma
- Orbicularis oris
- Zygomaticus
Correct Answer

A. Depressor anguli oris
19.

Which bones form the acetabulum?
- Ilium
- Ischium
- Pubis
- All of these
Correct Answer

A. All of these

Explanation

The acetabulum is a cup-shaped socket in the pelvis that forms the hip joint. It is made up of three bones: the ilium, ischium, and pubis. These three bones come together and fuse during development to create the acetabulum. Therefore, the correct answer is "all of these."

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20.

The acetabulum articulates with the:
- Distal tibia
- Proximal femur
- Proximal tibia
- Distal femur
Correct Answer

A. Proximal femur

Explanation

The acetabulum is a part of the pelvis bone and forms the socket for the hip joint. It articulates with the proximal femur, which is the upper part of the thigh bone. This joint allows for the movement and stability of the hip joint, enabling actions such as walking, running, and jumping. The distal tibia and proximal tibia are not directly related to the acetabulum, and the distal femur is not involved in the hip joint.

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21.

What is another name for the ankle joint?
- Subtalar joint
- Talocrural joint
- Transverse tarsal joint
- None of the above
Correct Answer

A. Talocrural joint

Explanation

The talocrural joint is another name for the ankle joint. This joint is formed by the articulation of the tibia, fibula, and talus bones. It allows for dorsiflexion and plantarflexion movements of the foot. The term "talocrural" refers to the bones involved in this joint, namely the talus and the distal ends of the tibia and fibula. The other options mentioned, subtalar joint and transverse tarsal joint, are different joints located in the foot, but they are not specifically referred to as the ankle joint.

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22.

According to the Trail Guide, the "thickest layering of cartilage in the body" is found on this bone:
- Femur
- Tibia
- Patella
- Fibula
Correct Answer

A. Patella

Explanation

The patella, also known as the kneecap, has the thickest layering of cartilage in the body. This is because the patella acts as a protective covering for the knee joint and helps to distribute forces evenly across the joint during movement. The thick layer of cartilage on the patella helps to cushion and absorb shock, reducing friction and preventing damage to the underlying bones and tissues.

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23.

Which bones are part of the midfoot?
- Cuboid, navicular, cuneiforms
- Talus, calcaneus
- Cuboid, metatarsals, navicular
- Cuboid, metatarsals, cuneiforms, navicular
Correct Answer

A. Cuboid, navicular, cuneiforms

Explanation

The midfoot consists of the cuboid, navicular, and cuneiform bones. These bones are located in the middle region of the foot, between the hindfoot (talus and calcaneus) and the forefoot (metatarsals). The cuboid, navicular, and cuneiform bones play a crucial role in maintaining the arches of the foot and providing stability during weight-bearing activities.

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24.

Which muscle is nicknamed "the key which unlocks the knee" ccording to the Trail Guide?
- Gastrocnemius
- Plantaris
- Popliteus
- Soleus
Correct Answer

A. Popliteus

Explanation

The popliteus muscle is nicknamed "the key which unlocks the knee" because it plays a crucial role in unlocking the knee joint by internally rotating the tibia. This muscle helps to initiate knee flexion and is responsible for unlocking the knee from a fully extended position, allowing for smooth movement and stability during walking and running.

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25.

Which bone is located in the foot?
- Capitate
- Cuboid
- Scaphoid
- Trapezium
Correct Answer

A. Cuboid

Explanation

The cuboid bone is located in the foot. It is one of the seven tarsal bones and is situated on the outer side of the foot, between the calcaneus (heel bone) and the fourth and fifth metatarsal bones. The cuboid bone plays a crucial role in maintaining the stability of the foot and transferring forces during weight-bearing activities.

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26.

Which of the following muscles is innervated by the facial nerve?
- Frontalis
- Masseter
- Temporalis
- Lateral pterygoid
Correct Answer

A. Frontalis

Explanation

The frontalis muscle is innervated by the facial nerve. The facial nerve, also known as cranial nerve VII, is responsible for controlling the muscles of facial expression. The frontalis muscle is located in the forehead and is responsible for raising the eyebrows and creating forehead wrinkles. When the facial nerve is damaged or paralyzed, it can result in weakness or paralysis of the frontalis muscle, leading to an inability to raise the eyebrows or create forehead wrinkles on the affected side.

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27.

The zygomatic arch is formed by:
- Parietal and temporal bones
- Temporal and zygomatic bones
- Frontal and temporal bones
- Frontal and zygomatic bones
Correct Answer

A. Temporal and zygomatic bones

Explanation

The zygomatic arch is a bony structure that forms the prominence of the cheekbone. It is composed of two bones: the temporal bone, which is located at the side of the skull, and the zygomatic bone, which is commonly known as the cheekbone. These two bones articulate together to create the zygomatic arch.

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28.

The acetabulum articulates with the:
- Distal tibia
- Proximal femur
- Proximal tibia
- Distal femur
Correct Answer

A. Proximal femur

Explanation

The acetabulum is a socket-shaped structure in the pelvis that forms the hip joint. It articulates, or forms a joint, with the proximal femur, which is the upper part of the thigh bone. This joint allows for the movement and stability of the hip joint. The distal tibia and proximal tibia are not directly involved in the articulation with the acetabulum, and the distal femur is not a part of the hip joint.

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29.

A Patient is referred to physicl therapy by their dentist. The patient is having difficulty chewing. Which muscle(s) is weak?
- Masseter
- Temporlis
- All of the above
- Lateral pterygoid
Correct Answer

A. All of the above

Explanation

The correct answer is "all of the above". The patient is referred to physical therapy because they are having difficulty chewing, which indicates a weakness in the muscles involved in chewing. The masseter and temporlis muscles are both responsible for chewing, so if they are weak, it would affect the patient's ability to chew. Additionally, the lateral pterygoid muscle is also involved in chewing and could be weak as well. Therefore, all of these muscles being weak would explain the patient's difficulty in chewing.

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30.

The thoracic nerve innervates the:
- Rectus abdominis
- Internal oblique
- External oblique
- All of the above
Correct Answer

A. All of the above

Explanation

The thoracic nerve innervates the rectus abdominis, internal oblique, and external oblique muscles. This means that it provides the necessary nerve supply to these muscles, allowing them to receive signals from the central nervous system and contract. As a result, the thoracic nerve plays a crucial role in the movement and stability of the abdominal muscles. Therefore, the correct answer is "all of the above."

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31.

What muscle(s) is(are) responsible for elevation of the mandible?
- Masseter
- Temporalis
- Medial pterygoid
- All of the above
Correct Answer

A. All of the above

Explanation

The muscles responsible for the elevation of the mandible are the masseter, temporalis, and medial pterygoid. These muscles work together to close the jaw and bring the mandible upwards. The masseter muscle is the strongest muscle of mastication and is located in the jaw area. The temporalis muscle is located above the ear and helps in the movement of the jaw. The medial pterygoid muscle is located deep in the jaw and aids in the elevation and sideways movement of the mandible. Therefore, all of the above muscles contribute to the elevation of the mandible.

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32.

Lordosis is a term used to describe an increased curvature in the:
- Thoracic spine
- Lumbar spine
- All of the above
- Sacral spine
Correct Answer

A. Lumbar spine

Explanation

Lordosis is a term used to describe an increased curvature in the lumbar spine. This refers to an exaggerated inward curve in the lower back. It is a normal part of the spine's curvature, but excessive lordosis can lead to lower back pain and discomfort. The thoracic spine refers to the upper and middle back, while the sacral spine is the lowest part of the spine. Therefore, the correct answer is lumbar spine, as lordosis specifically pertains to the curvature in this region.

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33.

Which muscles attach to the linea aspera?
- Adductor magnus
- Adductor longus
- Adductor brevis
- All of these
Correct Answer

A. All of these

Explanation

The linea aspera is a ridge on the posterior surface of the femur bone. It serves as an attachment site for various muscles, including the adductor magnus, adductor longus, and adductor brevis. Therefore, all of these muscles attach to the linea aspera.

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34.

Which muscle has the longest tendon in the body?
- Flexor hallucis longus
- Extensor hallucis longus
- Peroneus longus
- Plantaris
Correct Answer

A. Plantaris

Explanation

The plantaris muscle has the longest tendon in the body. This muscle is located in the lower leg and runs from the back of the knee to the heel. While the plantaris muscle itself is relatively small and not essential for normal movement, its long tendon plays a role in assisting with flexion of the knee and plantar flexion of the foot.

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35.

What are the actions of the gastrocnemius?
- Hip flexion and knee extension
- Knee flexion and ankle plantarflexion
- Knee extension and ankle plantarflexion
- Hip flexion and knee flexion
Correct Answer

A. Knee flexion and ankle plantarflexion

Explanation

The gastrocnemius muscle is located in the calf and is responsible for two main actions: knee flexion and ankle plantarflexion. Knee flexion refers to bending the knee joint, while ankle plantarflexion refers to pointing the toes downwards. These actions are important for activities such as walking, running, and jumping. The other options listed in the question do not accurately describe the actions of the gastrocnemius muscle.

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36.
- Lateral meniscus
- Medial meniscus
- Anterior cruciate ligament
- Intercondylar bursa
Correct Answer

A. Medial meniscus
37.

What muscle is responsible for our ability to wink the eye?
- Obicularis oculi
- Orbicularis oris
- Frontalis
- Zygomaticus
Correct Answer

A. Obicularis oculi

Explanation

The muscle responsible for our ability to wink the eye is the obicularis oculi. This muscle surrounds the eye and allows us to close and squint our eyes, as well as perform other facial expressions involving the eyes. The orbicularis oris is the muscle responsible for puckering the lips, the frontalis is the muscle responsible for raising the eyebrows, and the zygomaticus is the muscle responsible for smiling.

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38.

The dens is also called the _________ process and is located on _________.
- Transverse, C1
- Odontoid, C1
- Spinous, C2
- Odontoid, C2
Correct Answer

A. Odontoid, C2

Explanation

The dens, also known as the odontoid process, is located on the second cervical vertebrae, which is C2.

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39.

What two bones surround the atlas?
- Occiput & C1
- Occipital & C2
- C1 & C2
- Axis & C1
Correct Answer

A. Occipital & C2

Explanation

The atlas is the first cervical vertebra, and it is surrounded by the occipital bone and the second cervical vertebra (C2), also known as the axis. The occipital bone is located at the base of the skull and forms the back part of the skull, while C2 is the vertebra that allows the head to rotate. Therefore, the correct answer is occipital and C2.

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40.

Identify the muscle that rotates the head and neck to the opposite side
- None of the above
- Splenius capitis & cervicis
- Sternocleidomastoid
- Semispinalis
Correct Answer

A. Sternocleidomastoid

Explanation

The sternocleidomastoid muscle is responsible for rotating the head and neck to the opposite side. It is a large muscle located in the front of the neck and connects the sternum and clavicle to the mastoid process of the skull. When one side of the sternocleidomastoid contracts, it causes the head and neck to rotate towards the opposite side. This muscle also helps with flexion and extension of the neck and aids in tilting the head to the same side.

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41.

What are the actions of the gluteus maximus?
- Hip flexion and external rotation
- Hip extension and external rotation
- Hip extension and internal rotation
- Hip flexion and internal rotation
Correct Answer

A. Hip extension and external rotation

Explanation

The gluteus maximus is the largest muscle in the buttocks, and its main actions are hip extension and external rotation. Hip extension refers to the movement of the thigh moving backward, while external rotation refers to the rotation of the thigh away from the midline of the body. These actions are important for activities such as walking, running, and climbing stairs.

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42.

What are the actions of the gluteus maximus?
- Hip flexion and external rotation
- Hip extension and external rotation
- Hip extension and internal rotation
- Hip flexion and internal rotation
Correct Answer

A. Hip extension and external rotation

Explanation

The gluteus maximus is responsible for hip extension and external rotation. Hip extension refers to the movement of the thigh moving backward, while external rotation refers to the rotation of the thigh outward. These actions are important for activities such as walking, running, and climbing stairs. The gluteus maximus is the largest muscle in the buttocks and plays a crucial role in stabilizing the pelvis and generating power during these movements.

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43.

Identify the action of the palmar interossei
- Adduction of the wrist
- Adduction of the fingers
- Abduction of the wrist
- Abduction of the fingers
Correct Answer

A. Adduction of the fingers

Explanation

The palmar interossei are a group of muscles located in the hand. Their primary action is to adduct the fingers, which means they bring the fingers closer together towards the midline of the hand. This action is important for activities that require precision grip or grasping objects between the fingers, such as holding a pen or picking up small objects. The other options, including adduction of the wrist and abduction of the wrist or fingers, do not accurately describe the action of the palmar interossei.

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44.

What is the name for the middle portion of the sternum?
- Body
- Xiphoid
- Manubrium
- Clavicle
Correct Answer

A. Body

Explanation

The correct answer is "Body." The sternum is divided into three parts: the manubrium, body, and xiphoid process. The body is the middle portion of the sternum, located between the manubrium and the xiphoid process. It is the longest part of the sternum and connects to the ribs. The manubrium is the upper portion of the sternum, while the xiphoid process is the lower, pointed portion. The clavicle is a separate bone that connects the sternum to the shoulder.

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45.

What muscle is used when frowning?
- Zygomaticus
- Lateral pterygoid
- Depressor anguli oris
- Buccinator
Correct Answer

A. Depressor anguli oris

Explanation

The depressor anguli oris muscle is responsible for pulling down the corners of the mouth, causing a frown. When this muscle contracts, it creates a downward movement of the lips, resulting in a frowning expression. The other muscles listed, such as the zygomaticus, lateral pterygoid, and buccinator, are not directly involved in the frowning movement.

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46.

Which muscle originates from the posterior iliac crest and inserts on the 12th rib and the transverse processes of L1-L4?
- Quadratus lumborum
- External oblique
- Rectus abdominis
- Transverse abdominis
Correct Answer

A. Quadratus lumborum

Explanation

The muscle that originates from the posterior iliac crest and inserts on the 12th rib and the transverse processes of L1-L4 is the quadratus lumborum.

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47.

The scalenes are found:
- On the sternum and clavicle
- Mastoid process, first rib
- First and second rib
- Second and fourth rib
Correct Answer

A. First and second rib

Explanation

The scalenes are found on the first and second rib.

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48.

Identify the muscles responsible for trunk flexion
- Rectus abdominis, external oblique, transversospinalis
- Erector spinae, external oblique, internal oblique
- Rectus abdominus, external oblique, internal oblique
- Erector spinae, rectus abdominus, external oblique
Correct Answer

A. Rectus abdominus, external oblique, internal oblique

Explanation

The muscles responsible for trunk flexion are the rectus abdominis, external oblique, and internal oblique. These muscles work together to bend the trunk forward, bringing the chest closer to the pelvis. The rectus abdominis is the main muscle involved in flexion, while the external and internal obliques assist in the movement by contracting and rotating the trunk. The erector spinae muscles are actually responsible for trunk extension, not flexion. Therefore, the correct answer is rectus abdominis, external oblique, and internal oblique.

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49.

Which muscle attaches to the bodies and transverse processes of the lumbar vertebrae?
- Obturator internus
- Iliopsoas
- Tensor fascia latae
- Gluteus maximus
Correct Answer

A. Iliopsoas

Explanation

The iliopsoas muscle attaches to the bodies and transverse processes of the lumbar vertebrae.

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