Test Your Knowledge About Neurological And Brain Disorders!

Dendrites are the part of the neuron that receive messages from other cells. They are branch-like structures that extend from the cell body and have numerous receptors to detect signals from other neurons. These signals are then transmitted to the cell body and eventually to the axon for further transmission. The dendrites play a crucial role in integrating and processing incoming information, allowing the neuron to communicate and relay messages throughout the nervous system.

If the pancreas secretes too little insulin, it causes diabetes. Insulin is a hormone produced by the pancreas that helps regulate blood sugar levels. When there is a deficiency of insulin, the body is unable to properly control blood sugar, leading to high levels of glucose in the blood. This condition is known as diabetes.

The higher mental functions, such as thinking and problem solving, are found in the frontal lobe. This is because the frontal lobe is responsible for executive functions, which involve higher-level cognitive processes such as decision-making, planning, and reasoning. It also plays a crucial role in personality, emotions, and social behavior. Therefore, the frontal lobe is the most appropriate lobe for housing these higher mental functions.

Heather's short stature despite being 18 years old suggests that she may have had a problem in her pituitary glands while growing up. The pituitary gland is responsible for producing growth hormones, and any dysfunction in this gland can lead to stunted growth.

The myelin sheath is a protective covering that wraps around the axon of a neuron. It serves several functions including insulating the axon, which helps to speed up the neural message by preventing the loss of electrical signals. Additionally, the myelin sheath protects the neural fiber from damage. However, it does not aid in reuptake. Reuptake is the process by which neurotransmitters are taken back up into the presynaptic neuron after being released into the synapse. This process is not directly related to the function of the myelin sheath.

The neurons of the motor pathway control voluntary muscles. These muscles are under conscious control and are responsible for movements that we can intentionally initiate and control, such as walking, talking, and writing. The motor pathway consists of a series of neurons that transmit signals from the brain or spinal cord to the muscles, allowing us to perform various voluntary movements. This control over voluntary muscles is essential for our ability to interact with the environment and carry out everyday activities.

The cerebellum is the brain structure responsible for our balance, posture, and muscle tone. It receives information from the sensory systems, such as the inner ear, and coordinates movements to maintain equilibrium. It also plays a crucial role in fine motor skills, muscle coordination, and motor learning. Damage to the cerebellum can result in problems with balance, coordination, and muscle control.

The pituitary gland is responsible for secreting growth hormone, which plays a crucial role in determining a person's height. In Andrew's case, the doctor identified that his pituitary gland was not producing enough growth hormone, leading to his small stature. This suggests that the pituitary gland is the correct answer in this context.

Serotonin is a neurotransmitter that is associated with sleep, mood, and appetite. It helps regulate sleep patterns, influences mood and emotions, and plays a role in controlling appetite and food intake. Serotonin levels are often linked to feelings of well-being and happiness, and imbalances in serotonin can contribute to mood disorders such as depression and anxiety. Additionally, serotonin is involved in the regulation of appetite and can affect cravings and feelings of satiety.

The axon is a long, slender projection of a neuron that carries electrical impulses away from the cell body and transmits them to other cells. It is responsible for sending information to other cells, such as other neurons or muscle cells. The dendrites, on the other hand, receive information from other cells, while the soma is the cell body that contains the nucleus and other organelles. Myelin is a fatty substance that surrounds and insulates the axon, helping to increase the speed of electrical transmission.

Linda's main symptom is a speech problem where she struggles to articulate her words correctly. This is indicative of Broca's aphasia, which is characterized by difficulty in producing speech and forming coherent sentences. In this case, Linda's ability to express herself is impaired, resulting in her saying fragmented and unintelligible phrases.

The correct answer is motor pathway neurons. Motor pathway neurons are responsible for controlling the movements of the fingers on the keys of a computer keyboard. These neurons transmit signals from the brain or spinal cord to the muscles, enabling voluntary movements. The autonomic nervous system controls involuntary bodily functions, such as heart rate and digestion, and is not directly involved in the fine motor control required for typing on a keyboard. Sensory pathway neurons transmit sensory information from the body to the brain, while autonomic neurons control involuntary actions of internal organs.

Endorphins are neurotransmitters that are associated with the control of pain response. They are often referred to as "feel-good" chemicals because they can produce feelings of pleasure and reduce pain. Endorphins are released in response to stress or pain and can act as natural painkillers by binding to opioid receptors in the brain and spinal cord. This helps to block pain signals and reduce the perception of pain. Therefore, endorphins play a crucial role in regulating the body's pain response.

The hippocampus is responsible for the formation and storage of new memories. If there is damage to this area of the brain, it can result in difficulties in storing away new memories. The hypothalamus is involved in regulating various bodily functions such as temperature and hunger, but not memory. The cerebellum is primarily involved in motor control and coordination, not memory. The amygdala is involved in processing emotions and fear, but not specifically memory storage. Therefore, the most likely area of damage for problems with storing new memories is the hippocampus.

The primary auditory area is located in the temporal lobe of the cortex. This area is responsible for processing and interpreting auditory information, such as sound perception and language comprehension. The temporal lobe is located on the sides of the brain, near the temples, and is involved in various functions including memory, emotion, and language processing.

When your heart races, you start breathing faster, your pupils enlarge, and your appetite disappears, it indicates that your body is experiencing a fight-or-flight response. This response is triggered by the activation of the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system. The sympathetic division prepares the body for action in response to stress or danger by increasing heart rate, dilating the pupils, and suppressing appetite. Therefore, the correct answer is sympathetic.

When the action potential reaches the end of the axon terminals, it causes the release of neurotransmitters that excite or inhibit the next cell. Neurotransmitters are chemical messengers that transmit signals between neurons. They are released into the synapse, the small gap between two neurons, and bind to receptors on the postsynaptic neuron, either exciting or inhibiting its activity. This allows for the transmission of information from one neuron to another in the nervous system.

The medulla is responsible for controlling vital functions such as breathing, heart rate, and blood pressure. Damage to the medulla can disrupt these essential functions, leading to respiratory failure, cardiac arrest, and ultimately death.

When the neuron's action potential is released, sodium ions are rushing into the axon through the openings in the membrane. This is because during an action potential, the voltage-gated sodium channels open, allowing sodium ions to flow into the axon. This influx of sodium ions helps to depolarize the membrane, leading to the propagation of the action potential along the neuron.

Receptor sites are special structures found on receiving neurons that are shaped to fit specific molecules. These molecules, known as neurotransmitters, bind to the receptor sites and initiate a series of chemical reactions that allow for the transmission of signals between neurons. The receptor sites play a crucial role in the communication between neurons by ensuring that only specific molecules can interact with them, thus enabling precise and targeted signaling within the nervous system.

When we are sleeping, our body is in a relaxed state and the parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system is active. This division is responsible for promoting rest and digestion, and it helps to slow down heart rate, decrease blood pressure, and conserve energy. In contrast, the sympathetic division is responsible for the "fight or flight" response and is typically active during times of stress or excitement. The somatic division controls voluntary movements, while the motor division is a general term that encompasses both the somatic and autonomic divisions of the nervous system.

Neurons communicate with each other through a process called synaptic transmission. This involves the release of chemicals, known as neurotransmitters, from the end of one neuron. These neurotransmitters then travel across the synaptic gap and bind to specific receptors on the next neuron, fitting into the "holes" or receptor sites. This chemical interaction allows the signal to be transmitted from one neuron to another, facilitating communication within the nervous system.

Stem cells have the unique ability to differentiate into various types of cells in the body, including blood cells, neurons, and basal cells. They are undifferentiated cells that can divide and produce more stem cells or differentiate into specialized cells. This remarkable characteristic makes stem cells capable of creating and replenishing the different cell types in the body, making them the correct answer to the question.

Wernicke's aphasia is a language disorder characterized by fluent speech that lacks meaning. People with Wernicke's aphasia may use words that make no sense or use incorrect words in sentences. They may also have difficulty understanding others' speech. In the given scenario, the man wakes up to find that people are using words that make no sense to him, suggesting a lack of understanding of their speech, which aligns with the symptoms of Wernicke's aphasia.

An MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging) uses a strong magnetic field and radio waves to create detailed images of the brain. However, it is not advisable for a person with a mental plate in their head because the strong magnetic field can interact with the metal, causing it to move or heat up. This can potentially cause harm or injury to the person. Therefore, MRI is not recommended for individuals with metal implants or plates in their head.

The sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system is responsible for the "fight or flight" response, which prepares the body for physical activity or stress. It increases heart rate, dilates the pupils, and increases the activity of the lungs to supply more oxygen for the body. However, it inhibits digestive activity to conserve energy and redirect blood flow to the muscles and other organs involved in the response. Therefore, increasing digestive activity to supply fuel for the body is not a function of the sympathetic division.

Deep lesioning is a technique for studying the brain that involves intentionally damaging neurons. This procedure involves creating lesions or removing specific areas of the brain to observe the resulting behavioral or physiological changes. By damaging neurons, researchers can investigate the role of specific brain regions in various functions or behaviors. This technique helps to establish causal relationships between brain structures and their functions by observing the effects of their damage.

The cerebellum is responsible for coordinating voluntary movements and maintaining balance and posture. In infants, the cerebellum is not fully developed, which affects their ability to sit upright. This is why Alex, who is only two months old, keeps sinking down when the photographer tries to sit him up. The other options, medulla, pons, and reticular formation, are not directly involved in controlling posture and balance.

In the resting positional state of a neuron, sodium ions are located outside the cell. This is because during the resting state, the neuron maintains a higher concentration of sodium ions outside the cell compared to inside. This concentration gradient is maintained by the sodium-potassium pump, which actively transports sodium ions out of the cell and potassium ions into the cell. This creates an electrochemical gradient that plays a crucial role in generating and transmitting electrical signals in the neuron.

The parietal lobe is responsible for processing sensory information, such as touch, temperature, and pain. In this case, the electrical stimulation applied by the surgeon causes Jeff to report tingling sensations in various areas of his skin. This suggests that the tumor is likely located in the parietal lobe, as it is the area responsible for processing these sensations.

Recognizing the face of someone you run into at the mall is a function of the right hemisphere because the right hemisphere is responsible for processing visual information and recognizing faces. On the other hand, being able to retrieve that person's name from memory is a function of the left hemisphere because the left hemisphere is responsible for language and memory functions.

Voluntary muscles are controlled by the somatic nervous system. This system is responsible for the conscious and voluntary movements of the skeletal muscles. It transmits signals from the central nervous system to the muscles, allowing us to have control over our movements. The autonomic nervous system, on the other hand, controls involuntary actions such as heart rate, digestion, and breathing. The sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions are two branches of the autonomic nervous system that work together to regulate various bodily functions.

PET (Positron Emission Tomography) is a technique that uses a radioactive sugar (usually FDG) to look at the functioning of the brain. The radioactive sugar is injected into the bloodstream and is taken up by the brain cells in proportion to their activity level. The emitted positrons are detected by a scanner, which creates a 3D image of the brain, showing areas of high and low activity. This allows researchers and doctors to study brain function and diagnose conditions such as Alzheimer's disease, epilepsy, and brain tumors.

Hormones in the bloodstream and neurotransmitters in the synapse both act as chemical messengers in the body. Hormones are secreted into the bloodstream by endocrine glands and travel throughout the body to target cells, where they bind to specific receptors and initiate a response. Similarly, neurotransmitters are released into the synapse by neurons and bind to receptors on the postsynaptic cell, transmitting signals between neurons. Both hormones and neurotransmitters play crucial roles in regulating various physiological processes and maintaining homeostasis in the body.

The sense of smell is not sent to the cortex by the thalamus. The thalamus is responsible for relaying sensory information to the cortex, except for the olfactory system. Unlike other senses, the sense of smell bypasses the thalamus and directly projects to the olfactory cortex, which is located in the frontal lobe of the brain. This direct pathway allows for rapid processing of smell information and plays a role in the strong emotional and memory associations that can be triggered by certain smells.

The correct path of the reflex arc is from the afferent neuron to the interneuron to the efferent neuron. This sequence allows for the transmission of sensory information from the peripheral nervous system to the central nervous system (interneuron) and then to the effector (efferent neuron) for a response.

When you burn your finger, your immediate reaction will involve the spinal cord, afferent neurons, and efferent neurons. The spinal cord acts as a relay station, receiving sensory information from the burned finger through afferent neurons and sending motor signals through efferent neurons to initiate a response, such as pulling your finger away from the source of heat. The brain, although important for processing and interpreting the pain sensation, is not directly involved in the immediate reflex reaction to a burn.

Neurons are the correct answer because they are the primary type of cell that makes up the brain. Glial cells, although important for supporting and protecting neurons, make up a smaller percentage of the brain. Stem cells, while present in the brain, are not as abundant as neurons. Afferent cells, also known as sensory neurons, transmit information from the body to the brain but do not make up the majority of brain cells.

Split-brain patients have undergone a surgical procedure called corpus callosotomy, which involves cutting the corpus callosum, the bundle of nerves that connects the left and right hemispheres of the brain. This procedure is typically done to alleviate severe epilepsy. As a result of this surgery, the two hemispheres of the brain are unable to communicate effectively with each other. In split-brain patients, the left hemisphere, which controls language processing in most individuals, is unable to receive visual information from the right visual field. Therefore, objects in the right visual field would not be easily named by split-brain patients.

The correct answer is "tried to reach through the mirror." This is because the patient with spatial neglect may have difficulty perceiving objects on one side of space, leading them to mistakenly believe that the pen is located on the opposite side of the mirror. Therefore, they may attempt to reach through the mirror in order to grab the pen.

The hypothalamus is the part of the brain that serves as the link between the brain and the glandular system. It plays a crucial role in regulating various bodily functions such as temperature, hunger, thirst, and hormone production. It receives information from other parts of the brain and sends signals to the pituitary gland, which then releases hormones that control the activities of other glands in the body. This connection between the hypothalamus and the glandular system allows for the coordination and regulation of numerous physiological processes.

The frontal lobe is responsible for controlling voluntary movement, so if George has partial paralysis on his left side, it suggests that the damaged area is in the right frontal lobe, as the brain controls the opposite side of the body.

The parasympathetic division controls ordinary day to day bodily functions. This division is responsible for activities such as digestion, rest, and relaxation. It helps to conserve energy and maintain homeostasis in the body. The parasympathetic division works in opposition to the sympathetic division, which is responsible for the "fight or flight" response. Together, these two divisions of the autonomic nervous system regulate various bodily functions and maintain overall balance in the body.

Melatonin is a hormone that regulates sleep and wakefulness. It is primarily secreted by the pineal gland, a small endocrine gland located in the brain. The pineal gland is responsible for producing and releasing melatonin in response to darkness, which helps to regulate the body's circadian rhythm. The other options, such as the pituitary, adrenal, and thyroid glands, are not involved in the production of melatonin.

The reticular formation is a structure located in the brain stem that plays a crucial role in regulating arousal and consciousness. Damage to this area can result in a coma-like state, where the individual is unresponsive and unable to be awakened. Therefore, if Maria suffered a stroke that damaged her brain stem and caused her to fall into a sleeplike coma, it is most likely that the reticular formation is the structure that was damaged.

If signals from the eyes were sent to the area of the brain that processes sound and signals from the ears were sent to the area of the brain that processes vision, it suggests a cross-wiring or miscommunication between the sensory areas of the brain. The cerebellum, which is primarily involved in coordinating movement, balance, and motor control, would most likely be damaged in such a condition. This is because the cerebellum is not directly responsible for processing visual or auditory information, and the misrouting of signals would likely disrupt its normal functioning.

The correct answer is neurilemma. Neurilemma is a protective covering that surrounds damaged nerve fibers in the body, forming a tunnel-like structure. This protective tunnel allows for the damaged nerve fibers to repair themselves.