Introduction To Psychology Quiz

1. Historians generally credit the official emergence of psychology as a science to:

Broca

Helmholtz

Wundt

Titchener

Wilhelm Wundt is generally credited as the official emergence of psychology as a science. He is considered the founder of experimental psychology and established the first psychological laboratory in 1879 in Leipzig, Germany. Wundt focused on studying conscious experience through introspection and believed that psychology should be a scientific discipline separate from philosophy and physiology. His work laid the foundation for modern psychology and influenced many future psychologists and schools of thought.

Explanation

Wilhelm Wundt is generally credited as the official emergence of psychology as a science. He is considered the founder of experimental psychology and established the first psychological laboratory in 1879 in Leipzig, Germany. Wundt focused on studying conscious experience through introspection and believed that psychology should be a scientific discipline separate from philosophy and physiology. His work laid the foundation for modern psychology and influenced many future psychologists and schools of thought.

2. Sue's first-grade teacher gives yellow smiley faces for good work in the hopes of enpcouraging the children to do their best. According to principles of reinforcement, smiley faces would be:

Positive reinforcement.

Stimuli.

Reactionary agents.

Negative reinforcement.

In this scenario, the yellow smiley faces are given as a reward for good work. According to principles of reinforcement, positive reinforcement involves providing a reward or positive consequence to increase the likelihood of a behavior occurring again in the future. In this case, the smiley faces are being used to encourage the children to continue doing their best, which aligns with the concept of positive reinforcement.

Explanation

In this scenario, the yellow smiley faces are given as a reward for good work. According to principles of reinforcement, positive reinforcement involves providing a reward or positive consequence to increase the likelihood of a behavior occurring again in the future. In this case, the smiley faces are being used to encourage the children to continue doing their best, which aligns with the concept of positive reinforcement.

3. Ivan Pavlov, a Russian physiologist, is best known for his:

Experiments with salivating dogs.

Experiments with head-bobbing pigeons.

Work with clinically depressed clients.

Experiments with rats and mazes.

Ivan Pavlov is best known for his experiments with salivating dogs. He discovered the concept of classical conditioning through these experiments, where he conditioned dogs to associate the sound of a bell with food, causing them to salivate even when no food was present. This research had a significant impact on the field of psychology and laid the foundation for understanding how behavior can be influenced and modified through conditioning.

Explanation

Ivan Pavlov is best known for his experiments with salivating dogs. He discovered the concept of classical conditioning through these experiments, where he conditioned dogs to associate the sound of a bell with food, causing them to salivate even when no food was present. This research had a significant impact on the field of psychology and laid the foundation for understanding how behavior can be influenced and modified through conditioning.

4. William James is to _________as Wilhelm Wundt is to _____________

Functionalism; behaviorism

Functionalism; structuralism

Structuralism; behaviorism

Structuralism; functionalism

William James is associated with functionalism, which is a psychological perspective that focuses on the function and purpose of behavior. Wilhelm Wundt, on the other hand, is associated with structuralism, which is a psychological perspective that focuses on the structure and elements of the mind. Therefore, the correct answer is functionalism; structuralism.

Explanation

William James is associated with functionalism, which is a psychological perspective that focuses on the function and purpose of behavior. Wilhelm Wundt, on the other hand, is associated with structuralism, which is a psychological perspective that focuses on the structure and elements of the mind. Therefore, the correct answer is functionalism; structuralism.

5. The early roots of psychology are firmly planted in philosophy and:

Anatomy

Logic

Dualism

Physiology

The early roots of psychology are firmly planted in philosophy and physiology. While philosophy provided the theoretical framework for understanding the mind and behavior, physiology played a crucial role in studying the biological processes underlying psychological phenomena. The study of physiology allowed early psychologists to explore the relationship between the brain, the nervous system, and mental processes, leading to significant advancements in understanding human behavior and cognition.

Explanation

The early roots of psychology are firmly planted in philosophy and physiology. While philosophy provided the theoretical framework for understanding the mind and behavior, physiology played a crucial role in studying the biological processes underlying psychological phenomena. The study of physiology allowed early psychologists to explore the relationship between the brain, the nervous system, and mental processes, leading to significant advancements in understanding human behavior and cognition.

6. Dr. Dixon studies what makes adolescents conform to the behaviors and opinions of other adolescents. Which area of psychology does her research best represent?

Cognitive psychology

Clinical psychology

Social psychology

Cultural psychology

The research conducted by Dr. Dixon, which focuses on understanding why adolescents conform to the behaviors and opinions of their peers, aligns with the field of social psychology. Social psychology examines how individuals' thoughts, feelings, and behaviors are influenced by social interactions and the presence of others. In this case, Dr. Dixon's study explores the social dynamics and influences that shape the behavior and opinions of adolescents, making social psychology the most appropriate area of psychology for her research.

Explanation

The research conducted by Dr. Dixon, which focuses on understanding why adolescents conform to the behaviors and opinions of their peers, aligns with the field of social psychology. Social psychology examines how individuals' thoughts, feelings, and behaviors are influenced by social interactions and the presence of others. In this case, Dr. Dixon's study explores the social dynamics and influences that shape the behavior and opinions of adolescents, making social psychology the most appropriate area of psychology for her research.

7. Wilhem Wundt is to structuralism as Jean Piaget is to:

Functionalism.

Humanism.

Evolutionary psychology.

Cognitive psychology.

Wilhem Wundt is known as the founder of structuralism, which focused on understanding the basic elements of consciousness. Jean Piaget, on the other hand, is known for his contributions to cognitive psychology, which emphasizes the study of mental processes such as thinking, memory, and problem-solving. Therefore, the correct answer is cognitive psychology, as Piaget's work aligns more closely with this field of psychology.

Explanation

Wilhem Wundt is known as the founder of structuralism, which focused on understanding the basic elements of consciousness. Jean Piaget, on the other hand, is known for his contributions to cognitive psychology, which emphasizes the study of mental processes such as thinking, memory, and problem-solving. Therefore, the correct answer is cognitive psychology, as Piaget's work aligns more closely with this field of psychology.

8. The American Psychological Association was formed in:

1892 on the campus of Clark University.

1939 at the beginning of World War II.

At the turn of the century in 1900.

In 1855 in conjunction with Howard University's psychology club.

The correct answer is 1892 on the campus of Clark University. This is because the American Psychological Association (APA) was indeed formed in 1892 at Clark University. The APA is the largest scientific and professional organization of psychologists in the United States, and it was established to advance psychology as a science and profession.

Explanation

The correct answer is 1892 on the campus of Clark University. This is because the American Psychological Association (APA) was indeed formed in 1892 at Clark University. The APA is the largest scientific and professional organization of psychologists in the United States, and it was established to advance psychology as a science and profession.

9. Humanistic psychologists accented the __________, Whereas Freud's view of hu-man nature was largely __________.

Constructive; prospective.

Negative; positive.

Optimistic; pessimistic.

Positive; negative.

Humanistic psychologists emphasized the positive aspects of human nature, focusing on personal growth, self-actualization, and the potential for individuals to reach their full potential. On the other hand, Freud's view of human nature was largely negative, emphasizing the role of unconscious desires, conflicts, and the impact of childhood experiences on adult behavior. Freud believed that humans were driven by unconscious instincts and desires, leading to a pessimistic view of human nature.

Explanation

Humanistic psychologists emphasized the positive aspects of human nature, focusing on personal growth, self-actualization, and the potential for individuals to reach their full potential. On the other hand, Freud's view of human nature was largely negative, emphasizing the role of unconscious desires, conflicts, and the impact of childhood experiences on adult behavior. Freud believed that humans were driven by unconscious instincts and desires, leading to a pessimistic view of human nature.

10. Structuralist psychologists' beliefs were diametrically opposed to what _______________ psychologists believed.

Functionalist

Behavioral

Gestalt

Cognitive

Structuralist psychologists believed in breaking down mental processes into smaller components, while Gestalt psychologists believed in studying the mind and behavior as a whole. They focused on the idea that the whole is greater than the sum of its parts, emphasizing the importance of perception and how individuals organize and interpret information. The beliefs of these two approaches were in direct contrast to each other, making them diametrically opposed.

Explanation

Structuralist psychologists believed in breaking down mental processes into smaller components, while Gestalt psychologists believed in studying the mind and behavior as a whole. They focused on the idea that the whole is greater than the sum of its parts, emphasizing the importance of perception and how individuals organize and interpret information. The beliefs of these two approaches were in direct contrast to each other, making them diametrically opposed.