Psych 220

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1/148 Questions

Which of the following statements about Piaget's theory is NOT true?
- Piaget believed that people go through four stages in understanding the world.
- Piaget believed that people go through six stages in understanding the world.
- Each of Piaget's stages represents a different way of understanding the world.
- Each of Piaget's stages is age-related.

About This Quiz

Psych 220 quiz assesses understanding of key psychological theories and concepts, focusing on Piaget, Skinner, Bronfenbrenner, and research methodologies. It's designed to evaluate knowledge of developmental stages, behavioral conditioning, ecological systems, and experimental design.

Questions and Answers

2.

Which of the following statements describing Skinner's theory of operant conditioning is NOT true?
- Rewards and punishments shape behavior
- A behavior followed by a rewarding stimulus is likely to be repeated.
- A behavior followed by a punishing stimulus is less likely to recur.
- A behavior that is ignored will be repeated.
Correct Answer

A. A behavior that is ignored will be repeated.

Explanation

Skinner's theory of operant conditioning states that a behavior followed by a rewarding stimulus is likely to be repeated, and a behavior followed by a punishing stimulus is less likely to recur. However, the statement that a behavior that is ignored will be repeated is not true according to Skinner's theory. In operant conditioning, behaviors that are not reinforced or rewarded tend to decrease and eventually extinguish over time.

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3.

Harry fights constantly with his parents. Bronfenbrenner would predict that Harry might have difficult related to his teacher because of a disruption in his.
- Mesosystem
- Exosystem
- Chronosystem
- Macrosystem.
Correct Answer

A. Mesosystem

Explanation

Bronfenbrenner's ecological systems theory suggests that the different systems in a person's environment interact and influence their development. The mesosystem refers to the connections between different microsystems, such as the interactions between family and school. In this case, Harry's constant fights with his parents indicate a disruption in his family microsystem. Bronfenbrenner would predict that this disruption could affect his relationship with his teacher, who is part of his school microsystem, leading to difficulties in that area. Therefore, the correct answer is mesosystem.

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4.

Which of the following statements about standardized tests is TRUE?
- They assume that a person's behavior is consistent and stable
- They do not provide any information about differences among people
- They assume that people will perform differently depending on the setting of the test
- They do not allow a person's performance to be compared with the performance of other people.
Correct Answer

A. They assume that a person's behavior is consistent and stable

Explanation

Standardized tests assume that a person's behavior is consistent and stable. This means that the test assumes that an individual's performance on the test will be representative of their typical behavior and abilities. It assumes that a person's behavior and abilities will not significantly change from one testing situation to another. This assumption allows for the comparison of test scores among individuals and helps to establish a standardized measure of performance.

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5.

MRI uses -- to construct an image of the --
- Radioactive glucose, brain
- Electrical activity levels, heart
- X-rays, brain
- Radio waves, brain
Correct Answer

A. Radio waves, brain

Explanation

MRI uses radio waves to construct an image of the brain. During an MRI scan, the patient is placed inside a strong magnetic field, which causes the protons in the body to align with the field. Radio waves are then applied, causing the protons to emit signals that are captured by the MRI machine. These signals are then processed to create detailed images of the brain, allowing doctors to diagnose various conditions and abnormalities.

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6.

Which of the following statements about experimental research is NOT true?
- Experimental design uses experimental control groups
- Experimental design uses experimental groups only
- All experiments involve at least one independent variable and one dependent variable
- Experiments must demonstrate cause and effect.
Correct Answer

A. Experimental design uses experimental groups only

Explanation

The given statement that "Experimental design uses experimental groups only" is not true. Experimental design actually uses both experimental groups and control groups. The experimental group is exposed to the independent variable being tested, while the control group is not. This allows researchers to compare the effects of the independent variable and determine causation. Therefore, the correct answer is that experimental design uses both experimental and control groups.

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7.

Which of the following is a drawback to conduction observational research in a laboratory?
- People must be paid for their time
- People may be too relaxed in a laboratory setting
- People who are willing to come to a laboratory might not be representative of the general population
- People behave more naturally when they are away from the stresses of the "real world."
Correct Answer

A. People who are willing to come to a laboratory might not be representative of the general population

Explanation

Conducting observational research in a laboratory may have the drawback that the people who are willing to participate in such studies might not be representative of the general population. This is because individuals who are willing to come to a laboratory setting may have certain characteristics or motivations that make them different from the average person. Therefore, the findings from the study may not be applicable or generalizable to the broader population.

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8.

Denise argues that early experiences are more important; Barbara believes that both early and later experiences are important. Denise's view is consistent --, while Barbara's view would be supported by --.
- Freud, Erikson
- Eirkson, Blos
- Blos, Erikson
- Erikson, Freud
Correct Answer

A. Freud, Erikson

Explanation

Denise argues that early experiences are more important, which aligns with Freud's theory of psychosexual development. Freud believed that early childhood experiences, particularly those related to the development of the id, ego, and superego, have a significant impact on an individual's personality. On the other hand, Barbara believes that both early and later experiences are important, which is consistent with Erikson's theory of psychosocial development. Erikson proposed that individuals go through various stages of development throughout their lives, and each stage presents unique challenges and opportunities for growth. Therefore, Barbara's view would be supported by Erikson's theory.

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9.

According to Jeffery Arnett, emerging adulthood is characterized by five key factors. Which of the following is NOT one of these featured?
- Identity exploration
- Stability
- Self focus
- Feeling in-between
Correct Answer

A. Stability

Explanation

Stability is not one of the key factors of emerging adulthood according to Jeffery Arnett. Emerging adulthood is characterized by identity exploration, self-focus, feeling in-between, and other factors such as a sense of possibility and a focus on relationships. Stability, on the other hand, is not explicitly mentioned as a key factor in Arnett's theory of emerging adulthood.

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10.

Paul spends much of his time working in his garden and reading books on photography. He doesn't have as much strength as he used to have, but he is enjoying his time of decreased responsibility. Developmental psychologists would say that Paul is probably in?
- Terminal adulthood
- Emerging old age
- Middle adulthood
- Late adulthood
Correct Answer

A. Late adulthood

Explanation

Paul's decreased strength and enjoyment of his time of decreased responsibility suggest that he is in late adulthood. This stage is characterized by physical decline and a shift in roles and responsibilities. Developmental psychologists would recognize Paul's situation as a typical experience of individuals in late adulthood.

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11.

Which of the following is associated with the developmental period of early childhood?
- School readiness
- Beginning of symbolic thought
- Beginning of sensorimotor skills 3
- Extreme dependence on adults
Correct Answer

A. School readiness

Explanation

School readiness is associated with the developmental period of early childhood because it refers to a child's preparedness to enter formal schooling. During this period, children develop the necessary skills, knowledge, and behaviors to succeed in a school environment. This includes cognitive abilities such as language and problem-solving skills, social and emotional skills, and physical development. School readiness is an important milestone in early childhood development as it sets the foundation for future academic success.

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12.

The idea that no age period dominates development highlights the life-span perspective that development is...
- Lifelong
- Plastic
- Multidimensional
- Contextual
Correct Answer

A. Lifelong

Explanation

The idea that no age period dominates development suggests that development occurs throughout the entire lifespan. This means that individuals continue to grow, change, and learn at all stages of life. It emphasizes that development is not limited to certain age periods or milestones, but is a continuous process that extends from birth to death. This perspective recognizes that development is ongoing and can occur in various domains, such as physical, cognitive, and socio-emotional. It also acknowledges that development is influenced by the context in which individuals live, including their culture, environment, and experiences.

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13.

Psychologists, sociologists, anthropologists, neuroscientists, and medical researchers all share in interest in unlocking the mysteries of development through the lifespan. This bears out how development is:
- Multidimensional
- Cultural
- Multidirectional
- Multidisciplinary
Correct Answer

A. Multidisciplinary

Explanation

The given answer, "Multidisciplinary," is the correct explanation because it states that psychologists, sociologists, anthropologists, neuroscientists, and medical researchers all have an interest in studying development through the lifespan. This shows that development is not limited to a single discipline, but rather requires the collaboration and integration of multiple fields of study.

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14.

Individuals are changing beings in a changing world. Which characteristic of development is reflected in this statement?
- Development is elastic
- Development is contextual
- Development is multidisciplinary
- Development is multicultural
Correct Answer

A. Development is contextual

Explanation

The characteristic of development that is reflected in the given statement is that development is contextual. This means that individuals' development is influenced by the specific context or environment they are in. It recognizes that development is not a universal process but rather varies based on cultural, social, and environmental factors. Therefore, individuals' development is shaped by the changing world they live in, and they adapt and change accordingly.

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15.

Contextual influences include biological processes such as puberty and menopause. They also include sociocultural, environmental processes such as beginning formal education and retirement.
- Nonnormative life events
- Normative history-graded influence
- Normative age-graded influences
- Normative life-events
Correct Answer

A. Normative age-graded influences

Explanation

Normative age-graded influences refer to the societal expectations and experiences that are typical for individuals of a particular age group. These influences are predictable and shared by most people within a specific culture or society. Examples of normative age-graded influences include going to school, getting a job, and starting a family. In this context, the explanation suggests that the given influences, such as puberty and menopause, are typical and expected events that occur during specific age periods for most individuals.

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16.

By age 51, most women enter menopause. This is an example of how a biological process can exert a...
- Multidirectional influence
- Bidirectional influence
- Nonnormative age-graded influence
- Normative age-graded influence
Correct Answer

A. Normative age-graded influence

Explanation

The given statement suggests that by age 51, most women enter menopause. This is an example of a normative age-graded influence. Normative age-graded influences are events or experiences that are typical and expected to occur at certain ages for most individuals in a particular culture or society. Menopause is a natural biological process that typically occurs in women around the age of 51, making it a normative age-graded influence.

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17.

Latinos:
- Are an example of a broad ethnic group in the United States
- Are not an ethnic group since they are too broad a category
- Do not form an ethnic group, because there is a lack of diversity within this group
- Are an example of a broad ethnic group in the United States
Correct Answer

A. Are an example of a broad ethnic group in the United States

Explanation

The answer suggests that Latinos are an example of a broad ethnic group in the United States. This means that Latinos are a diverse group of people with shared cultural and historical backgrounds, but they can come from various countries and have different ethnicities within the Latino umbrella. The term "Latinos" encompasses individuals with origins from Latin American countries, including but not limited to Mexico, Puerto Rico, Cuba, and Dominican Republic. This answer acknowledges the diversity within the Latino community while recognizing their common cultural connections.

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18.

Laws passed to reform the welfare system, house the homeless, provide relief for catastrophes, and improve education would be examples of...
- Socialized equity programs
- Social policy
- Programmatic legislation
- Socialized equity programs
Correct Answer

A. Social policy

Explanation

The laws mentioned in the question, such as those aimed at reforming the welfare system, housing the homeless, providing relief for catastrophes, and improving education, all fall under the category of social policy. Social policy refers to the actions and measures taken by a government to address social issues and improve the well-being of its citizens. These laws are designed to tackle societal problems and promote social equity and welfare.

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19.

Compared with earlier decades, U.S. adults today are....
- Less likely to be living alone
- More likely to be married
- Less likely to be living alone
- More likely to be childless
Correct Answer

A. More likely to be childless

Explanation

The correct answer is "More likely to be childless." This means that compared to earlier decades, a higher percentage of U.S. adults today do not have children. This could be due to various factors such as changing societal norms, increased focus on career and personal goals, delayed marriage and childbearing, or personal choice.

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20.

The average kindergartener would be in the developmental period of:
- Infancy
- Late childhood
- Early childhodd
- Middle childhood
Correct Answer

A. Early childhodd

Explanation

The average kindergartener would be in the developmental period of early childhood. This is because kindergarten typically includes children between the ages of 5 and 6, which falls within the early childhood stage of development. During this period, children experience rapid growth in language, cognitive, social, and emotional skills. They begin to develop more independence, engage in imaginative play, and start formal schooling.

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21.

According to the analysis included in the text, which of the following statements about the "young-old" is true?
- They have little potential for physical and cognitive fitness
- They can develop strategies to cope with the gains and losses of aging
- They show considerable loss in cognitive skills
- They are people between 60 and 70 years of age.
Correct Answer

A. They can develop strategies to cope with the gains and losses of aging

Explanation

The analysis in the text suggests that the "young-old" can develop strategies to cope with the gains and losses of aging. This implies that they have the ability to adapt and find ways to manage the changes that come with getting older. It does not mention anything about their potential for physical and cognitive fitness or considerable loss in cognitive skills. Additionally, the age range of the "young-old" is not provided in the text.

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22.

Development in the young-old and old-old is characterized by considerable --, but development in the oldest-old is characterized by --.
- Plasticity, frailty
- Plasticity, adaptability
- Adaptability, flexibility
- Adaptability, plasticity
Correct Answer

A. Plasticity, frailty

Explanation

Development in the young-old and old-old is characterized by considerable plasticity, meaning that individuals in these age groups are still capable of adapting and changing. However, development in the oldest-old is characterized by frailty, indicating that individuals in this age group are more vulnerable and less able to adapt to changes.

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23.

The -- the person's -- age, the longer the person is expected to live.
- Older, psychological
- Younger, social
- Older, chronological
- Younger, biological
Correct Answer

A. Younger, biological

Explanation

The younger a person is, the longer they are expected to live. This is because biological factors such as overall health, organ function, and disease susceptibility tend to decline with age. Younger individuals generally have stronger immune systems and are less likely to develop chronic illnesses or age-related conditions, leading to a longer life expectancy. Psychological and social factors may also play a role in lifespan, but the given statement specifically refers to the biological aspect.

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24.

In predicting an adult woman's behavior, it may be more important to know that she is the mother of a 3-year-old child than to know whether she is 20 or 30 years old. This reflects the concept of:
- Social age
- Historical age
- Chronological age
- Psychological age
Correct Answer

A. Social age

Explanation

The concept of social age suggests that knowing a woman's role as a mother of a 3-year-old child is more important in predicting her behavior than her chronological age. This implies that the social roles and responsibilities associated with being a mother may have a greater influence on her behavior than the number of years she has lived.

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25.

The 35-year-old grandmother, the 65-year-old father of a preschooler, the 15-year-old surgeon, and the 70-year-old student all serve to illustrate that...
- Chronological age is becoming irrelevant in the US
- Developmental age is becoming more irrelevant in the US
- Social age is becoming irrelevant in the US
- Chronological age is becoming increasingly relevant in the US
Correct Answer

A. Chronological age is becoming irrelevant in the US

Explanation

The given answer states that chronological age is becoming irrelevant in the US. This is supported by the examples provided in the question, where individuals of different ages are engaging in roles and activities that are not traditionally associated with their age group. This suggests that societal norms and expectations regarding age are changing, and people are no longer limited by their chronological age in terms of what they can do or achieve.

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26.

The concept of discontinuity is characterized by...
- Quantitative change
- Cumulative change
- Qualitative change
- Gradual change
Correct Answer

A. Qualitative change

Explanation

The concept of discontinuity is characterized by qualitative change. Discontinuity refers to a situation where there is a distinct and significant shift or break in a process or phenomenon. In this context, qualitative change implies that the shift or break involves a change in the essential nature or quality of the phenomenon, rather than just a quantitative or gradual change. It suggests a fundamental transformation or a shift in the underlying characteristics or properties of the phenomenon being observed.

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27.

With regard to the three important issues concerning developent -- nature-nutre, stability-change, and continuity-discontinuity, life span psychologists:
- Tend to align themselves rigidly with certain positions
- Do not take extreme positions
- Give primacy to the first issue
- Refuse to consider the opposite position.
Correct Answer

A. Do not take extreme positions

Explanation

Life span psychologists do not take extreme positions regarding the three important issues of development. This means that they do not rigidly align themselves with certain positions, nor do they refuse to consider the opposite position. Instead, they take a more balanced approach and consider multiple perspectives when studying the nature-nurture, stability-change, and continuity-discontinuity issues in development.

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28.

Most contemporary psychoanalytic theorists believe that Sigmund Freud:
- Overemphasized cultural experiences as determinants of an individual's development
- Proposed a theory that has stood the test of time and needs no revisions
- Overemphasized sexual instincts
- Underestimated the role of the unconscious in determining development
Correct Answer

A. Overemphasized sexual instincts

Explanation

Freud is often criticized for overemphasizing sexual instincts in his theory of psychoanalysis. While he did acknowledge the importance of other factors such as aggression and the death instinct, his focus on sexuality, particularly in the form of the Oedipus complex and the stages of psychosexual development, has been seen as excessive by many contemporary psychoanalytic theorists. They argue that Freud's emphasis on sexuality may have overshadowed other important influences on an individual's development, such as social and cultural experiences.

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29.

Piaget's four stages of cognitive development:
- Span from conception to adulthood
- Span from birth to 15 years of age
- Span from conception to death
- Start at birth and continue through adulthood
Correct Answer

A. Span from conception to adulthood

Explanation

Piaget's four stages of cognitive development span from conception to adulthood. This means that the process of cognitive development begins from the moment of conception and continues throughout a person's lifespan until they reach adulthood. It implies that cognitive development is a lifelong process that starts before birth and progresses as individuals grow and mature. This answer accurately reflects the chronological timeline of Piaget's stages, highlighting the comprehensive nature of cognitive development from conception to adulthood.

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30.

A recent television documentary concluded that, from birth, girls are more nurturing than boys. You agree with this because females needed to be more nurturing to aid the survival of the species. Your view reflects the -- perspective of development
- Theological
- Existential
- Ecological
- Ethological
Correct Answer

A. Ethological

Explanation

The explanation for the correct answer, Ethological, is that ethology is the scientific study of animal behavior, particularly in natural environments. This perspective emphasizes the role of evolution and genetics in shaping behavior. In this case, the belief that girls are more nurturing than boys due to the need for females to aid in the survival of the species aligns with the ethological perspective, which focuses on the adaptive significance of behavior.

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31.

John Bowlby illustrated an important application of ethological theory to human development where he stressed that attachment to a caregiver -- has important consequences throughout the lifespan.
- In the first half of life
- Over the first year of life
- Within the first 2 years
- Through childhood
Correct Answer

A. Over the first year of life

Explanation

John Bowlby illustrated an important application of ethological theory to human development by emphasizing that attachment to a caregiver has significant effects throughout the lifespan. However, specifically, Bowlby emphasized that these effects are most pronounced and impactful during the first year of life. This suggests that the quality of attachment formed with a primary caregiver during this critical period can have long-lasting consequences for an individual's emotional and social development.

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32.

A criticism of ecological theory is that it underemphasizes -- and --
- Biology, cognitive influences
- Most social contexts, consequences of behavior
- Social contexts beyond the family, critical periods
- Connections between environment settings; cognitive processes
Correct Answer

A. Biology, cognitive influences

Explanation

Ecological theory in biology focuses on the interaction between organisms and their environment, but it is criticized for underemphasizing the role of biology and cognitive influences in shaping behavior. This means that the theory does not adequately consider how biological factors and cognitive processes can impact an organism's behavior and development. Therefore, the correct answer suggests that ecological theory does not give enough importance to biology and cognitive influences when explaining behavior.

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33.

When researches use surface labels such as "Blacks," "Hispanics," and "Caucasians," they underrepresent the differences that exist among people within the same racial group, a practice referred to as...
- Euphemizing
- Assimilation
- Ethnic gloss
- Acculturation
Correct Answer

A. Ethnic gloss

Explanation

The term "ethnic gloss" refers to the use of surface labels such as "Blacks," "Hispanics," and "Caucasians" that oversimplify and underrepresent the diversity and differences that exist within a racial or ethnic group. This practice fails to acknowledge the individual experiences, cultures, and identities within these groups, leading to a lack of understanding and appreciation for the complexity of human diversity.

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34.

In an experimental study, which group receives the treatment (independent variable)?
- Control group
- Experimental group
- Dependent group
- Independent group
Correct Answer

A. Dependent group
35.

Many individuals become wiser as they age, but their performance on tasks that require speend in processing information starts to decline. This illustrates how throughout life, some dimensions or componenets of a dimension expand and others shrink, or how development is:
- Multidirectional
- Plastic
- Contextual
- Multidimensional
Correct Answer

A. Multidirectional

Explanation

As individuals age, they tend to gain wisdom and knowledge through their experiences, indicating that development is multidirectional. This means that different aspects of development can progress or regress at different rates and in different directions. While cognitive processing speed may decline, other dimensions such as wisdom and emotional intelligence may continue to expand. Therefore, the concept of multidirectional development accurately explains the observed phenomenon.

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36.

Which of the following is NOT a trend related to families around the world?
- Smaller families
- Migration to rural areas
- Increase in mothers' employment
- Greater family mobility
Correct Answer

A. Migration to rural areas

Explanation

The correct answer is "Migration to rural areas." This is not a trend related to families around the world because the global trend is actually towards urbanization, with more people moving to cities rather than rural areas. This is due to various factors such as better job opportunities, access to education and healthcare, and improved infrastructure in urban areas. Therefore, migration to rural areas is not a common trend when it comes to families around the world.

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37.

Patrick suffers from --, a genetic abnormality in which delayed blood clotting causes internal and external bleeding.
- PKU
- Sickle-cell anemia
- Tay-Sachs disease
- Hemophelia
Correct Answer

A. Hemophelia

Explanation

Hemophilia is a genetic abnormality characterized by delayed blood clotting, leading to both internal and external bleeding. This condition is caused by a deficiency or absence of certain proteins called clotting factors, which are necessary for the blood to clot normally. People with hemophilia may experience spontaneous bleeding or prolonged bleeding after injury or surgery. This condition is usually inherited and primarily affects males, although females can carry the gene and pass it on to their children.

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38.

Penny has been diagnosed with cystic fibrosis. Which of the following would be an appropriate course of treatment for her?
- Physical and oxygen theraphy, synthetic enzymes, and antibiotics
- Corrective surgery at birth, orthopedic devices
- Special diet
- Blood transfusions/injections
Correct Answer

A. Physical and oxygen theraphy, synthetic enzymes, and antibiotics

Explanation

Cystic fibrosis is a genetic disorder that affects the lungs and digestive system. Physical and oxygen therapy help to improve lung function and clear mucus from the airways. Synthetic enzymes are used to aid digestion and absorption of nutrients. Antibiotics are prescribed to treat and prevent lung infections, which are common in people with cystic fibrosis. Therefore, physical and oxygen therapy, synthetic enzymes, and antibiotics would be appropriate treatments for Penny's condition.

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39.

Mary and Jim are expecting a child and prenatal diagnostic procedures have confirmed that the fetus has --, a neural tube disorder that causes brain and spine abnormalities. Their physician has explained that this gene-linked abnormality could be treated with corrective surgery at birth, orthopedic devices, and physical or medical theraphy.
- Tay-Sachs disease
- PKU
- Spina Bifida
- Huntington disease
Correct Answer

A. Spina Bifida

Explanation

Mary and Jim are expecting a child and prenatal diagnostic procedures have confirmed that the fetus has Spina Bifida, a neural tube disorder that causes brain and spine abnormalities. Their physician has explained that this gene-linked abnormality could be treated with corrective surgery at birth, orthopedic devices, and physical or medical therapy.

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40.

Lindsay's body does not produce enough insulin, causing an abnormal metabolism of sugar. She is receiving insulin treatment. Lindsay has...
- Spina bifida
- Diabetes
- Hemophelia
- PKU
Correct Answer

A. Diabetes

Explanation

Lindsay's body does not produce enough insulin, causing an abnormal metabolism of sugar. This condition is known as diabetes. To manage her diabetes, Lindsay is receiving insulin treatment.

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41.

Joshua, 2, has been diagnosed with --, a blood disorder that limits the body's oxygen supply and can cause joint swelling and heart and kidney failure. This genetic disorder can be treated through penicillin, pain medication, antibiotics, and blood transfusions. His doctor has indicated that a study named Baby HUG may offer a better drug in the future.
- Spina Bifida
- Tay Sachs
- Huntington disease
- Sickle-cell anemia
Correct Answer

A. Sickle-cell anemia

Explanation

Sickle-cell anemia is a blood disorder that causes the body to produce abnormal red blood cells. These cells are shaped like sickles or crescents, which can get stuck in blood vessels and block the flow of oxygen. This leads to a reduced oxygen supply to the body's tissues and organs, causing symptoms such as joint swelling and potentially leading to heart and kidney failure. Treatment for sickle-cell anemia typically involves managing symptoms and complications through medications like penicillin, pain medication, and antibiotics, as well as blood transfusions. The mention of the Baby HUG study suggests that there is ongoing research to find better treatment options for this genetic disorder in the future.

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42.

Benny has been diagnosed with a gene-linked abnormality characterized by deceleration of mental and physical development caused by an accumulation of lipids in the nervous system. He has been put on medication and a special diet, but his family has been told that he will probably not live beyond the age of five. Benny is suffering from...
- Tay-Sachs disease
- PKU
- Huntington disease
- Spina Bifida
Correct Answer

A. Tay-Sachs disease

Explanation

Benny is suffering from Tay-Sachs disease. This is a gene-linked abnormality characterized by the accumulation of lipids in the nervous system, leading to a deceleration of mental and physical development. The disease is typically fatal, with most individuals not living beyond the age of five. Medication and a special diet are prescribed to manage the symptoms, but there is no cure for Tay-Sachs disease.

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43.

Evolution takes place:
- Almost immediately
- Over many generations
- When the species is ready for it
- After active attempts at change on the part of the species
Correct Answer

A. Over many generations

Explanation

Evolution takes place over many generations because it is a gradual process that occurs through the accumulation of small genetic changes over time. These changes are passed on from one generation to the next, resulting in the gradual transformation of species. It is not an immediate process, as significant changes in a species' characteristics and traits require multiple generations to occur. Therefore, evolution is a slow and gradual process that unfolds over many generations.

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44.

A fertilized human egg cannot grow into a crocodile, duck, or fish specifically because of:
- Natural selection
- Adaptive behavior
- Evolution
- Genetic code
Correct Answer

A. Genetic code

Explanation

A fertilized human egg cannot grow into a crocodile, duck, or fish specifically because of the genetic code. The genetic code of a human is different from that of a crocodile, duck, or fish. Each species has its own unique set of genes that determine their physical characteristics and development. These genes are passed down from parents to offspring and dictate the traits that an organism will have. Therefore, the genetic code plays a crucial role in determining the specific species that an organism will develop into.

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45.

Combining the genes of two parents in offspring is one of the ways in which -- increases in the population, which is valuable for a species because it provides more characteristics for natural selection to operate on.
- Gender variability
- The number of males
- Genetic variability
- The number of females
Correct Answer

A. Genetic variability

Explanation

Combining the genes of two parents in offspring increases genetic variability in the population. This is valuable for a species because it provides more characteristics for natural selection to operate on. Genetic variability allows for a wider range of traits and adaptations, increasing the chances of survival and reproduction in changing environments. It also helps prevent the accumulation of harmful mutations and promotes the overall health and resilience of the population.

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46.

Most individuals who have X-linked diseases are...
- Females
- Intersex
- Hemopheliacs
- Males
Correct Answer

A. Males

Explanation

The correct answer is males. X-linked diseases are caused by mutations in genes located on the X chromosome. Since males have one X chromosome and one Y chromosome, they only need to inherit one copy of the mutated gene to develop the disease. In contrast, females have two X chromosomes, so they would need to inherit two copies of the mutated gene to be affected by the disease. Therefore, males are more commonly affected by X-linked diseases.

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47.

Which of the following statements about the working of genes is NOT true?
- Genes work together to specify our characteristics
- Each gene programs one protein
- Genes are influences by their environment
- Events inside and outside of the cell can excite or inhibit gene expression.
Correct Answer

A. Each gene programs one protein
48.

Which of the following best exemplifies an evocative genotype-environment correlation?
- Parents suggest music lessons for their musically talented children.
- A nervous adolescent displays anxiety at school
- A highschool student bound for an agricultural college signs up for courses in plant biology
- Musical parents buy a piano for their children.
Correct Answer

A. Parents suggest music lessons for their musically talented children.

Explanation

The correct answer is "Parents suggest music lessons for their musically talented children." This exemplifies an evocative genotype-environment correlation because the children's musical talent (genotype) elicits a specific environment (music lessons) that supports and enhances their talent. The parents are responding to the children's inherent abilities and providing an environment that fosters their musical development. This is an example of how a person's genetic predispositions can shape their environment.

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49.

Researchers are exploring the potential for using NIPD to diagnose a baby's sex, as early as five weeks after conception, and Down Syndrome. However, being able to detect an offspring's sex and various diseases and defects so early through NIPD raises ethical concerns about...
- A nature versus nurture
- Physical and psychological consequences for children
- Couples' motivation to terminate a pregnancy
- Causing mental retardation in fetuses.
Correct Answer

A. Couples' motivation to terminate a pregnancy

Explanation

The potential to diagnose a baby's sex and various diseases and defects through NIPD raises ethical concerns about couples' motivation to terminate a pregnancy. This means that if couples are able to find out early on that their baby may have a certain condition or is of a certain sex, they may be more inclined to consider terminating the pregnancy based on these factors. This raises questions about the value placed on certain traits or conditions, and the potential impact on the overall well-being and diversity of society.

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Psych 220

Which of the following statements about Piaget's theory is NOT true?

Which of the following statements describing Skinner's theory of operant conditioning is NOT true?

Harry fights constantly with his parents. Bronfenbrenner would predict that Harry might have difficult related to his teacher because of a disruption in his.

Which of the following statements about standardized tests is TRUE?

MRI uses -- to construct an image of the --

Which of the following statements about experimental research is NOT true?

Which of the following is a drawback to conduction observational research in a laboratory?

Denise argues that early experiences are more important; Barbara believes that both early and later experiences are important. Denise's view is consistent --, while Barbara's view would be supported by --.

According to Jeffery Arnett, emerging adulthood is characterized by five key factors. Which of the following is NOT one of these featured?

Paul spends much of his time working in his garden and reading books on photography. He doesn't have as much strength as he used to have, but he is enjoying his time of decreased responsibility. Developmental psychologists would say that Paul is probably in?

Which of the following is associated with the developmental period of early childhood?

The idea that no age period dominates development highlights the life-span perspective that development is...

Psychologists, sociologists, anthropologists, neuroscientists, and medical researchers all share in interest in unlocking the mysteries of development through the lifespan. This bears out how development is:

Individuals are changing beings in a changing world. Which characteristic of development is reflected in this statement?

Contextual influences include biological processes such as puberty and menopause. They also include sociocultural, environmental processes such as beginning formal education and retirement.

By age 51, most women enter menopause. This is an example of how a biological process can exert a...

Latinos:

Laws passed to reform the welfare system, house the homeless, provide relief for catastrophes, and improve education would be examples of...

Compared with earlier decades, U.S. adults today are....

The average kindergartener would be in the developmental period of:

According to the analysis included in the text, which of the following statements about the "young-old" is true?

Development in the young-old and old-old is characterized by considerable --, but development in the oldest-old is characterized by --.

The -- the person's -- age, the longer the person is expected to live.

In predicting an adult woman's behavior, it may be more important to know that she is the mother of a 3-year-old child than to know whether she is 20 or 30 years old. This reflects the concept of:

The 35-year-old grandmother, the 65-year-old father of a preschooler, the 15-year-old surgeon, and the 70-year-old student all serve to illustrate that...

The concept of discontinuity is characterized by...

With regard to the three important issues concerning developent -- nature-nutre, stability-change, and continuity-discontinuity, life span psychologists:

Most contemporary psychoanalytic theorists believe that Sigmund Freud:

Piaget's four stages of cognitive development:

A recent television documentary concluded that, from birth, girls are more nurturing than boys. You agree with this because females needed to be more nurturing to aid the survival of the species. Your view reflects the -- perspective of development

John Bowlby illustrated an important application of ethological theory to human development where he stressed that attachment to a caregiver -- has important consequences throughout the lifespan.

A criticism of ecological theory is that it underemphasizes -- and --

When researches use surface labels such as "Blacks," "Hispanics," and "Caucasians," they underrepresent the differences that exist among people within the same racial group, a practice referred to as...

In an experimental study, which group receives the treatment (independent variable)?

Many individuals become wiser as they age, but their performance on tasks that require speend in processing information starts to decline. This illustrates how throughout life, some dimensions or componenets of a dimension expand and others shrink, or how development is:

Which of the following is NOT a trend related to families around the world?

Patrick suffers from --, a genetic abnormality in which delayed blood clotting causes internal and external bleeding.

Penny has been diagnosed with cystic fibrosis. Which of the following would be an appropriate course of treatment for her?

Lindsay's body does not produce enough insulin, causing an abnormal metabolism of sugar. She is receiving insulin treatment. Lindsay has...

Evolution takes place:

A fertilized human egg cannot grow into a crocodile, duck, or fish specifically because of:

Combining the genes of two parents in offspring is one of the ways in which -- increases in the population, which is valuable for a species because it provides more characteristics for natural selection to operate on.

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Which of the following statements about the working of genes is NOT true?

Which of the following best exemplifies an evocative genotype-environment correlation?

Researchers are exploring the potential for using NIPD to diagnose a baby's sex, as early as five weeks after conception, and Down Syndrome. However, being able to detect an offspring's sex and various diseases and defects so early through NIPD raises ethical concerns about...