Pharmacognosy And Phytochemistry Questions And Answers

Alkaline hydrolysis of recinnamine indeed produces methanol, cinnamic acid, and reserpic acid. This reaction involves the breaking of the ester bond in recinnamine using an alkaline solution, resulting in the formation of these three compounds. Methanol is formed as a byproduct of the hydrolysis reaction, while cinnamic acid and reserpic acid are the main products. Therefore, the statement "Alkaline hydrolysis of recinnamine produces methanol, cinnamic acid, and reserpic acid" is true.

Quercitin is indeed the aglycone of rutin. Aglycone refers to the part of a glycoside molecule that remains after the sugar component is removed. In the case of rutin, the sugar component is removed, leaving behind quercitin. Therefore, the statement "Quercitin is the aglycone of rutin" is true.

Both morphine and tubocurarine are alkaloids that are used before and after major surgery. Morphine is a powerful painkiller that is commonly administered to patients to manage severe pain during and after surgery. Tubocurarine is a neuromuscular blocking agent that is used to relax muscles and facilitate intubation and mechanical ventilation during surgery. Therefore, the correct answer is "Both A and C."

Ergometrine is the correct answer because it is a medication commonly used to treat post-partum hemorrhage. It works by causing uterine contractions, which helps to control bleeding after childbirth. Ergotamine, ergocryptine, and ergocrystine are not typically used for this purpose and do not have the same effect on uterine contractions.

Pseudoephedrine free base is less stable than its sulphate salt. Stability refers to the ability of a compound to resist decomposition or degradation over time. In this case, the sulphate salt form of pseudoephedrine is more stable than the free base form. This means that the free base form is more likely to undergo chemical reactions or degrade compared to the sulphate salt form.

Theophylline is the correct answer because it has a direct relaxation effect on the smooth muscles of bronchi and pulmonary blood vessels. This means that it can help to widen the airways and improve breathing in conditions such as asthma or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Theophylline works by inhibiting an enzyme called phosphodiesterase, which leads to increased levels of cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) in the smooth muscle cells. This increase in cAMP causes the muscles to relax, allowing for easier airflow.

Abdominal cramping is the major side effect of anthraquinone based laxatives.

All the statements about TETRATERPENES are incorrect except for "Very colourful compounds like the yellowish-orange β-carotene". Tetraterpenes are not C45 compounds, they are actually composed of 40 carbon atoms. They are also not volatile liquids, as they are usually solid or semi-solid at room temperature. Additionally, tetraterpenes are not water-soluble mevalonic acid derivatives, but rather lipophilic compounds. Finally, while tetraterpenes are synthesized from squalene, this statement is not incorrect.

The correct answer is Solanaceae. The structure shown in the question contains an alcoholic part that is commonly found in alkaloids isolated from plants belonging to the Solanaceae family. Solanaceae is a family of flowering plants that includes various well-known species such as tomatoes, potatoes, and peppers. Many alkaloids with medicinal properties, such as nicotine and atropine, are found in plants of the Solanaceae family.

Morphine is a natural opiate alkaloid derived from the opium poppy plant. It is not a tropic acid derivative or morphinanes with a quinoline system. Morphine does not hydrolyze in an alkaline medium into codeine and methylene. However, it can be demethylated to form codeine, making "demethyl codeine" the correct answer.

Ipecacuahha root extract is used for induction of emesis in poisoning cases at the accident and emergency unit. It contains emetine, which acts as an emetic and helps to induce vomiting. This is beneficial in cases of poisoning as it helps to remove the toxic substances from the body.

Tannins are a type of organic compound commonly found in plants. They are known for their astringent taste and ability to bind to proteins. Tannins are typically found in fruits, bark, and leaves of plants. They are not water-soluble, meaning they do not dissolve easily in water. This is why tannins are often extracted using solvents like alcohol or acetone. The other options mentioned in the question, such as being rich in unripe fruits or hydrolyzed in low pH, are characteristics associated with tannins.

Morphine and codeine are not strong antitussive narcotic analgesics. While they are both narcotic analgesics, they are not specifically known for their antitussive properties. Antitussive medications are used to suppress coughing, and while morphine and codeine may have some cough-suppressing effects, they are not considered to be strong antitussive drugs.

Saponins are a class of glycosides that can induce red blood cell (RBC) hemolysis if taken intravenously (IV). They can also induce RBC hemolysis if taken orally. Additionally, saponins are known for their ability to form froth, and they are classified as steroidal or triterpenoidal glycosides. Therefore, the correct answer is both A and C, as saponins can induce RBC hemolysis if taken IV and orally, and they are froth forming steroidal or triterpenoidal glycosides.

The correct answer is "Both A and B". Volatile oils are both simple terpenoidal or phenylpropene derivatives and they are safe to use in aromatherapy with no contraindications. Additionally, the statement "Are thermo- and photostable" is not mentioned in the given options, so it cannot be the correct answer.