Secondary Biology Test Questions & Answers

Plants obtain nutrients from the atmosphere and soil in order to carry out photosynthesis and other metabolic processes. Carbon (C), hydrogen (H), and oxygen (O) are the three main elements that plants derive from the air and water to produce carbohydrates, lipids, and other essential molecules. These nutrients are essential for plant growth and development.

Phosphorus (P) is a macro-nutrient because it is required by plants and animals in relatively large amounts for their growth and development. It plays a crucial role in various biological processes, such as energy transfer, DNA and RNA synthesis, and cell division. Phosphorus is a key component of ATP (adenosine triphosphate), which is the primary energy currency in cells. It is also an essential component of nucleic acids, phospholipids, and many other biomolecules. Therefore, P is considered a macro-nutrient due to its significant role in supporting life processes.

Diffusion is the movement of substances from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration. It occurs over small distances and does not require energy input. Therefore, it is the most suitable explanation for substances moving over small distances. Cytoplasmic streaming refers to the movement of cytoplasm within a cell, and active transport involves the movement of substances against their concentration gradient, both of which are not specific to small distances.

Active transport requires the use of ATP (energy) to move molecules across the cell membrane against their concentration gradient. This process is carried out by specific transport proteins. On the other hand, passive transport does not require energy and occurs spontaneously, moving molecules along their concentration gradient. This can happen through processes like diffusion, osmosis, and facilitated diffusion. Therefore, the correct answer is "Active uses ATP (energy) and passive does not need energy."

Copper (Cu) is a trace element because it is required by the body in very small amounts for proper functioning. Trace elements are essential minerals that are needed in minute quantities for various physiological processes. Copper plays a crucial role in the formation of red blood cells, connective tissues, and the functioning of the immune system. It also acts as a cofactor for several enzymes involved in energy production and antioxidant defense.

Water is mainly pulled through the plant. This is because of transpiration, which is the process in which water is evaporated from the leaves of the plant. As water evaporates, it creates a negative pressure or tension in the plant's xylem vessels, which pulls water up from the roots. This process is known as the cohesion-tension theory and is the main mechanism responsible for the movement of water in plants.

Diffusion is a process in which molecules move from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration. It is a passive process, meaning it does not require the cell to expend energy. Diffusion can occur over short distances, such as within a cell or between neighboring cells. Therefore, all of the given statements are true for diffusion.

Diffusion is the only means for gaseous movement within the plant body because it is the process by which gases move from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration. This movement allows gases, such as carbon dioxide and oxygen, to be transported between cells and tissues in plants. Osmosis, on the other hand, is the movement of water molecules across a semi-permeable membrane and is not directly involved in gaseous movement within plants. Therefore, the correct answer is diffusion.

Water moves by osmosis from an area of lower solute concentration to an area of higher solute concentration. In this case, Cell 4 has a higher solute concentration compared to Cell 1, so water would move from Cell 4 to Cell 1 in order to equalize the solute concentration on both sides.

The piece of potato was initially weighed at 5 grams. After being placed in pure water for an hour, it absorbed some water and became heavier, resulting in a second weighing of 6 grams. However, when it was placed in a concentrated sugar solution for an hour, it lost some water through osmosis and became lighter, resulting in a third weighing of 4 grams. Therefore, the line that records these results is "First weighing 5 grams / Second weighing 6 grams / Third weighing 4 grams."

Homeostasis refers to the stable internal condition of a living body. It is the ability of an organism to maintain a constant internal environment despite external changes. This process involves various regulatory mechanisms that work together to balance and adjust different physiological processes such as temperature, pH, blood pressure, and nutrient levels. Homeostasis is crucial for the proper functioning of cells and organs, ensuring optimal conditions for biological processes to occur.

The low concentration of perfume is in the room because when perfume is sprayed or released into the air, it disperses and spreads throughout the surrounding space, resulting in a lower concentration compared to the concentrated perfume in the bottle. The perfume molecules mix with the air molecules and become less concentrated as they spread out. Therefore, the low concentration of perfume is found in the room.

The experiment involves osmosis, which is the movement of solvent molecules from an area of lower solute concentration to an area of higher solute concentration through a semi-permeable membrane. In this case, the initial mass of the visking tubing plus contents is greater than the mass after the experiment, indicating that water has moved out of the visking tubing. This means that the concentration of solute inside the tubing must be higher than the concentration outside. Therefore, R must be the 5% salt solution (higher concentration) and S must be the 10% salt solution (lower concentration).

When the peeled pieces of apple are placed in distilled water, the concentration of solutes inside the apple cells is higher than in the surrounding water. This creates a concentration gradient, causing water to move into the cells through osmosis, resulting in the apple cells gaining water. On the other hand, when the apple pieces are placed in salty water, the concentration of solutes in the water is higher than inside the apple cells. This creates a concentration gradient that causes water to move out of the cells through osmosis, resulting in the apple cells losing water.

Water moves from a region of low solute concentration to a region of high solute concentration by osmosis. In this case, the water will move from Solution X (3% solute concentration) to Solution Y (8% solute concentration) because Solution Y has a higher solute concentration.

The correct answer is "Parasitic" because Orobanche is a type of plant that is known for being parasitic. It lacks chlorophyll and cannot produce its own food through photosynthesis, so it relies on other plants for nutrients by attaching itself to their roots and extracting resources from them. This parasitic lifestyle allows Orobanche to survive and thrive in various environments.

When a cell is placed in a hypotonic solution, it means that the concentration of solutes outside the cell is lower than inside the cell. As a result, water molecules move into the cell through osmosis, causing the cell to swell and increase in volume.

Osmosis is the movement of water from an area of lower solute concentration to an area of higher solute concentration through a selectively permeable membrane. This process is passive and does not require energy. In the context of cells, osmosis plays a crucial role in maintaining the balance of water and solutes inside and outside the cell. It allows water to move across the cell membrane to equalize the concentration of solutes on both sides. Therefore, osmosis is the main mechanism for the movement of water from one cell to another.

Nitrogen, phosphorus, and sulfur are essential non-metallic elements because they are necessary for various biological processes and are found in important molecules such as DNA, RNA, and proteins. These elements are required for the growth and development of living organisms and play crucial roles in metabolism, energy transfer, and cellular signaling.

When the temperature of the soil is zero, the water in the soil freezes and becomes ice. This makes it difficult for the plants to absorb water from the soil because the frozen water cannot be easily taken up by the roots. Therefore, water absorption becomes difficult when the temperature of the soil is zero.

Xerophytes are plants that are adapted to survive in arid environments. One of the conditions that lead to their success in adaptation is the concentration of sap inside root cells. This adaptation helps xerophytes to conserve water by reducing transpiration rates. By having a higher concentration of sap, the plants are able to maintain a lower water potential, which reduces the loss of water through osmosis. This allows xerophytes to survive in their desert environment where water is scarce.

Fungi, including the toadstool mushroom, cannot produce their own food. Instead, they obtain nutrients by decomposing dead organic matter. This mode of nutrition is known as saprophytic.

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Trace elements are also known as micronutrients. These are essential nutrients required by plants in small quantities for their growth and development. Macronutrients, on the other hand, are required in larger quantities. Atmospheric nutrients and secondary nutrients are not synonymous with trace elements.

Imbibition is the process by which water enters into the seed coat when a seed is placed in a suitable environment for germination. During imbibition, the seed absorbs water through its outer covering, the seed coat. This process occurs due to the difference in water potential between the seed and its surroundings, causing water molecules to move from an area of higher water potential to an area of lower water potential. Imbibition is an important initial step in seed germination as it provides the necessary hydration for the embryo to begin its growth and metabolic activities.

When red blood cells are placed in water, the water is hypotonic to the cell contents. This means that the concentration of solutes inside the red blood cells is higher than the concentration of solutes in the water. As a result, water moves into the red blood cells through osmosis, causing them to swell and eventually burst.

The assertion states that when dried seeds of pea are placed in a tin and water is added up to their upper level, and then a lid is lightly put over it, within an hour, the lid will be blown off. This statement is true, as the process of germination in seeds involves the absorption of water, which leads to an increase in volume and pressure within the seed. However, the reason given for this phenomenon, which is rapid cell division in pea seeds, is false. The increase in pressure is actually caused by the absorption of water and the subsequent swelling of the seed, not rapid cell division.

The correct answer is that the two answers above are correct. Minerals cannot be passively absorbed by the roots because they are present in the soil as charged particles which cannot move across the cell membrane. Additionally, the concentration of minerals in the soil is usually lower than the concentration of minerals in the root.

Mineral ions enter a plant through active transport in root hair cells. Active transport is a process that requires energy to move substances against their concentration gradient. In this case, the root hair cells actively transport mineral ions from the soil into the plant's root system. This allows the plant to absorb essential nutrients and minerals necessary for its growth and development. Imbibition, osmosis, and stomata are not the primary mechanisms through which mineral ions enter a plant.

The correct answer is A is true but R is false. The assertion states that K+ ions accumulation found in Nitella depends on its respiratory activity. However, the reason given states that absorption of all ions in plants depends on Osmotic Gradient, which is not a correct explanation for the assertion.

In this experiment, the Visking tubing acts as a semi-permeable membrane. A semi-permeable membrane allows the passage of certain molecules or substances while restricting others. In this case, water can pass through the Visking tubing, but sucrose molecules cannot.

Since the sucrose concentration is higher in Solution S (3%) compared to Solution R (1%), water molecules will move from an area of lower solute concentration (inside the bag) to an area of higher solute concentration (outside the bag) through osmosis. This means that water will move out of the bag, causing the contents of the bag to lose mass. Therefore, the correct answer is "Water moves out of the bag and the contents of the bag lose mass."

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The correct answer is D can't be / A isotonic / C hypertonic / B hypotonic. This is because isotonic solutions have the same solute concentration as red blood cells, hypertonic solutions have a higher solute concentration than red blood cells, and hypotonic solutions have a lower solute concentration than red blood cells. The figure shows that solution A is isotonic, solution C is hypertonic, and solution B is hypotonic. Solution D cannot be determined from the figure.

The picture provided does not give any indication of active transport, osmosis, or permeability. However, it does show the movement of particles from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration, which is characteristic of diffusion. Therefore, the correct answer is diffusion.

Cell R has the highest solute concentration. This is because it is hypertonic to cell Q, meaning that it has a higher concentration of solutes compared to cell Q. Cell P being hypotonic to cell Q indicates that it has a lower solute concentration than cell Q. Therefore, cell R has the highest solute concentration among the three cells.

The correct answer is A oxygen / B carbon dioxide. Oxygen is a small molecule that can easily diffuse across the cell membrane, so it can move into or out of an animal cell through simple diffusion. Carbon dioxide, on the other hand, is also a small molecule that can diffuse across the cell membrane, but it can also be transported out of the cell through active transport. Therefore, oxygen can move through simple diffusion while carbon dioxide can move through both diffusion and active transport.

The diagram shows that only water molecules are moving across the cell membrane, indicating that osmosis is the process by which they are entering the cell. Osmosis is the movement of water molecules from an area of lower solute concentration to an area of higher solute concentration through a selectively permeable membrane. Since the diagram does not show any movement of glucose molecules, it can be concluded that only water molecules move into the cell by osmosis.

Suberin, cellulose, and lignin are all substances found in plant cell walls. However, none of them have the ability to absorb mineral ions independently of water. Plant roots have specialized structures called root hairs that are responsible for absorbing water and mineral ions from the soil. These substances in the cell walls of plants provide support and structure, but they do not have the ability to absorb mineral ions on their own. Therefore, the correct answer is None of them.

Magnesium is not a micronutrient because it is required by plants in relatively large amounts compared to other micronutrients. Micronutrients are essential elements that are required by plants in very small quantities, typically in the range of parts per million. Magnesium, on the other hand, is required in larger quantities and is considered a macronutrient. It plays a crucial role in various plant functions, including photosynthesis, enzyme activation, and nutrient transport.

During the rainy season, wooden doors are difficult to open or close because of imbibition. Imbibition is the process by which water is absorbed by a solid material, such as wood. When wood absorbs water, it swells and becomes larger in size, causing the doors to become difficult to open or close. This is because the absorbed water causes the wood to expand, making it harder to move the doors within their frames.

The zone of root hairs is responsible for water absorption in plants. Root hairs are tiny, finger-like projections that increase the surface area of the root, allowing for more efficient absorption of water and nutrients from the soil. These root hairs have a high concentration of water-permeable cell membranes, which facilitate the movement of water into the root. Therefore, the zone of root hairs is the part of the root that is directly involved in water absorption.

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Osmosis is the movement of solvent molecules from an area of lower solute concentration to an area of higher solute concentration through a semipermeable membrane. Therefore, the correct statement is that movement of solvent molecules will take place from chamber A to B. The movement of solute, on the other hand, does not occur in osmosis. Thus, the statement "Movement of solute will take place from A to B" is not correct.

The chart shows the amount of four different minerals in lake water and in the cytoplasm of an alga. The minerals that are passively absorbed into the alga cells are nitrogen and potassium. This can be inferred because the chart does not show any significant difference in the amount of nitrogen and potassium between the lake water and the alga cytoplasm. This suggests that these minerals are able to passively diffuse across the cell membrane without the need for energy expenditure.

If the plant root cell contains 5 grams of sodium ions and it needs to absorb all the sodium ions found in the soil, which is 25 grams, then the difference between the amount already in the cell and the amount needed to be absorbed is 25 - 5 = 20 grams. However, the question asks for the amount of sodium ions that would be actively absorbed into the root cell. Active absorption refers to the process of selectively moving ions against their concentration gradient, which requires energy. Therefore, the plant root cell would actively absorb only a portion of the 20 grams, which is 15 grams.

The concentration of a solution is determined by the amount of solute dissolved in a given volume of solvent. In this case, we know that in glass (B), 5 grams of sodium bicarbonate are dissolved in 20 ml of acetic acid. To make the two solutions equal in concentration, we need to find the volume of acetic acid needed to dissolve 12.5 grams of sodium bicarbonate in glass (A). Since the concentration of the solution is directly proportional to the amount of solute dissolved, we can set up a proportion: 5 grams/20 ml = 12.5 grams/x ml. Solving for x, we find that x = 50 ml. Therefore, 50 ml of acetic acid is needed to dissolve 12.5 grams of sodium bicarbonate in glass (A) to make the two solutions equal in concentration.

The deficiency of sugar in the cell vacuoles of Nitella alga causes a decrease in active transport. Active transport is the process by which cells use energy to move molecules across a membrane against their concentration gradient. Sugar is an important source of energy for cells, and its deficiency can lead to a decrease in overall cellular energy levels. As a result, the cells may not have enough energy to actively transport molecules across the membrane, leading to a decrease in active transport.

Organisms that use heterotrophic nutrition obtain food by feeding on other organisms. This means that they cannot synthesize their own food like autotrophic organisms. They rely on consuming organic matter from other living organisms in order to obtain the nutrients they need for survival.

Macronutrients are essential nutrients that plants need in large quantities for their growth and development. They include elements such as nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium. On the other hand, micronutrients are required in much smaller quantities by plants. They include elements such as iron, zinc, and manganese. This difference in the amount required by plants is what distinguishes macronutrients from micronutrients.