Vascular And Non Vascular Plants

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1. What is a fleshy fruit?

Explanation

A fleshy fruit refers to a fruit that has a soft and juicy flesh surrounding its seeds. Grapes are considered fleshy fruits because they have a pulpy and succulent flesh that is easily edible. Grains, beans, and nuts, on the other hand, are not fleshy fruits as they have a harder and drier texture.

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About This Quiz
Plant Morphology Quizzes & Trivia

Explore the distinctions between vascular and non-vascular plants through this engaging quiz. Key topics include alternation of generations, characteristics of bryophytes, dependency of sporophytes on gametophytes, and the evolutionary relationships of angiosperms and gymnosperms. This quiz is ideal for learners looking to deepen their understanding of plant biology.

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2. In which of the following does double fertilization occur?

Explanation

Double fertilization occurs in angiosperms. This process involves the fusion of two sperm cells with two different female gametes. One sperm fertilizes the egg cell to form the zygote, which develops into the embryo, while the other sperm combines with the polar nuclei to form the endosperm, a nutrient-rich tissue that nourishes the developing embryo. This unique reproductive mechanism is exclusive to angiosperms and is one of the key characteristics that distinguish them from other plant groups such as gymnosperms, bryophytes, and ferns.

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3. A plant that has small, green petals is most likely to be 

Explanation

A plant that has small, green petals is most likely to be wind-pollinated. This is because wind-pollinated plants typically have small, inconspicuous flowers with no need for bright colors or attractive petals to attract pollinators like bees or birds. Instead, wind-pollinated plants rely on the wind to carry their pollen from one flower to another. The small, green petals in this case suggest that the plant is not relying on pollinators for reproduction, but rather on the wind to disperse its pollen.

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4. Which is true of megaspores?

Explanation

Megaspores are the female part of the reproductive process in plants. In plants, megaspores are produced within the ovule and develop into the female gametophyte, which contains the egg cells. This is in contrast to microspores, which develop into the male gametophyte and produce sperm cells. Megaspores are usually haploid, not diploid, and they play a crucial role in sexual reproduction by giving rise to the female reproductive structures.

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5. What part of the seed is the white fluffy part of popcorn

Explanation

The white fluffy part of popcorn is the endosperm. The endosperm is the starchy part of the seed that contains the nutrients and energy needed for the seed to grow into a new plant. In the case of popcorn, when the kernel is heated, the moisture inside turns into steam, causing the endosperm to expand and create the characteristic fluffy texture.

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6. which of the following is characteristic of alternation of generations in land plants?

Explanation

In alternation of generations in land plants, meiosis in sporophytes produces haploid spores. This means that the sporophyte, which is the diploid phase of the plant, undergoes meiosis to produce haploid spores. These spores then develop into gametophytes, which are the haploid phase of the plant. The gametophytes produce gametes through mitosis, which then fuse during fertilization to form a diploid zygote. This process allows for the alternating generations of haploid and diploid phases in the life cycle of land plants.

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7. Which of the following are names because their seeds are "naked"?

Explanation

Gymnosperms are named because their seeds are "naked", meaning they are not enclosed within a protective fruit. Unlike angiosperms, which have seeds enclosed in fruits, gymnosperms have seeds that are exposed on the surface of cones or scales. This characteristic of gymnosperms is what distinguishes them from other plant groups, such as pterophytes, bryophytes, and angiosperms.

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8. Which is not true of xylem?

Explanation

Xylem is a type of vascular tissue that conducts water and minerals throughout the plant. It is strengthened by lignin, which provides support and prevents collapse. However, xylem is not responsible for distributing sugars and amino acids throughout the plant. This function is carried out by another type of vascular tissue called phloem.

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9. All of the following are characteristic of angiosperms except?

Explanation

Angiosperms are characterized by double internal fertilization, flower production, and fruit formation. However, they do not have free-living gametophytes. In angiosperms, the gametophytes are highly reduced and dependent on the sporophyte for nutrition and protection. This is in contrast to other groups of plants, such as ferns and mosses, where the gametophytes are free-living and independent.

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10. Angiosperms are most closely related to?

Explanation

Angiosperms, or flowering plants, are most closely related to gymnosperms. Gymnosperms are a group of plants that produce seeds but do not have flowers or fruits. They include conifers, cycads, and ginkgoes. Both angiosperms and gymnosperms are seed-producing plants, but angiosperms have evolved more advanced reproductive structures, such as flowers and fruits. This suggests that angiosperms evolved from a common ancestor with gymnosperms, and they share a closer evolutionary relationship compared to bryophytes, green algae, or seedless vascular plants.

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11. With respect to angiosperms, which of the following is incorrectly paired with its chromosome count

Explanation

The correct pairing of chromosome count for angiosperms is sperm-n, zygote-2n, megaspore-n, and microspore-n. This means that the sperm cells have a haploid chromosome count, the zygote formed after fertilization has a diploid chromosome count, and both the megaspore and microspore have a haploid chromosome count. The incorrect pairing is megaspore-2n, as megaspores are haploid cells produced by meiosis in the ovule of a flower.

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12. Pollen grain is to____ as____ is to female gamtophytes

Explanation

The given question is asking for a comparison between two sets of terms. The first term, "pollen grain," is related to the second term "embryo sac" in the same way as the term "male gametophyte" is related to the term "embryo sac." This means that just as a pollen grain is a male gametophyte, the embryo sac is also a female gametophyte. Therefore, the correct answer is "male gametophyte; embryo sac."

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13. Pollen grain is to____ as ____is to female gametophyte

Explanation

In plants, the pollen grain is the male gametophyte, which contains the male reproductive cells. Similarly, the female gametophyte is called the embryo sac, which contains the female reproductive cells. Therefore, the analogy between pollen grain and male gametophyte can be extended to the relationship between embryo sac and female gametophyte.

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14. Which is not true about sphagnum?

Explanation

Sphagnum is known as peat moss, can absorb 20x its weight in water, and some peatlands have preserved corpses for thousands of years. However, the statement that 400 billion tons of organic carbon is stored in peat is not true. While peat does store a significant amount of carbon, the exact amount may vary depending on the location and conditions. The given statement exaggerates the amount of organic carbon stored in peat.

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15. Rhizoids

Explanation

Rhizoids are multicellular structures found in anchor moss gametophytes. They play a primary role in water and mineral absorption. Rhizoids are composed of tissues that are specialized for this function.

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16. A fruit is most commonly

Explanation

The correct answer is a mature ovary. In plants, a fruit is the mature ovary of a flowering plant. It develops from the ovary after fertilization and contains seeds. The ovary wall thickens and matures into the fruit, providing protection and nourishment to the seeds. This allows for the dispersal of seeds through various means, such as animals eating the fruit and spreading the seeds through their droppings. Therefore, a fruit is most commonly a mature ovary.

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17. In flowering plants the integuments of the ovule develop into a(n)

Explanation

In flowering plants, the integuments of the ovule develop into a seed coat. The seed coat is the protective outer covering of the seed that helps to protect the embryo inside. It provides a barrier against mechanical damage, pathogens, and dehydration. The seed coat also helps in seed dispersal by allowing the seed to be transported by wind, water, or animals. Without a seed coat, the embryo would be vulnerable to external threats and would not be able to survive and grow into a new plant.

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18. Within the female gametophyte, three mitotic divisions of the megaspore produce 

Explanation

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19. Bryophytes have all of the following characteristics except?

Explanation

Bryophytes are non-vascular plants, meaning they lack lignified vascular tissue. This tissue is responsible for conducting water and nutrients throughout the plant. Although bryophytes have specialized cells and tissues, are multicellular, and have a reduced, dependent sporophyte, they do not possess lignified vascular tissue. This is a defining characteristic that distinguishes bryophytes from other plant groups such as ferns, gymnosperms, and angiosperms.

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20. What is the relationship between pollination and fertilization in flowering plants

Explanation

Pollination is the process of transferring pollen from the male reproductive organ (anther) to the female reproductive organ (stigma) in flowering plants. This process brings the male and female gametophytes (pollen and ovule) together, facilitating fertilization. Fertilization is the fusion of the male and female gametes, resulting in the formation of a zygote, which eventually develops into a seed. Therefore, pollination is necessary for the gametophytes to come into contact and for fertilization to occur in flowering plants.

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21. What is the pine tree on the hillside?

Explanation

The correct answer is "a sporophyte". This suggests that the pine tree on the hillside is in the sporophyte stage of its life cycle. The sporophyte stage is the dominant stage in the life cycle of most plants, including pine trees. In this stage, the plant produces spores through meiosis, which will eventually develop into the gametophyte stage.

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22. The integuments of an ovule function to do what?

Explanation

The integuments of an ovule function to form a seed coat. The integuments are protective layers that surround and enclose the ovule, which eventually develops into a seed after fertilization. The seed coat provides physical protection to the developing embryo and helps in preventing desiccation and damage from external factors. This ensures the survival and successful germination of the seed.

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23. Meiosis occurs within all of the following flower parts except the 

Explanation

Meiosis is a type of cell division that occurs in the reproductive cells of organisms. It is responsible for producing gametes with half the number of chromosomes as the parent cell. In flowers, meiosis occurs in various parts to produce reproductive cells. The style is a part of the flower's female reproductive system, connecting the stigma to the ovary. It does not undergo meiosis itself but rather provides a pathway for the pollen tube to reach the ovary. Therefore, meiosis occurs within all the given flower parts except the style.

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24. Where does meiosis occur in flowers plants

Explanation

Meiosis occurs in the megasporocyte and microsporocyte in flowers plants. Megasporocytes undergo meiosis to produce megaspores, which eventually develop into female gametophytes. Microsporocytes also undergo meiosis to produce microspores, which develop into male gametophytes. These gametophytes are essential for sexual reproduction in plants, as they give rise to eggs and sperm that combine to form a new plant embryo. Therefore, both megasporocytes and microsporocytes play a crucial role in the process of meiosis and the production of gametes in flowers plants.

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25. Which of the following gymnosperms produce a compound that is used as a decongestant?

Explanation

Ephedra is the correct answer because it is a gymnosperm that produces a compound called ephedrine, which is commonly used as a decongestant. Ephedrine works by constricting blood vessels and reducing inflammation in the nasal passages, helping to relieve congestion and improve breathing. Cycads, pinetrees, and ginko biloba do not produce this compound and are not commonly used as decongestants.

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26. Recent research has shown that pollination requires that carpels recognize pollen grains as "self or nonself" for self-incompatibility, the system requi9res

Explanation

The correct answer is "the rejection of self cells." Recent research has revealed that in order for successful pollination to occur, carpels need to be able to distinguish between self and nonself pollen grains. This is known as self-incompatibility. The system requires the rejection of self cells to prevent self-fertilization and promote genetic diversity. By rejecting self cells, carpels ensure that only compatible pollen grains are able to fertilize the egg cells, increasing the chances of successful reproduction.

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27. Which of the following conditions is needed by almost all seeds to break dormancy

Explanation

Imbibition is the process of absorbing water by a seed, which leads to the swelling and softening of the seed coat. This is necessary for the seed to break dormancy and initiate germination. Through imbibition, the seed activates various enzymes and metabolic processes that are essential for growth and development. It also triggers the expansion of the embryo, allowing it to emerge from the seed coat and establish roots into the soil. Therefore, imbibition is a crucial condition required by almost all seeds to break dormancy and begin the germination process.

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28. Where does meiosis occur in flowering plants?

Explanation

Meiosis occurs in both the megasporocyte and microsporocyte of flowering plants. Megasporocytes undergo meiosis to produce megaspores, which eventually develop into female gametophytes. On the other hand, microsporocytes undergo meiosis to produce microspores, which develop into male gametophytes. Therefore, both b and c options are correct as meiosis occurs in both the megasporocyte and microsporocyte of flowering plants.

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29. Golden rice is a transgenic variety that 

Explanation

Golden rice is a transgenic variety of rice that contains daffodil genes, which increase the vitamin A content. This modification is significant because vitamin A deficiency is a major health issue in many developing countries, leading to blindness and other health problems. By increasing the vitamin A content, golden rice has the potential to address this deficiency and improve the nutritional value of rice, especially in areas where rice is a staple food.

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30. What is the relationship between pollination and fertilization in flowering plants

Explanation

Pollination is the process of transferring pollen from the male reproductive organ (anther) to the female reproductive organ (stigma) in flowering plants. This process brings the male and female gametophytes (pollen and ovule) together, allowing fertilization to occur. Fertilization is the fusion of the male and female gametes, resulting in the formation of a zygote, which develops into a seed. Therefore, pollination is necessary for fertilization to take place in flowering plants.

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31. A plant that has small, green petals in most likely to be

Explanation

A plant that has small, green petals is most likely wind-pollinated. This is because wind-pollinated plants often have inconspicuous flowers with small, non-showy petals. These plants rely on the wind to carry their pollen from the male reproductive organs to the female reproductive organs. Since wind cannot target specific flowers, wind-pollinated plants do not need to invest energy in producing attractive petals to attract pollinators like bees, birds, or bats. Instead, they produce large amounts of lightweight pollen that can be easily carried by the wind to increase the chances of successful pollination.

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32. Which of the following describes a complete flower

Explanation

A complete flower is a flower that contains both male and female reproductive structures, namely stamens and carpels. This means that it has the ability to produce both pollen (male gametes) and ovules (female gametes), allowing for sexual reproduction. The presence of both stamens and carpels is a defining characteristic of a complete flower, distinguishing it from incomplete flowers which lack one or both of these structures.

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33. Which is true of the sporophyte?

Explanation

The sporophyte is the diploid phase in the life cycle of plants and algae. It is formed through the fusion of haploid gametes during fertilization. The diploid sporophyte then undergoes meiosis to produce haploid spores, which will eventually develop into the gametophyte generation. Therefore, the statement "it is diploid" is true as it accurately describes the genetic composition of the sporophyte.

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34. Bryophyte sporophytes

Explanation

Bryophyte sporophytes have the smallest sporophyte of all the plant groups. This means that compared to other plants, the sporophytes of bryophytes are relatively small in size. This characteristic sets bryophytes apart from other plant groups, as their sporophytes are not as developed or prominent.

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35. Which of the following can colonize bare,sandy soil, help retain nitrogen in soil and can survive extreme environment?

Explanation

Mosses can colonize bare, sandy soil because they have adaptations that allow them to grow in such environments. They are able to retain nitrogen in the soil through their ability to fix atmospheric nitrogen and convert it into a usable form for plants. Additionally, mosses have the ability to survive in extreme environments due to their tolerance to desiccation and their ability to go dormant during unfavorable conditions. Therefore, mosses are the correct answer as they possess all these characteristics.

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36. A stamen consist of a(n)

Explanation

A stamen is one of the male reproductive parts of a flower. It consists of two main components, the anther and the filament. The anther is responsible for producing and releasing pollen, while the filament supports the anther and positions it for optimal pollen dispersal. The other options listed in the question, such as stigma and style, ovary and speal, or stigma and filament, do not accurately describe the components of a stamen. Therefore, the correct answer is anther and filament.

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37. Which of these is incorrectly paired with its life cycle generation?

Explanation

The correct answer is "anther-gametophyte" because anther is a part of the flower that produces pollen, which is the male gametophyte. The anther itself is not a gametophyte. The gametophyte generation in plants is responsible for producing gametes (reproductive cells), while the sporophyte generation produces spores.

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38. A disadvantage of monoculture is that

Explanation

Monoculture refers to the practice of growing a single crop over a large area of land. One disadvantage of monoculture is that it leads to genetic uniformity within the crop. When a crop has limited genetic diversity, it becomes more susceptible to pests and diseases. If a new pest or disease emerges, it can easily spread and devastate the entire crop since all plants have similar genetic traits and are therefore vulnerable in the same way. This lack of genetic variation makes it difficult for the crop to adapt and resist the threat, resulting in potential crop failure and economic losses.

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39. All of the following are features of angiosperms except 

Explanation

Angiosperms are a group of plants that have several distinct features. These include an ovary that becomes a fruit, double fertilization, and animal pollination. However, one feature that is not characteristic of angiosperms is a small (reduced sporophyte). Angiosperms typically have a dominant sporophyte generation, which is the diploid phase of the plant's life cycle. This sporophyte generation is usually larger and more complex than the gametophyte generation. Therefore, a small (reduced sporophyte) does not align with the typical characteristics of angiosperms.

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40. The products of meiosis in plants are always which of the following

Explanation

In plants, the products of meiosis are always spores. Meiosis is a type of cell division that occurs in the reproductive organs of plants, resulting in the formation of spores. These spores are single-celled structures that can develop into new individuals through a process called germination. Unlike animals, plants do not produce eggs, sperm, or seeds through meiosis. Therefore, the correct answer is spores.

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41. A fruit includes

Explanation

The correct answer is both A and B. This is because a fruit includes both one or more seeds and the ovary wall. The ovary wall develops into the fruit and protects the seeds. So, a fruit contains both the seeds and the ovary wall.

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42. Within the female gametophyte three mitotic divisions of the megaspore produce

Explanation

The correct answer is three antipodal cells, two polar nuclei, one egg, and two synergids. This is because within the female gametophyte, three mitotic divisions of the megaspore occur, resulting in the formation of three antipodal cells, two polar nuclei, one egg, and two synergids.

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43. A mutation in which of the following floral parts would have the greatest impact on 

Explanation

A mutation in either the stamen or the carpel would have the greatest impact on the floral structure because these two parts are directly involved in the reproductive process of the plant. The stamen is the male reproductive organ that produces pollen, while the carpel is the female reproductive organ that contains the ovary and produces eggs. Any mutation in these parts could affect the plant's ability to reproduce successfully and have a significant impact on its overall fitness.

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44. Which of the following statements is correct about the basal cell in a zygote

Explanation

The correct answer is "it forms the suspensor that anchors the embryo." In a zygote, the basal cell is responsible for forming the suspensor, which is a structure that anchors the developing embryo to the maternal tissue. The suspensor provides support and nutrients to the embryo during its early stages of development. This enables the embryo to establish a connection with the maternal tissue and receive the necessary resources for growth and development.

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45. Which structure is common to both gymnosperms and angiosperms?

Explanation

The structure that is common to both gymnosperms and angiosperms is the ovule. Ovules are structures within the female reproductive organs of plants that contain the female gametes and develop into seeds after fertilization. Gymnosperms and angiosperms both have ovules, although their specific structures and arrangements may differ. The ovule plays a crucial role in the reproduction of both types of plants, making it the correct answer.

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46. Which of the following is true in plants

Explanation

In plants, meiosis occurs in sporophytes to produce spores. This is because sporophytes are the diploid stage of the plant life cycle, and meiosis is the process by which diploid cells divide to form haploid cells. These haploid cells, known as spores, are then released and develop into gametophytes, which are the haploid stage of the plant life cycle. Therefore, meiosis occurring in sporophytes to produce spores is true in plants.

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47. Which is not true about stomata

Explanation

Stomata are specialized pores found in the epidermis of plants that allow for gas exchange, including the exchange of carbon dioxide and oxygen. They are typically found in vascular plants, which have specialized tissues for transporting water and nutrients. Nonvascular plants, such as mosses and liverworts, lack these specialized tissues and therefore do not have stomata. Therefore, the statement that stomata are found in all nonvascular plants is not true.

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48. Which allows entry of the pollen grain into the ovary

Explanation

The microphyle is a small opening in the ovule that allows the entry of the pollen grain into the ovary. It serves as a pathway for the pollen tube to reach the embryo sac and fertilize the egg cell. The other options, micropsore, megaspore, and integument, do not directly relate to the entry of the pollen grain into the ovary.

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49. Which of the following is true about vegatiative reproduction?

Explanation

Vegetative reproduction is a form of asexual reproduction in plants where new individuals are produced from vegetative parts such as stems, roots, or leaves. This process does not involve meiosis, which is the cell division process that produces genetically diverse cells. Instead, vegetative reproduction produces clones, which are genetically identical to the parent plant. This means that the offspring have the same genetic makeup as the parent, making them clones. Therefore, the statement "it produces clones" is true about vegetative reproduction.

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50. What is the embryonic root called

Explanation

The correct answer is "radicale." The embryonic root is called the radicale.

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51. In which of the foll0wng does the sporophyte depend on the gametophyte for nutrition?

Explanation

Moss is the correct answer because in mosses, the sporophyte is dependent on the gametophyte for nutrition. The gametophyte produces nutrients through photosynthesis, which are then transported to the sporophyte for its growth and development. This dependency is known as the gametophyte-sporophyte relationship, where the gametophyte provides the necessary nutrients and support for the sporophyte's survival. In contrast, in conifers and ferns, the sporophyte is capable of producing its own food through photosynthesis and is not reliant on the gametophyte for nutrition.

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52. Under which conditions would asexual plants have the greatest advantage over sexual plants?

Explanation

Asexual plants would have the greatest advantage over sexual plants in a relatively constant environment with infrequent disturbances. In such an environment, asexual reproduction allows plants to rapidly and efficiently produce offspring without the need for a mate. This ensures the preservation of favorable traits and allows for quick colonization of available resources. Sexual reproduction, on the other hand, requires the presence of compatible mates and is slower and less efficient in terms of population growth. In a stable environment with few disturbances, the advantages of asexual reproduction outweigh those of sexual reproduction.

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53. Which of the following is a true statement?

Explanation

Diploid sporophytes undergo meiosis to produce haploid spores. This is because sporophytes are the diploid stage in the life cycle of plants, and meiosis is the process by which diploid cells divide to produce haploid cells. These haploid spores then undergo mitosis to develop into gametophytes, which are the haploid stage of the plant's life cycle. Therefore, the correct statement is that diploid sporophytes undergo meiosis to produce haploid spores.

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54. Which of the following is the correct order of floral organs from the outside to the inside of a complete flower?

Explanation

The correct order of floral organs from the outside to the inside of a complete flower is sepals-petals-stamens-carpels. Sepals are the outermost part of the flower that protect the developing bud. Petals are the colorful and attractive part of the flower that attract pollinators. Stamens are the male reproductive organs that produce pollen. Carpels are the female reproductive organs that contain the ovary, style, and stigma.

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55. Which of the following is the male gametophyte of a flowering plant

Explanation

The male gametophyte of a flowering plant is the pollen grain. The pollen grain is produced in the anther of the flower and contains the male gametes, or sperm cells. It is transferred to the stigma of the flower, where it germinates and grows a pollen tube to deliver the sperm cells to the ovule for fertilization. The other options, embryo sac, microsporocyte, and ovule, are not the male gametophyte but rather other parts of the reproductive structures of the flowering plant.

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56. The most immediate potential benefits of introducing genetically modified crops include

Explanation

The most immediate potential benefit of introducing genetically modified crops is increasing crop yield. Genetically modified crops are engineered to have enhanced traits such as resistance to pests, diseases, or drought. By introducing these modified crops, farmers can expect higher yields from their fields, resulting in increased productivity and potentially addressing food shortages. This can have a significant impact on global food security and help meet the growing demand for food in a sustainable manner.

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57. When seeds germinate, the radicle emerges before the shoot. This allows the seedling to quickly

Explanation

When seeds germinate, the radicle, which is the embryonic root, emerges before the shoot. This is because the radicle's primary function is to anchor the seedling into the soil and absorb water and nutrients. By emerging first, the radicle ensures that it can establish a dependable water supply for the seedling's growth and development. This is crucial for the seedling to survive and thrive, as water is essential for various physiological processes, including photosynthesis and the mobilization of stored carbohydrates for energy.

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58. Peristome

Explanation

The peristome is a specialized structure found in certain plants, particularly in mosses. It is open under moist conditions, which allows for the discharge of spores. The peristome acts as a mechanism for spore dispersal, helping to ensure the survival and spread of the plant. It is not involved in the discharge of pollen or located on the upper part of the stalk.

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59. What is typically the result of double fertilization in angiosperms?

Explanation

Double fertilization in angiosperms typically results in the formation of both a diploid embryo and a triploid endosperm. This process occurs when two sperm cells from the pollen tube fertilize the egg cell and the central cell of the ovule. One sperm cell fuses with the egg cell to form a diploid zygote, which develops into the embryo. The other sperm cell fuses with the central cell to form a triploid endosperm, which serves as a nutrient tissue for the developing embryo. This unique process is one of the distinguishing features of angiosperms.

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60. Which of the following statements regarding the endosperm is false?

Explanation

The endosperm is a tissue that develops from a triploid cell, not from the fertilized egg. The fertilized egg gives rise to the embryo, while the endosperm is formed through a process called double fertilization, where one sperm fertilizes the egg to form the embryo, and the other sperm fuses with the central cell to form the endosperm. The endosperm serves as a source of nutrients for the developing embryo and may be absorbed by the cotyledons in the seeds of eudicots.

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61. Currently available transgenic plants have been modified for all of the following traits except 

Explanation

Transgenic plants are genetically modified organisms that have had their genetic material altered to exhibit certain desirable traits. The given answer states that currently available transgenic plants have been modified for all of the listed traits except nitrogen fixation. This means that transgenic plants have been successfully modified to exhibit traits such as herbicide resistance, virus resistance, and improved nutritional quality, but not for nitrogen fixation. Nitrogen fixation is the process by which certain bacteria convert atmospheric nitrogen into a form that plants can use.

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62. As flowers develop, which transition does not occur

Explanation

In the process of flower development, the tube nucleus does not transform into a sperm nucleus. The tube nucleus plays a crucial role in the fertilization process by guiding the pollen tube towards the ovary. On the other hand, the microspores develop into pollen grains, which are responsible for the transfer of male gametes (sperm) to the female reproductive organs. The ovary transforms into a fruit, and the ovules develop into seeds after successful fertilization.

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63. All of the following could be considered advantages of asexual reproduction in plants except

Explanation

Asexual reproduction in plants allows for the cloning of exceptional plants, which can be advantageous as it ensures the preservation of desirable traits. It also leads to increased agricultural productivity as plants can be propagated quickly and efficiently. Asexual reproduction is successful in a stable environment as it does not require the genetic variation that sexual reproduction provides. Additionally, asexual reproduction enables the production of artificial seeds, which can be advantageous for plant breeding and propagation. However, asexual reproduction may not be advantageous for adaptation to change, as it does not introduce genetic variation that can help plants respond to new environments or challenges.

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64. Which of the following is the male gametophyte of a flowering plant?

Explanation

The male gametophyte of a flowering plant is the pollen grain. The pollen grain is produced in the anther of the stamen and contains the male reproductive cells. It is released from the anther and is transported to the female reproductive structure of the flower, where it fertilizes the ovule. The microsporocyte is the precursor cell that undergoes meiosis to produce the pollen grain, while the stamen is the male reproductive organ that consists of the anther and filament. The ovule is the female reproductive structure of a flowering plant.

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65. Which of the following types of plants is not able to self-pollinate?

Explanation

Dioecious plants are not able to self-pollinate because they have separate male and female flowers on different plants. This means that for fertilization to occur, the pollen from a male plant must be transferred to a female plant. In contrast, monoecious plants have both male and female flowers on the same plant, allowing for self-pollination. Complete plants have both male and female reproductive structures in the same flower, enabling self-pollination. Wind-pollinated plants rely on the wind to carry their pollen from the male to the female flowers, and while they may not self-pollinate as efficiently as other types, they are still capable of it.

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66. Where and by which process are sperm produced in plants

Explanation

Sperm production in plants occurs through mitosis in male gametophytes. Male gametophytes are the haploid structures that produce sperm cells in plants. Mitosis is a cell division process that produces genetically identical cells, and in this case, it results in the production of sperm cells within the male gametophytes. Meiosis, on the other hand, is a cell division process that produces haploid cells with half the number of chromosomes, and it is typically involved in the formation of pollen grains and embryo sacs, not in the production of sperm cells.

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67. Which of the following is not a scientific concern relating to creating genetically modified crops

Explanation

The given answer is not a scientific concern relating to creating genetically modified crops because it is focused on the economic aspect rather than the scientific implications. The other options all address potential scientific concerns such as the spread of herbicide resistance, impact on non-target species, the evolution of resistance in insect pests, and unknown risks to human health.

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68. Which of the following is not a characteristic that distinguishes gymnospersm and angiosperms from other plants

Explanation

The characteristic that distinguishes gymnosperms and angiosperms from other plants is alternation of generations. Gymnosperms and angiosperms have a life cycle that includes both a haploid gametophyte generation and a diploid sporophyte generation. This is in contrast to other plants, such as bryophytes, which have a dominant gametophyte generation and ferns, which have a dominant sporophyte generation. Therefore, alternation of generations is not a characteristic that distinguishes gymnosperms and angiosperms from other plants.

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69. Which of the following is true about transgenic plants

Explanation

Transgenic plants are plants that have been genetically modified to contain genes from more than one species. This can be achieved through genetic engineering techniques, where genes from one species are inserted into the DNA of another species. This allows the transgenic plants to exhibit new traits or characteristics that are not naturally found in the original species. The other options are incorrect as transgenic plants do not necessarily require many years to be produced, they can be produced through genetic engineering without the need for intermediate species, and they do not necessarily require genes from more than one species.

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70. In flowering plants, pollen is released from the 

Explanation

Pollen is released from the anther in flowering plants. The anther is part of the stamen, which is the male reproductive organ of the flower. The anther contains pollen sacs where pollen grains are produced. When the pollen is mature, the anther releases it, allowing it to be transferred to the female reproductive organ of another flower for fertilization.

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71. Which of the following statements is correct about protoplast fusion?

Explanation

Protoplast fusion is a technique used in biotechnology to combine the protoplasts (cells with the cell wall removed) of different plant species. By fusing the protoplasts, it is possible to create hybrid cells that contain genetic material from both parent plants. These hybrid cells can then be regenerated into new plant species with desired traits. Therefore, the statement "it can be used to form new plant species" is correct as protoplast fusion is a method to create novel plant species by combining genetic material from different plants.

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72. All of the following floral parts are directly involved in pollination or fertilization except the 

Explanation

The sepal is not directly involved in pollination or fertilization. Sepals are usually green and leaf-like structures that protect the flower bud before it opens. They are not directly involved in the reproductive process of the flower. On the other hand, the carpel, stigma, and style are all directly involved in pollination and fertilization. The carpel is the female reproductive organ of the flower, consisting of the stigma, style, and ovary. The stigma is the receptive surface where pollen grains land, and the style is the tube-like structure that connects the stigma to the ovary.

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73. Gymnosperms and angiosperms have the following in common except

Explanation

Gymnosperms and angiosperms have several similarities, including the presence of pollen, ovules, and seeds. However, the one thing they do not have in common is ovaries. Ovaries are a unique characteristic of angiosperms, which are flowering plants. Ovaries are the female reproductive structures that contain the ovules and develop into fruits after fertilization. Gymnosperms, on the other hand, do not have ovaries. They have naked seeds that are not enclosed within a fruit.

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74. Which of the following is the correct sequence during alternation of generations in flowering plant

Explanation

The correct sequence during alternation of generations in a flowering plant starts with the sporophyte, which undergoes meiosis to produce spores. These spores then develop into the gametophyte, which produces gametes. Fertilization of the gametes results in a diploid sporophyte.

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75. Which of the following is not true of the hypocotyl hook

Explanation

The hypocotyl hook is a curved structure that forms just below the cotyledons in a eudicot seed. It helps protect the delicate cotyledons as they emerge from the soil. When the hypocotyl hook is exposed to light, it straightens out, allowing the cotyledons to be pulled up through the soil and into the sunlight. Therefore, the statement "it is the first structure to emerge from the eudicot seed" is not true, as the hypocotyl hook emerges before the cotyledons.

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76. All of the following are primary functions of flowers except?

Explanation

Flowers are not directly involved in photosynthesis as they do not contain chlorophyll, which is necessary for the process. Instead, photosynthesis occurs in the leaves of plants. Flowers primarily function in sexual reproduction by producing pollen and eggs. This allows for the fertilization of the eggs and the development of seeds. Therefore, the correct answer is photosynthesis.

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77. Which of the following statements does not describe a portion of the pine life cycle?

Explanation

Female gametophytes do not use meiosis to produce eggs. In the pine life cycle, female gametophytes produce eggs through mitosis, not meiosis. Meiosis occurs in sporangia, which produce spores that develop into male and female gametophytes. The pollen tube enters an ovule through a microphyle in the single integument, and pollen grains contain male gametophytes. Seeds are produced in ovulate cones.

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78. Which of the following statements is true of protoplast fusion

Explanation

Protoplast fusion is a technique used to combine the genomes of two plants, resulting in the formation of new plant varieties. This process involves removing the cell wall of plant cells, known as protoplasts, and fusing them together. By combining the genetic material of two plants, desirable traits from both can be combined, leading to the creation of new plant varieties with improved characteristics. This technique is commonly used in plant breeding and genetic engineering to develop plants with specific traits, such as disease resistance or increased yield.

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79. Where and by which process are sperm produced in plants?

Explanation

Sperm is produced in plants through the process of mitosis in male gametophytes. Male gametophytes are the structures that produce pollen grains, and within these pollen grains, sperm cells are formed through mitotic division. This process allows for the production of genetically identical sperm cells, which are then transferred to the female reproductive organs of the plant for fertilization.

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80. The largest cells of the typical angiosperm embryo sac is the 

Explanation

The central cell is the largest cell of the typical angiosperm embryo sac. It is located in the center of the embryo sac and plays a crucial role in fertilization. The central cell contains two polar nuclei, which fuse with a sperm cell during fertilization to form the endosperm, a nutrient-rich tissue that nourishes the developing embryo. This cell is larger than the other cells in the embryo sac, such as the egg cell, antipodals, and synergids, making it the correct answer.

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81. Which of the following occurs in an angiosperm ovule?

Explanation

In an angiosperm ovule, a megaspore mother cell undergoes meiosis. Meiosis is a type of cell division that results in the formation of haploid cells, which have half the number of chromosomes as the parent cell. In this case, the megaspore mother cell undergoes meiosis to produce four haploid megaspores. One of these megaspores will go on to develop into the female gametophyte, which contains the egg cell. This process is essential for sexual reproduction in angiosperms.

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82. Which of these is incorrectly paired with its life cycle generation?

Explanation

The correct answer is anther-gametophyte. Anther is a part of the flower that contains pollen grains, which are the male gametophytes. The gametophyte generation is responsible for producing gametes, which in this case are the pollen grains. Therefore, anther is correctly paired with its life cycle generation, which is gametophyte.

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83. Which of the following statements is correct about the basal cell in a zygote

Explanation

The basal cell in a zygote forms the suspensor that anchors the embryo. The suspensor is a structure that connects the developing embryo to the surrounding tissues and provides support for its growth. This allows the embryo to receive nutrients and oxygen from the parent plant. The basal cell is responsible for the formation of this important structure, ensuring the proper development and survival of the embryo.

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84. Meiosis occurs within all of the following flower parts except the

Explanation

Meiosis occurs within the anthers of a flower, which are the male reproductive parts responsible for producing pollen. The style, ovule, and ovary are all part of the female reproductive system of a flower. The style is the long, slender part of the flower that connects the stigma to the ovary. The ovule is the structure within the ovary that contains the female gametes. The ovary is the enlarged base of the flower that contains the ovules and eventually develops into a fruit. Therefore, the correct answer is style, as meiosis does not occur within this flower part.

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85. Match:
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86. Which of the following is the correct sequence of events in a pollen sac?

Explanation

The correct sequence of events in a pollen sac is as follows: microsporocyte undergoes meiosis to produce microspores, which then undergo mitosis to form two haploid cells per pollen grain.

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87. Which of the following is the correct sequence of processes that takes place when a flowering plant reproduces?

Explanation

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88. Which of the following is not true of tens when exposed to lighthe hypocotyl hook

Explanation

The hypocotyl hook is not the first structure to emerge from a eudicot seed. The cotyledons, which are the embryonic leaves, are the first structures to emerge from a eudicot seed. The hypocotyl hook is a curved structure that forms just below the cotyledons and helps protect them as they push through the soil.

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89. What are the three f's of angiosperm life cycle?

Explanation

The three f's of angiosperm life cycle are flowers, double fertilization, and fruits. Flowers are the reproductive structures of angiosperms that produce pollen and contain the female reproductive organs. Double fertilization is a unique process in angiosperms where two sperm cells fertilize the egg cell and the central cell, resulting in the formation of a zygote and endosperm. Fruits are the mature ovaries of angiosperms that contain seeds and aid in seed dispersal.

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90. Which of the following statements about a seed produced by apomixes is correct?

Explanation

The correct answer is that the embryo of the seed is a clone. This means that the embryo is genetically identical to the parent plant, as it is produced through a process called apomixis, which involves the formation of a seed without fertilization. In apomixis, the embryo is formed from the maternal tissue of the plant, resulting in a clone of the parent.

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91. In flowering plants, a mature male gametophyte contains

Explanation

A mature male gametophyte in flowering plants contains two sperm nuclei and one tube cell nucleus. The sperm nuclei are responsible for fertilizing the egg cell during pollination, while the tube cell nucleus helps in the growth of the pollen tube for delivering the sperm nuclei to the ovule. This arrangement allows for successful fertilization and reproduction in flowering plants.

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92. In the life cycle of an angiosperm, which of the following stages is diploid?

Explanation

The correct answer is microsporocyte. In the life cycle of an angiosperm, the microsporocyte is a diploid stage. It undergoes meiosis to produce haploid microspores, which then develop into male gametophytes. The other options, such as megaspore and polar nuclei, are haploid stages in the angiosperm life cycle.

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93. Which of the following statements about a seed produced by apomixis is incorrect

Explanation

Apomixis is a form of asexual reproduction in plants where the embryo develops from unfertilized eggs. Therefore, the statement "the embryo consists of diploid cells derived from fertilization of a haploid egg by a haploid sperm" is incorrect. In apomixis, the embryo is a clone and is formed without the involvement of fertilization.

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94. IN onions, cells of the sporophyte have 16 chromosomes within each nucleus. Match the number of chromosomes present in each of the onion tissues listed below
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What is a fleshy fruit?
In which of the following does double fertilization occur?
A plant that has small, green petals is most likely to be 
Which is true of megaspores?
What part of the seed is the white fluffy part of popcorn
Which of the following is characteristic of alternation of generations...
Which of the following are names because their seeds are...
Which is not true of xylem?
All of the following are characteristic of angiosperms except?
Angiosperms are most closely related to?
With respect to angiosperms, which of the following is incorrectly...
Pollen grain is to____ as____ is to female gamtophytes
Pollen grain is to____ as ____is to female gametophyte
Which is not true about sphagnum?
Rhizoids
A fruit is most commonly
In flowering plants the integuments of the ovule develop into a(n)
Within the female gametophyte, three mitotic divisions of the...
Bryophytes have all of the following characteristics except?
What is the relationship between pollination and fertilization in...
What is the pine tree on the hillside?
The integuments of an ovule function to do what?
Meiosis occurs within all of the following flower parts except...
Where does meiosis occur in flowers plants
Which of the following gymnosperms produce a compound that is used as...
Recent research has shown that pollination requires that carpels...
Which of the following conditions is needed by almost all seeds to...
Where does meiosis occur in flowering plants?
Golden rice is a transgenic variety that 
What is the relationship between pollination and fertilization in...
A plant that has small, green petals in most likely to be
Which of the following describes a complete flower
Which is true of the sporophyte?
Bryophyte sporophytes
Which of the following can colonize bare,sandy soil, help retain...
A stamen consist of a(n)
Which of these is incorrectly paired with its life cycle generation?
A disadvantage of monoculture is that
All of the following are features of angiosperms except 
The products of meiosis in plants are always which of the following
A fruit includes
Within the female gametophyte three mitotic divisions of the megaspore...
A mutation in which of the following floral parts would have the...
Which of the following statements is correct about the basal cell in a...
Which structure is common to both gymnosperms and angiosperms?
Which of the following is true in plants
Which is not true about stomata
Which allows entry of the pollen grain into the ovary
Which of the following is true about vegatiative reproduction?
What is the embryonic root called
In which of the foll0wng does the sporophyte depend on the gametophyte...
Under which conditions would asexual plants have the greatest...
Which of the following is a true statement?
Which of the following is the correct order of floral organs from the...
Which of the following is the male gametophyte of a flowering plant
The most immediate potential benefits of introducing genetically...
When seeds germinate, the radicle emerges before the shoot. This...
Peristome
What is typically the result of double fertilization in angiosperms?
Which of the following statements regarding the endosperm is false?
Currently available transgenic plants have been modified for all of...
As flowers develop, which transition does not occur
All of the following could be considered advantages of asexual...
Which of the following is the male gametophyte of a flowering plant?
Which of the following types of plants is not able to self-pollinate?
Where and by which process are sperm produced in plants
Which of the following is not a scientific concern relating to...
Which of the following is not a characteristic that distinguishes...
Which of the following is true about transgenic plants
In flowering plants, pollen is released from the 
Which of the following statements is correct about protoplast fusion?
All of the following floral parts are directly involved in pollination...
Gymnosperms and angiosperms have the following in common except
Which of the following is the correct sequence during alternation of...
Which of the following is not true of the hypocotyl hook
All of the following are primary functions of flowers except?
Which of the following statements does not describe a portion of the...
Which of the following statements is true of protoplast fusion
Where and by which process are sperm produced in plants?
The largest cells of the typical angiosperm embryo sac is the 
Which of the following occurs in an angiosperm ovule?
Which of these is incorrectly paired with its life cycle generation?
Which of the following statements is correct about the basal cell in a...
Meiosis occurs within all of the following flower parts except the
Match:
Which of the following is the correct sequence of events in a pollen...
Which of the following is the correct sequence of processes that takes...
Which of the following is not true of tens when exposed to lighthe...
What are the three f's of angiosperm life cycle?
Which of the following statements about a seed produced by apomixes is...
In flowering plants, a mature male gametophyte contains
In the life cycle of an angiosperm, which of the following stages is...
Which of the following statements about a seed produced by apomixis is...
IN onions, cells of the sporophyte have 16 chromosomes within each...
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