8th Grade Science Test Chapter - Chapters 10-12

Carnivores eat meat, herbivores eat plants, omnivores eat both meat and plants, and insectivores eat insects.

An infectious disease is one that can be transmitted from person to person through direct contact or by touching contaminated surfaces. This type of disease is caused by pathogens such as bacteria, viruses, or fungi, which can enter the body and multiply, leading to illness. It is important to take precautions to prevent the spread of infectious diseases, such as practicing good hygiene, getting vaccinated, and avoiding close contact with infected individuals.

An autotroph is an organism capable of making its own food through the process of photosynthesis or chemosynthesis. This means that autotrophs can convert inorganic substances, such as carbon dioxide and water, into organic compounds, like glucose, using energy from sunlight or chemical reactions. This ability to produce their own food distinguishes autotrophs from heterotrophs, which rely on consuming other organisms for nutrition. Autotrophs play a crucial role in ecosystems as they are the primary producers, forming the base of the food chain and providing energy for other organisms.

Plants are classified according to their structure, which refers to the arrangement and organization of their different parts such as roots, stems, leaves, and flowers. This classification system helps scientists categorize and identify plants based on their physical characteristics and relationships with other plant species. By studying the structure of plants, researchers can understand their evolutionary history, ecological roles, and potential uses in various fields such as medicine, agriculture, and horticulture.

Regeneration is the ability of some animals to regrow a missing body part. This means that if an animal loses a limb or any other body part, it has the capability to grow it back. This process is observed in certain animals such as starfish, salamanders, and planarians. It involves the activation of specialized cells called stem cells, which have the ability to differentiate into different types of cells and tissues. Through this regenerative process, the animal is able to restore its lost body part and regain its normal function.

The correct answer is "egg, larva, pupa, adult". This is the correct order of the four stages of complete metamorphosis in many insects. It starts with the egg stage, where the insect lays eggs. The eggs then hatch into larvae, which are often worm-like and undergo significant growth and development. The larvae then enter the pupa stage, where they undergo a transformation inside a protective casing. Finally, they emerge as adults, which are the fully developed and reproductive stage of the insect's life cycle.

Scurvy is a disease that is caused by a lack of vitamin C. Vitamin C is essential for the synthesis of collagen, a protein that helps maintain the integrity of blood vessels, skin, and connective tissues. Without enough vitamin C, the body is unable to produce collagen, leading to symptoms such as fatigue, bleeding gums, joint pain, and impaired wound healing. Therefore, a deficiency of vitamin C is the underlying cause of scurvy.

Amphibians are animals with moist skin that allows them to breathe through their skin. They start their life in water with gills for respiration, but as they mature, they develop lungs for breathing air on land. Therefore, the correct answer is "moist, gills, lungs."

Nutrition refers to the process of obtaining and consuming food or substances that provide essential nutrients to nourish the body. It encompasses the intake of various components such as carbohydrates, proteins, fats, vitamins, and minerals, which are essential for growth, development, and overall well-being. Therefore, nutrition is the correct answer as it accurately describes the source of materials needed to nourish the body.

Ingestion refers to the process of taking food into the body through the mouth, typically by eating. It is the first step in the process of digestion, where food is broken down into smaller molecules for absorption and utilization by the body. Respiration, on the other hand, refers to the process of breathing and exchanging gases. Absorption is the process by which nutrients are taken up by the cells of the body. Therefore, the correct answer is ingestion.

The correct answer is "kingdom". In the hierarchy of classification, the kingdom is the highest level of classification and encompasses a wide range of organisms. It is larger than the other options given such as genus, species, and order, which are lower levels of classification and represent smaller groups of organisms.

Louis Pasteur is the correct answer because he is widely recognized as the scientist who developed the rabies vaccine. Pasteur's work on rabies was groundbreaking and he successfully created a vaccine to prevent this deadly disease. His contributions to the field of microbiology and vaccination have had a significant impact on public health and his name is synonymous with the development of the rabies vaccine.

Dicots are plants that have two seed leaves, while monocots are plants that have one seed leaf. This is a key characteristic used to classify plants into these two groups.

Ferns do not produce seeds, which is a characteristic that sets them apart from other plants. Instead, they reproduce through spores. This lack of seed production is one of the defining features of ferns and is why they are classified in the class Filicineae.

In the hierarchy of biological classification, species is the smallest division. It is a basic unit of classification and refers to a group of organisms that share similar characteristics and can interbreed to produce fertile offspring. Kingdom, order, and genus are higher divisions in the classification system, with each encompassing a larger group of organisms. Therefore, species is the correct answer as it is the smallest division in this context.

The correct answer is "one" because the genus and species names "Hippopotamus amphibius" refer to a single species, which is the common hippopotamus. The question is asking for the number of different kinds of organisms with this specific genus and species name, and there is only one.

Water is another name for hydrogen oxide because it is composed of two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom. The chemical formula for water is H2O, which represents the two hydrogen atoms bonded to the oxygen atom. Therefore, water can be referred to as hydrogen oxide due to its composition of hydrogen and oxygen.

Carbohydrates are macronutrients that provide energy to the body. They are found in various foods and can be classified into two main types: starches and sugars. Starches are complex carbohydrates that are made up of long chains of glucose molecules and are found in foods like grains, potatoes, and legumes. Sugars, on the other hand, are simple carbohydrates that are made up of one or two sugar molecules and are found naturally in fruits, vegetables, and dairy products, as well as added to many processed foods. Both starches and sugars contribute to the calorie content of foods.

Cellular respiration is the metabolic process through which organisms obtain energy from organic molecules. It involves the breakdown of glucose and other organic compounds in the presence of oxygen, producing carbon dioxide, water, and ATP (adenosine triphosphate). This process occurs in the mitochondria of cells and is essential for the survival and functioning of living organisms. Glycogention refers to the formation of glycogen, ingestion is the process of taking in food, and assimilation is the absorption and incorporation of nutrients into cells.

Vitamins are complex organic compounds that are required in small quantities by living organisms. They play a crucial role in various physiological processes, such as metabolism, growth, and development. Although they are needed in small amounts, vitamins are essential for maintaining overall health and preventing various diseases. While antibodies are proteins produced by the immune system to fight against pathogens, carbohydrates are the main source of energy for the body, and cells are the basic structural and functional units of living organisms. Therefore, the correct answer is vitamins.

The cortex is a region in plant stems and roots that consists of large and loose cells. These cells are specifically designed for storing food, such as starch and other nutrients. Therefore, the cortex is the correct answer to the question.

A calorie is the amount of heat needed to raise the temperature of one gram of water one degree centigrade. This is because water has a high specific heat capacity, meaning it requires a large amount of energy to change its temperature. Fat, sugar, and bacteria do not have the same specific heat capacity as water, so the correct answer is water.