The Human Body Quiz - Pituitary Gland

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  • 1/110 Questions

    Pituitary gland is controlled by

    • Hypothalamus
    • Cortex
    • Pontine
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About This Quiz

The pituitary gland is a small pea-sized gland that plays a major role in regulating vital body functions and general wellbeing. It is referred to as the body's 'master gland' because it controls the activity of most other hormone-secreting glands

The Human Body Quiz - Pituitary Gland - Quiz

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  • 2. 

    The anterior pituitary arises embryologically as an:

    • Invagination of the roof of the pharynx (rathke's pouch)

    • Primitive gut

    • Primitive lung

    Correct Answer
    A. Invagination of the roof of the pharynx (rathke's pouch)
    Explanation
    The correct answer is invagination of the roof of the pharynx (Rathke's pouch). During embryological development, the anterior pituitary gland originates from an invagination or pouch-like structure called Rathke's pouch, which forms from the roof of the developing pharynx. This invagination gives rise to the anterior pituitary, which plays a crucial role in the secretion of various hormones that regulate growth, reproduction, and other physiological processes in the body. The primitive gut and primitive lung are not involved in the development of the anterior pituitary.

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  • 3. 

    Hypothalamus connected to pituitary gland via

    • Nerves

    • Blood

    • Pituitary stalk (infundibulum)

    • No connection

    Correct Answer
    A. Pituitary stalk (infundibulum)
    Explanation
    The hypothalamus is connected to the pituitary gland via the pituitary stalk, also known as the infundibulum. This connection allows for communication between the hypothalamus and the pituitary gland. The hypothalamus produces releasing and inhibiting hormones that are transported through the pituitary stalk to the anterior pituitary gland. These hormones then stimulate or inhibit the release of various hormones from the pituitary gland, which play a crucial role in regulating various bodily functions. Therefore, the pituitary stalk serves as the pathway for communication and coordination between the hypothalamus and the pituitary gland.

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  • 4. 

    Hypersecretion of growth hormoneWhich condition is seen when there is hypersecretion of growth hormone in children?

    • Gigantism

    • Acromegaly

    Correct Answer
    A. Gigantism
    Explanation
    It occurs before the epiphyseal plate closes, therefore there is accelerated growth of long bones.

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  • 5. 

    The pituitary gland lies in the

    • Nasal fossa

    • Sella turcica

    • Infront of the medulla oblongata

    Correct Answer
    A. Sella turcica
    Explanation
    The pituitary gland is located in a bony structure called the sella turcica. This is a depression in the sphenoid bone, located at the base of the skull, behind the bridge of the nose. The sella turcica provides protection and support for the pituitary gland, which is often referred to as the "master gland" because it regulates the functions of other endocrine glands in the body. Therefore, the correct answer is sella turcica.

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  • 6. 

    What are the parts of the anterior pituitary?

    • Pars distalis(pars anterior), Pars tuberalis, Pars intermedia

    • Pars nervosa, Median eminence, infundibular stalk

    Correct Answer
    A. Pars distalis(pars anterior), Pars tuberalis, Pars intermedia
    Explanation
    The anterior pituitary is composed of three main parts: Pars distalis (also known as pars anterior), Pars tuberalis, and Pars intermedia. These parts are responsible for producing and releasing various hormones that regulate different functions in the body. The Pars distalis is the largest and most functional part, producing hormones such as growth hormone, prolactin, and adrenocorticotropic hormone. The Pars tuberalis is located around the infundibulum of the pituitary gland and is involved in the regulation of reproductive hormones. The Pars intermedia is a small region between the Pars distalis and Pars nervosa, and it produces melanocyte-stimulating hormone.

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  • 7. 

    What is Grave's disease?

    • Hypothyroidism

    • Hyperthyroidism

    • Hypercortisolism

    • Hyperprolactinemia

    Correct Answer
    A. Hyperthyroidism
    Explanation
    Grave's disease is an autoimmune disorder that causes the thyroid gland to produce excessive amounts of thyroid hormones, leading to hyperthyroidism. This condition results in symptoms such as weight loss, rapid heartbeat, tremors, and anxiety. Hypothyroidism refers to an underactive thyroid gland, whereas hypercortisolism is the excessive production of cortisol hormone. Hyperprolactinemia is the condition of having high levels of prolactin hormone. Therefore, the correct answer is hyperthyroidism, as Grave's disease specifically causes an overactive thyroid gland.

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  • 8. 

    Which are the hormones that are produced from amino acids?

    • Thyroxine, serotonin

    • Cortisol, sex hormones

    Correct Answer
    A. Thyroxine, serotonin
    Explanation
    Thyroxine and serotonin are hormones that are produced from amino acids. Thyroxine is produced from the amino acid tyrosine, while serotonin is produced from the amino acid tryptophan. These hormones play important roles in regulating various physiological processes in the body. Thyroxine is involved in regulating metabolism, growth, and development, while serotonin is involved in regulating mood, appetite, and sleep.

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  • 9. 

    The hormones of the posterior pituitary are synthesized as a larger precursor molecule in the cell bodies of the neurons of the hypothalamus. The precursor molecule of the vasopressin is:

    • Prepropressophysin

    • Preprooxyphysin

    Correct Answer
    A. Prepropressophysin
    Explanation
    preprooxyphysin is the precursor molecule for oxytocin

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  • 10. 

    Besides tumours, hyperthyroidism can also be caused by?

    • Hyperactive lifestyle

    • Hyperglycemia

    • Affected sleeping patterns

    • TSH receptor stimulating antibodies on thyroid gland

    Correct Answer
    A. TSH receptor stimulating antibodies on thyroid gland
    Explanation
    TSH receptor-stimulating antibodies ( on thyroid gland, cause release of excessive T4, T3)

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  • 11. 

    Which approach does the surgeon take for a pituitary gland surgery?

    • Trans-nasal

    • Trans-cortex

    • Trans-rectal

    • Trans-sphenoidal

    Correct Answer
    A. Trans-sphenoidal
    Explanation
    The surgeon takes a trans-sphenoidal approach for a pituitary gland surgery. This means that the surgery is performed by accessing the pituitary gland through the sphenoid sinus, which is located behind the nasal cavity. This approach allows the surgeon to reach the pituitary gland without making any external incisions, resulting in a less invasive procedure with fewer complications and a quicker recovery time.

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  • 12. 

    There are 2 different type of chromophils (of the pars anterior), the acidophils & basophils. What does the acidophils secrete?

    • TSH, ACTH

    • Growth hormones & prolactin

    • LH, FSH

    • ICSH

    Correct Answer
    A. Growth hormones & prolactin
    Explanation
    The rest are secretions of the basophils. The hormones of the basophils are stimulating hormone, meaning they act on other endocrine organs to stimulate synthesis & secretion of the respective hormones)

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  • 13. 

    The growth effect of the growth hormone is mediated by insulin-like growth factors (IGF/Somatomedins –Mediate), which are a family of growth promoting proteins produced by liver cells. It is produced when GH binds to it’s receptors. There are 4 IGFs. Which one of the following is the active IGF for growth?

    • IGF-1

    • IGF-2

    • IGF-3

    • IGF-4

    • IGF-5

    Correct Answer
    A. IGF-1
    Explanation
    The growth effect of the growth hormone is mediated by insulin-like growth factors (IGF/Somatomedins – Mediate), which are a family of growth promoting proteins produced by liver cells. IGF-1 is the active IGF for growth as it is produced when GH binds to its receptors.

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  • 14. 

    Which receptor does ADH bind to to increase the water channels in the Collecting Duct (aquaporins)?

    • V1 receptor

    • V2 receptor

    • V3 receptor

    • V4 receptor

    Correct Answer
    A. V2 receptor
    Explanation
    ADH (antidiuretic hormone) binds to the V2 receptor to increase the water channels in the Collecting Duct (aquaporins). The V2 receptor is located on the basolateral membrane of the cells in the Collecting Duct. When ADH binds to the V2 receptor, it activates a signaling pathway that leads to the insertion of aquaporins into the apical membrane of the cells. This allows for increased reabsorption of water from the urine back into the bloodstream, leading to water conservation and concentrated urine production.

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  • 15. 

    There are 2 types of nuclei in the posterior pituitary. The paraventricular nucleus and the supraoptic nuclue. Which on secretes oxytocin?

    • Paraventricular

    • Supraoptic

    Correct Answer
    A. Paraventricular
    Explanation
    Supraoptic secretes ADH

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  • 16. 

    Which are the hormones produced from lipid? (cholesterol/steroids)

    • TSH & TRH

    • Somatostatin & cortisol

    • Cortisol & sex hormone

    Correct Answer
    A. Cortisol & sex hormone
    Explanation
    Cortisol and sex hormones are produced from lipids, specifically cholesterol. Cholesterol is a precursor molecule for the synthesis of these hormones. Cortisol is a steroid hormone that regulates metabolism and has anti-inflammatory effects. Sex hormones, such as estrogen and testosterone, are also steroid hormones that play a crucial role in sexual development and reproduction. These hormones are synthesized from cholesterol in the adrenal glands and gonads.

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  • 17. 

    Hyposecretion of Growth hormone.Which type of condition corresponds to these findings?-Low GH-Low IFG-1-Responds to GH stimulation

    • GH- deficient dwarfs

    • Pygmies

    • Laron type dwarfs

    Correct Answer
    A. GH- deficient dwarfs
    Explanation
    GH-deficient dwarfs: Eventhough it responds to GH normally, but there is no GH. No GH, no IGF-1. Even in hypoglycemia, GH levels will fail to increase.

    Pygmies: They lack IGF-1 eventhough there is normal GH. This is because IGF-1 is not produced when GH binds to GH receptor. Therefore, there is no growth. They have a post-GH receptor defect.

    Laron type dwarfs: They have high amounts of GH, but it cannot bind to the GH receptor. They lack functional hepatic GH receptors.

    Therefore, pygmies & Laron type dwarfs are due to target organ resistance.

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  • 18. 

    What is Sheehan's syndrome?

    • The pituitary adenoma is very large

    • It is the malignancy of the pituitary

    • The pituitary adenoma is haemorrhagic & necrotic

    • The pituitary gland is infected with microorganisms

    Correct Answer
    A. The pituitary adenoma is haemorrhagic & necrotic
    Explanation
    Sheehan's syndrome is a condition characterized by the necrosis and hemorrhage of the pituitary gland. This occurs due to severe postpartum bleeding, which leads to a decrease in blood flow to the pituitary gland. As a result, the pituitary gland becomes damaged and can no longer produce adequate amounts of hormones, leading to various symptoms such as fatigue, low blood pressure, and difficulty breastfeeding. Therefore, the statement "The pituitary adenoma is haemorrhagic & necrotic" accurately describes Sheehan's syndrome.

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  • 19. 

    How do you calculate the BMI?

    • Weight (g)/ Height (m)

    • Weight (kg)/ Height (m)

    • Weight (kg)/ Height2 (m2)

    • Weight2 (kg2)/ Height (m)

    Correct Answer
    A. Weight (kg)/ Height2 (m2)
    Explanation
    The correct answer is "Weight (kg)/ Height2 (m2)". BMI stands for Body Mass Index and it is calculated by dividing the weight of a person in kilograms by the square of their height in meters. This formula accounts for both weight and height, allowing for a more accurate assessment of a person's body composition and potential health risks associated with their weight.

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  • 20. 

    Which nuclei of the hypothalamus stimulates the anterior pituitary?

    • Parvocellular neuron (small neuron)

    • Magnocellular neuron (large neuron)

    Correct Answer
    A. Parvocellular neuron (small neuron)
    Explanation
    Magnocellular neuron stimulates the posterior pituitary

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  • 21. 

    Which are the secretory cells of the pars anterior?

    • Chromophobes

    • Chromophils

    Correct Answer
    A. Chromophils
    Explanation
    The secretory cells of the pars anterior are known as chromophils. These cells are responsible for producing and releasing hormones into the bloodstream. They are named chromophils because they can be stained with certain dyes, which helps in their identification. Chromophils include different cell types such as acidophils and basophils, each producing different hormones. These secretory cells play a crucial role in regulating various physiological processes in the body.

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  • 22. 
    This is a surgical measure taken to treat a pituitary tumour because it is minimally invasive. What approach is this? - ProProfs

    This is a surgical measure taken to treat a pituitary tumour because it is minimally invasive. What approach is this?

    • Trans-nasal approach

    • Trans-sphenoidal approach

    • Trans-sella turcica approach

    • Trans-maxillary approach

    Correct Answer
    A. Trans-sphenoidal approach
    Explanation
    The trans-sphenoidal approach is a surgical measure taken to treat a pituitary tumor. It is considered minimally invasive because it involves accessing the tumor through the sphenoid sinus, which is located behind the nose. This approach allows surgeons to remove the tumor without making any external incisions, leading to a quicker recovery time and fewer complications compared to other surgical approaches.

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  • 23. 

    All glycoprotein hormones (TSH, LH, FSH) consist of alpha & beta subunits. However, the alpha subunit is also present in the a placental glycoprotein hormone. Therefore it’s action is similar to LH.Which of these is the placental hormone?

    • Progesterone

    • Oestrogen

    • Human chorionic gonadotrophin (hCG).

    • LH

    • FSH

    Correct Answer
    A. Human chorionic gonadotrophin (hCG).
    Explanation
    The question states that the placental glycoprotein hormone has a similar action to LH, which suggests that the placental hormone is also involved in reproductive functions. Among the given options, human chorionic gonadotrophin (hCG) is the only hormone that fits this description. Progesterone and estrogen are not glycoprotein hormones, while LH and FSH are not placental hormones. Therefore, the correct answer is human chorionic gonadotrophin (hCG).

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  • 24. 

    How is a microadenoma classified?

    • More than 1cm

    • More than 4cm

    • Less than 2cm

    • Less than 1cm

    Correct Answer
    A. Less than 1cm
    Explanation
    Classification by size (imaging)

    Microadenoma - 1cm
    Giant adenoma - >4cm (RARE)

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  • 25. 

    Why does steroid hormones (sex hormone & cortisol) & thyroid hormone require carrier proteins to be transported in blood?

    • It is not target organ effective

    • It travels slowly in blood in the free form

    • It is insoluble in water

    • It has a large molecular weight

    Correct Answer
    A. It is insoluble in water
    Explanation
    Steroid hormones, including sex hormones, cortisol, and thyroid hormone, are insoluble in water. This means that they cannot dissolve and be transported freely in the bloodstream. To overcome this issue, carrier proteins are required to bind to the hormones and transport them in the blood. These carrier proteins make the hormones soluble in water and allow them to be effectively transported to their target organs. Therefore, the requirement of carrier proteins is necessary for the transport of steroid hormones in the bloodstream.

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  • 26. 

    There are 2 types of diabetes insipidus:2 types: 1) Cranial DI (Central/Neurogenic) Defective/ decreased production of vasopressin by the hypothalamo-neurohypophyseal system (Hypothalamus/ Post pituitary) 2) Nephrogenic DI Defective renal response to vasopressin (hormone resistance) Defective V2 vasopressin receptors in kidney (receptor disease) Defective water channel proteins (aquaporins)How are these 2 differentiated?

    • Give DDAVP. If there is no antidiuretic effect, then it is a cranial DI

    • Give DDAVP. If there is antidiuretic effect, then it is a cranial DI

    Correct Answer
    A. Give DDAVP. If there is antidiuretic effect, then it is a cranial DI
    Explanation
    The answer states that if there is an antidiuretic effect after giving DDAVP (desmopressin), then it is a cranial DI. This means that if the patient's urine output decreases after receiving DDAVP, it indicates that the patient has a defect in the production of vasopressin by the hypothalamo-neurohypophyseal system, which is characteristic of cranial DI. On the other hand, if there is no antidiuretic effect, it suggests that the patient has nephrogenic DI, which is characterized by a defective renal response to vasopressin.

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  • 27. 

    In gigantism & acromegaly, a patient will appear with prognatism as a clinical feature.What is prognatism?

    • Excess hair

    • Buffalo hump

    • Gynecomastia & lactation

    • Frontal bossing & protruding mandible

    • Enlarged hands & feet

    Correct Answer
    A. Frontal bossing & protruding mandible
    Explanation
    Prognatism refers to the condition in which the lower jaw or mandible protrudes forward, causing the face to have a prominent or jutting appearance. In gigantism and acromegaly, excessive growth hormone is produced, leading to enlarged bones and tissues. This excessive growth can cause frontal bossing, which is the protrusion of the forehead, and a protruding mandible, resulting in prognatism. Therefore, the correct answer is frontal bossing and protruding mandible.

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  • 28. 
    What is this child suffering from? - ProProfs

    What is this child suffering from?

    • Hyperthyroidism

    • Hypothyroidism

    Correct Answer
    A. Hypothyroidism
    Explanation
    In the case of maternal iodine deficiency –> may cause neonatal hypothyroidism/ cretin.

    A cretin child:

    * large tongue
    * coarse features
    * nostrils lower than base of the nose
    * darker skin
    * mental retardation
    * short stature
    * reproductively ineffective (no breast) ?
    * Child-like

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  • 29. 

    Which of these is the BMI range by which one is considered overweight?

    • 18.5-24.9

    • 25-29.9

    • >30

    Correct Answer
    A. 25-29.9
    Explanation
    #

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  • 30. 

    What is Wermer's syndrome also known as?

    • MEN type 1

    • MEN type 2

    • MEN type 3

    • MEN type 4

    Correct Answer
    A. MEN type 1
    Explanation
    Wermer's syndrome, also known as Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia (MEN) type 1, is a hereditary condition characterized by the development of tumors in multiple endocrine glands. These tumors commonly affect the parathyroid glands, pancreas, and pituitary gland. MEN type 1 is inherited in an autosomal dominant manner and individuals with this syndrome have an increased risk of developing various endocrine tumors. Therefore, the correct answer is MEN type 1.

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  • 31. 

    What happens where there is deficiency in vasopressin?

    • Diabetes insipidus

    • Diabetes mellitus

    • SIADH

    • Dehydration

    Correct Answer
    A. Diabetes insipidus
    Explanation
    When there is a deficiency in vasopressin, it leads to a condition called diabetes insipidus. Vasopressin, also known as antidiuretic hormone (ADH), is responsible for regulating the amount of water reabsorbed by the kidneys. In diabetes insipidus, the body is unable to properly regulate water balance, leading to excessive urination and thirst. This condition is different from diabetes mellitus, which is characterized by high blood sugar levels, and SIADH (syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion), which involves excessive release of vasopressin. Dehydration can occur as a result of the excessive urination in diabetes insipidus.

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  • 32. 

    Excessive growth hormone secretion can be due to a pituitary tumour or an ectopic functional tumour. Will hyperglycemia be able to suppress GH levels if it's due to a tumour?

    • Yes

    • No

    Correct Answer
    A. No
    Explanation
    Normally, hyperglycemic states can inhibit GH secretion. But not if it's a tumour.

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  • 33. 

    Given these laboratory data:TRH level: normalTSH level: normalT3 & T4 level: LowIs this hypothyroidism due to primary, secondary or tertiery cause?

    • Primary

    • Secondary

    • Tertiery

    Correct Answer
    A. Primary
    Explanation
    * TRH, TSH normal. T3, T4 low : Primary
    * TRH normal. TSH low. T3, T4 low: Secondary
    * TRH low. TSH low. T4, T4 low: Tertiery

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  • 34. 

    Which hormone will be able to diffuse thru the cell membrane by simple diffusion?

    • Thyroid hormone

    • Steroid hormone

    • Growth hormone

    Correct Answer
    A. Steroid hormone
    Explanation
    Steroid hormones are able to diffuse through the cell membrane by simple diffusion. This is because steroid hormones are lipophilic, meaning they are soluble in lipids. The cell membrane is composed of a lipid bilayer, which allows lipophilic molecules like steroid hormones to pass through easily. In contrast, thyroid hormone and growth hormone are not lipophilic and therefore cannot diffuse through the cell membrane by simple diffusion.

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  • 35. 

    What is the treatment of GH-oma?

    • Growth hormone anologues

    • Somatostatin analogues

    • Somatotropin inhibitors

    Correct Answer
    A. Somatostatin analogues
    Explanation
    GH-oma: Somatostatin analogues react with receptors, prevent growth hormone secretion. Does not reduce tumour size.

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  • 36. 

    On both sides of the gland, there are sinuses called the Cavernous Venous Sinuses. These sinuses contains nerves & internal carotid artery. Which nerves are located in these sinuses?

    • Medially: Opthalmic (3), Abducent(6) Laterally: Opthalmic & Maxillary (5)

    • Medially: Oculomotor (3), Abducent(6) Laterally: Opthalmic & Maxillary (5)

    • Medially: Ophthalmic (3), Abducent(6) Laterally: Oculomotor & Maxillary (5)

    Correct Answer
    A. Medially: Oculomotor (3), Abducent(6) Laterally: Opthalmic & Maxillary (5)
  • 37. 

    In enlargement of a pituitary gland anterior superiorly, the optic nerves will be compressed (temporal half - side view). The patient will not be able to see the sides. What condition is this called?

    • Temporal hemionopia

    • Semitemporal hemionopia

    • Bitemporal hemionopia

    • Bitemporal myopia

    Correct Answer
    A. Bitemporal hemionopia
    Explanation
    In the enlargement of the pituitary gland anterior superiorly, the optic nerves will be compressed, specifically in the temporal half. This compression leads to a condition called bitemporal hemianopia. Bitemporal hemianopia refers to the loss of vision in the outer (temporal) half of the visual field of both eyes. This condition occurs because the compression affects the optic chiasm, the point where the optic nerves cross over. As a result, the patient will not be able to see the sides of their visual field.

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  • 38. 

    Which of the parts of the posterior pituitary is the connection to the hypothalamus?

    • Pars nervosa

    • Median eminence

    • Infundibular stalk

    Correct Answer
    A. Infundibular stalk
    Explanation
    The infundibular stalk is the connection between the posterior pituitary and the hypothalamus. It serves as a pathway for the transmission of hormones produced by the hypothalamus, such as oxytocin and vasopressin, which are then released into the bloodstream from the posterior pituitary. The infundibular stalk also contains blood vessels that supply the posterior pituitary with nutrients and oxygen. Therefore, the infundibular stalk is the correct answer as it plays a crucial role in the communication and regulation between the hypothalamus and the posterior pituitary.

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  • 39. 

    The ADH will increase water reabsorption at which part of the nephron?

    • DCT & CD

    • PCT & DCT

    • DCT & LOH

    • LOH

    Correct Answer
    A. DCT & CD
    Explanation
    The correct answer is DCT & CD. ADH, or antidiuretic hormone, increases water reabsorption in the distal convoluted tubule (DCT) and collecting duct (CD) of the nephron. This hormone is released by the pituitary gland in response to low blood volume or high blood osmolality. By increasing water reabsorption in the DCT and CD, ADH helps to concentrate urine and conserve water in the body.

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  • 40. 

    An insulin tolerance test is done to evaluate GH hyposecretion. Assuming that the patient has enough GH reserves, what happens when an insulin is injected to a patient with GH deficiency?

    • GH serum level remains the same

    • GH serum level rises

    Correct Answer
    A. GH serum level rises
    Explanation
    Evaluation of GH deficiency:

    Measure serum GH after stimulating the GH secretion (Dynamic Provocative Stimulation Tests) by:

    * Providing GHRH
    * Insulin tolerance test (inject insulin)
    * Post-exercise bloog sample
    * 1 hour after going to sleep

    If serum levels increase: enough reserve
    If serum levels remain the same: deficiency in GH

    In hypoglycemic states -> GH production & secretion rises

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  • 41. 

    What is Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia (MEN)?

    • Autosomal dominant disorder

    • Autosomal recessive disorder

    • Sex-linked dominant disorder

    • Sex-linked recessive disorder

    Correct Answer
    A. Autosomal dominant disorder
    Explanation
    A group of heritable syndromes
    characterized by aberrant growth of benign/ malignant tumours of the endocrine glands
    each with its own characteristic pattern
    Inherited as autosomal dominant disorders

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  • 42. 

    What does the pars intermedia (of the anterior pituitary) secrete?

    • TSH

    • MSH

    • ICSH

    • ACTH

    Correct Answer
    A. MSH
    Explanation
    The pars intermedia of the anterior pituitary secretes melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH). MSH plays a role in regulating skin pigmentation by stimulating the production and dispersion of melanin in melanocytes. It also has effects on appetite and sexual behavior.

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  • 43. 

    The growth hormone is synthesized by the somatotropes. It is a single polypeptide with disulphide linkages. How many disulphide linkages does the GH have?

    • 1

    • 2

    • 3

    • 4

    • 5

    Correct Answer
    A. 2
    Explanation
    The growth hormone (GH) is synthesized by the somatotropes and is a single polypeptide with disulphide linkages. The correct answer is 2.

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  • 44. 

    What is the MEN type 1 gene mutation?

    • Renin

    • Podocyne

    • Menin

    Correct Answer
    A. Menin
    Explanation
    * Wermer’s syndrome
    * Manifestation:
    o Hyperparathyroidism *
    o Pancreatic tumours
    o Pituitary adenoma
    o Carcinoid tumours
    o Adrenal adenomas
    o Subcutaneous lipomas
    o Facial angiofibromas
    o Collagenomas
    * Less than 1% of pituitary tumours
    * Gene mutations: menin
    * Screen for ZES. If positive, screen for MEN1

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  • 45. 

    The endocrine system depends on hormone-receptor interaction by 2 types of receptors: extracellular and intracellular. Extracellular will require a cascade of 2nd messengers to relay it’s message inside the cell, however intracellular directly binds to DNA to produce it’s intended actions.Which hormone binds to intracellular receptors?

    • Growth hormone

    • Testosterone

    • ADH

    • AVP

    Correct Answer
    A. Testosterone
    Explanation
    Steroid hormones, because they are lipid soluble and diffuse thru the cell membrane thru simple diffusion.

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  • 46. 

    What happens where there is excess in vasopressin?

    • Diabetes insipidus

    • Diabetes mellitus

    • SIADH

    • Dehydration

    Correct Answer
    A. SIADH
    Explanation
    SIADH stands for Syndrome of Inappropriate Antidiuretic Hormone secretion. It occurs when there is an excess of vasopressin, also known as antidiuretic hormone (ADH), in the body. Vasopressin is responsible for regulating the body's water balance by controlling the amount of water reabsorbed by the kidneys. In SIADH, there is an abnormal increase in vasopressin production, leading to excessive water retention in the body. This can result in dilutional hyponatremia, where the concentration of sodium in the blood becomes abnormally low. Symptoms may include nausea, vomiting, headache, confusion, seizures, and even coma.

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  • 47. 

    Given these laboratory data: TRH level: low TSH level: low T3 & T4 level: Low Is this hypothyroidism due to primary, secondary or tertiery cause?

    • Primay

    • Secondary

    • Tertiery

    Correct Answer
    A. Tertiery
    Explanation
    The given laboratory data shows low levels of TRH, TSH, and T3 & T4 hormones. This indicates a problem in the hypothalamus, which is responsible for producing TRH. As a result, the pituitary gland does not receive enough TRH stimulation to produce TSH. Consequently, the thyroid gland does not receive enough TSH to produce T3 & T4 hormones. This suggests that the hypothyroidism is due to a tertiary cause, meaning the issue originates in the hypothalamus.

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  • 48. 

    In panhypopituitarism, pituitary hormone production is disrupted. There is a sequential loss of hormonal secretion. Which of these hormones will be decreased 1st?

    • HGH (human growth hormone)

    • LH

    • FSH

    • ACTH

    • TSH

    Correct Answer
    A. HGH (human growth hormone)
    Explanation
    In panhypopituitarism, there is a disruption in the production of pituitary hormones. This condition leads to a sequential loss of hormonal secretion. The human growth hormone (hGH) will be decreased first because it is one of the primary hormones secreted by the pituitary gland. As the dysfunction progresses, other hormones such as LH, FSH, ACTH, and TSH may also be affected.

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  • 49. 

    What is the dynamic (stimulation) tests done for vasopressin?

    • Water loading test

    • Water excretion test

    • Water deprivation test

    • 24 hour urine analysis

    Correct Answer
    A. Water deprivation test
    Explanation
    By intentionally raising the plasma osmolality (less water) and monitor whether the vasopressin secretion increases (osmoregulation). Raising the plasma osmolality can be done by water deprivation/ infusion of hypertonic saline.

    Water deprivation test:

    * Record serum & urine osmolality & body weight every 2 hours (up to 8 hours)
    * No fluids given during the test
    * DI diagnosed if:

    Serum osmolality rises to above normal. Urine osmolality remains low (failure of antidiuresis, watery urine)

    Getting dehydrated.

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  • Mar 21, 2023
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  • May 10, 2010
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