Human A&p 2 - Endocrine System

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1. _____ + _____ = Gonadotrophins 

Explanation

Gonadotrophins are hormones that stimulate the gonads (ovaries in females and testes in males). LH (luteinizing hormone) and FSH (follicle-stimulating hormone) are both types of gonadotrophins. LH is responsible for triggering ovulation and the production of testosterone in males, while FSH stimulates the growth and development of follicles in females and sperm production in males. Therefore, the combination of LH and FSH is required for the production of gonadotrophins.

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About This Quiz
Endocrine System Quizzes & Trivia

This quiz on Human Anatomy & Physiology 2 focuses on the Endocrine System, exploring hormone functions, endocrine glands, and neuroendocrine interactions. It assesses understanding of hormone-mediated metabolic regulation,... see moreglandular structures, and systemic hormonal effects, essential for students of advanced biology. see less

2. TSH stands for ____________

Explanation

TSH stands for thyroid stimulating hormone. This hormone is produced by the pituitary gland and plays a crucial role in regulating the production and release of thyroid hormones by the thyroid gland. TSH stimulates the growth and function of the thyroid gland, ensuring that it produces an adequate amount of thyroid hormones to maintain overall metabolic balance in the body.

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3. Secretes Melatonin

Explanation

The pineal gland secretes melatonin. Melatonin is a hormone that regulates sleep-wake cycles and is involved in the body's internal clock. The pineal gland is located in the brain and is responsible for producing and releasing melatonin in response to darkness. Melatonin levels increase at night, signaling to the body that it is time to sleep, and decrease during the day, promoting wakefulness.

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4. ________ gland is located in the anterior trachea just below the larynx. 

Explanation

The thyroid gland is located in the anterior trachea just below the larynx. It is responsible for producing hormones that regulate metabolism, growth, and development in the body. The placement of the thyroid gland in this specific location allows it to have direct access to the trachea and larynx, enabling it to efficiently release its hormones into the bloodstream for distribution throughout the body.

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5. The pituitary gland is connected to the hypothalamus via the

Explanation

The correct answer is "Infundibulum." The pituitary gland is connected to the hypothalamus through a stalk-like structure called the infundibulum. The infundibulum acts as a bridge between the two structures, allowing for communication and the transfer of hormones.

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6. Secretes epinephrine and norepinephrine into blood, is sympathetic nervous tissue, activated by sudden stress, produced fight-or-flight response

Explanation

The adrenal medulla is responsible for secreting epinephrine and norepinephrine into the blood. It is a sympathetic nervous tissue that is activated by sudden stress and produces the fight-or-flight response.

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7. Cortisol pathology 
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8.
  • Large in infants and children 
  • shrinks with age and becomes adipose and connective tissue
  • involved in producing T cells and the immune system

Explanation

The thymus is an organ that is large in infants and children and shrinks with age. As it shrinks, it is replaced by adipose (fat) tissue and connective tissue. The thymus is involved in producing T cells, which are a type of white blood cell that plays a key role in the immune system. Therefore, the correct answer is Thymus.

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9. The anterior pituitary

Explanation

The anterior pituitary is a gland located in the brain that is responsible for releasing hormones into the bloodstream. These hormones play a crucial role in regulating various bodily functions such as growth, metabolism, and reproduction. Therefore, the correct answer is "releases hormones."

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10. ___________ includes sex hormones and is mostly androgens (testosterone). Insignificant, however to the amounts made by gonads. May play a role in the onset of puberty and in women, may be involved in sex drive. 

Explanation

Gonadocorticoids include sex hormones, primarily androgens such as testosterone. While the amounts produced by the gonads are more significant, gonadocorticoids may still play a role in the onset of puberty. In women, they may also be involved in sex drive.

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11. The Pituitary Gland is also called the

Explanation

The correct answer is Hypophysis. The Pituitary Gland is commonly known as the Hypophysis. It is a small gland located at the base of the brain and is often referred to as the "master gland" because it plays a crucial role in regulating various bodily functions. The Pituitary Gland produces and releases hormones that control the activities of other endocrine glands in the body, influencing growth, metabolism, reproduction, and many other essential processes.

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12. Regulates electrolyte concentrations, particularly sodium and potassium 

Explanation

Mineralocorticoids are a type of corticosteroids that regulate electrolyte concentrations, especially sodium and potassium. They are produced in the adrenal cortex and play a crucial role in maintaining the balance of these electrolytes in the body. Sodium and potassium are essential for various bodily functions, including nerve and muscle function, fluid balance, and blood pressure regulation. Mineralocorticoids help in reabsorbing sodium and excreting potassium in the kidneys, thus controlling their levels in the body. This regulation is vital for maintaining overall health and proper functioning of the body's systems.

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13. Secretion of ________ results in ________ of Growth Hormone
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14. _____ is produced by the parafollicular cells of the thyroid gland

Explanation

Calcitonin is a hormone produced by the parafollicular cells of the thyroid gland. It helps to regulate calcium levels in the body by inhibiting the activity of osteoclasts, which are responsible for breaking down bone tissue. This hormone plays a crucial role in maintaining bone health and preventing excessive calcium release into the bloodstream.

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15. The most important ________ is cortisol (hydrocortisone), cortisone, and corticosterone. 

Explanation

Cortisol, cortisone, and corticosterone are all types of glucocorticoids. Glucocorticoids are a group of steroid hormones that are produced by the adrenal glands. They play a crucial role in regulating various processes in the body, including metabolism, immune response, and stress response. Cortisol, in particular, is often referred to as the "stress hormone" because it is released in response to stress and helps the body cope with it. Therefore, glucocorticoids, including cortisol, cortisone, and corticosterone, are the most important hormones in this group.

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16. Produced by Anterior Pituitary. Major target is Bones and Skeletal Muscle. Nontrophic.

Explanation

GH stands for Growth Hormone and is produced by the Anterior Pituitary gland. Its major target is Bones and Skeletal Muscle. GH is a nontrophic hormone, meaning it does not directly stimulate growth in its target tissues but instead promotes the secretion of insulin-like growth factors (IGFs) which are responsible for growth.

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17.
  • Type 1 Diabetes 
  • Accounts for 3% of people with diabetes Mellitus 
  • Decreased insulin secretion
  • develops from an autoimmune destruction of pancreatic islets
  • most commonly develops in young people
  • Therapy - Insulin Injections

Explanation

Insulin-Dependent diabetes Mellitus, also known as Type 1 Diabetes, is the correct answer because it matches the given information. Type 1 Diabetes accounts for 3% of people with diabetes Mellitus, is characterized by decreased insulin secretion, develops from an autoimmune destruction of pancreatic islets, and most commonly develops in young people. The therapy for Type 1 Diabetes is insulin injections.

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18. _______ stimulates adrenal cortex to release corticosteroid hormones 

Explanation

Adrenocorticotrophic Hormone (ACTH) stimulates the adrenal cortex to release corticosteroid hormones. ACTH is a hormone produced by the pituitary gland that acts on the adrenal cortex to promote the synthesis and release of corticosteroid hormones, such as cortisol. These hormones play important roles in regulating metabolism, immune function, and stress response in the body.

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19. 3 distinct layers of the Adrenal Cortex: 

Explanation

The correct answer is Zona Reticularis, Zona Glomerulosa, Zona Fasiculata. The adrenal cortex is composed of three distinct layers: the Zona Glomerulosa, which produces mineralocorticoids such as aldosterone; the Zona Fasiculata, which produces glucocorticoids such as cortisol; and the Zona Reticularis, which produces androgens. These three layers work together to regulate various physiological processes in the body.

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20. In the Pancreas:
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21. The __________ is both endocrine and exocrine tissue 

Explanation

The pancreas is both endocrine and exocrine tissue because it functions as an endocrine gland by producing and releasing hormones such as insulin and glucagon into the bloodstream to regulate blood sugar levels. It also acts as an exocrine gland by secreting digestive enzymes into the small intestine to aid in the digestion and absorption of nutrients.

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22. Insufficient insulin 

Explanation

Insufficient insulin is a characteristic feature of diabetes mellitus, a chronic metabolic disorder. Diabetes mellitus is caused by the body's inability to produce enough insulin or effectively use the insulin it produces. Insulin is a hormone that regulates blood sugar levels, and when there is insufficient insulin, blood sugar levels become elevated, leading to various symptoms and complications associated with diabetes mellitus. Diabetes insipidus, on the other hand, is a different condition characterized by excessive thirst and urination due to a problem with the hormone vasopressin, not insulin.

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23. When the number of receptors on a target cell decreases this is called ________ _________

Explanation

Down regulation refers to the decrease in the number of receptors on a target cell. This process occurs in response to a prolonged exposure to a high concentration of a signaling molecule. The decrease in receptors reduces the cell's sensitivity to the signaling molecule, resulting in a decreased cellular response. Down regulation is an important regulatory mechanism that helps maintain homeostasis and prevent overstimulation of cells.

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24. Each layer of the Adrenal Cortex produces a certain hormone:
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25. Parafoliicular Cells in the Thyroid produce _____

Explanation

Parafollicular cells in the thyroid produce calcitonin. Calcitonin is a hormone that helps regulate calcium levels in the body. It works by inhibiting the activity of osteoclasts, which are cells responsible for breaking down bone tissue and releasing calcium into the bloodstream. By reducing the activity of osteoclasts, calcitonin helps to lower blood calcium levels. This hormone is produced and released by the parafollicular cells, also known as C cells, which are located in the thyroid gland.

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26. ADH Deficiency leads to Diabetes Insipidus

Explanation

ADH (antidiuretic hormone) deficiency can lead to diabetes insipidus, a condition characterized by excessive thirst and urination. ADH is responsible for regulating the body's water balance by controlling the amount of water reabsorbed by the kidneys. When there is a deficiency of ADH, the kidneys are unable to properly reabsorb water, leading to the production of large volumes of dilute urine and increased thirst. This condition is known as diabetes insipidus, which is different from diabetes mellitus (type 1 and type 2 diabetes). Therefore, the given statement is true.

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27. PTH is the opposite of ______

Explanation

PTH (parathyroid hormone) and calcitonin are two hormones that regulate calcium levels in the body. While PTH increases blood calcium levels by stimulating the release of calcium from bones and increasing calcium absorption in the intestines, calcitonin does the opposite. Calcitonin decreases blood calcium levels by inhibiting bone breakdown and increasing calcium excretion by the kidneys. Therefore, PTH and calcitonin have opposing effects on calcium regulation in the body.

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28. Excess cortisol results in _________. 

Explanation

Excess cortisol, which is a hormone produced by the adrenal glands, leads to Cushing's Disease. This condition occurs when there is an overproduction of cortisol in the body. Symptoms of Cushing's Disease include weight gain, particularly in the face, neck, and upper body, thinning skin, easy bruising, high blood pressure, and muscle weakness. It can also cause mood swings, irritability, and depression. Treatment options for Cushing's Disease may include medication, surgery, or radiation therapy to reduce cortisol levels and alleviate symptoms.

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29. In the pancreas, _______ causes release of glucose into the blood, mainly targets the liver, causes breakdown of stored glucose (glycogen).

Explanation

Glucagon is a hormone produced by the pancreas that stimulates the release of glucose into the blood. It mainly targets the liver and signals it to break down stored glucose, also known as glycogen. This process helps to increase blood sugar levels when they are low, ensuring that the body has a steady supply of energy.

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30. The Body's major metabolic hormone that affects almost every cell in the body 

Explanation

TH refers to thyroid hormone, which is the body's major metabolic hormone. It is produced by the thyroid gland and affects almost every cell in the body. Thyroid hormone plays a crucial role in regulating metabolism, growth, and development. It helps to control the rate at which the body uses energy, influences protein synthesis, and affects the function of various organs and tissues. Therefore, TH is the correct answer in this context.

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31. Most important and abundant mineralocorticoid 

Explanation

Aldosterone is the most important and abundant mineralocorticoid. It is produced by the adrenal glands and plays a crucial role in regulating the body's electrolyte balance, particularly by promoting the reabsorption of sodium and the excretion of potassium in the kidneys. This hormone helps to maintain blood pressure, fluid balance, and overall homeostasis in the body.

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32. When the number of receptors on a target cell increases this is called ______ ________

Explanation

Up regulation refers to the increase in the number of receptors on a target cell. This process occurs in response to a decrease in the concentration of a signaling molecule or hormone in the body. By increasing the number of receptors, the target cell becomes more sensitive to the signaling molecule, allowing for a stronger response. Up regulation is a regulatory mechanism that helps maintain homeostasis in the body.

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33. The anterior pituitary is glandular and has no neural connection to the hypothalamus

Explanation

The anterior pituitary is a glandular organ located at the base of the brain, and it is not directly connected to the hypothalamus through neural connections. Instead, the hypothalamus controls the anterior pituitary through a hormonal pathway. The hypothalamus releases hormones into the bloodstream, which then travel to the anterior pituitary and stimulate or inhibit the release of hormones from the pituitary gland. Therefore, the statement that the anterior pituitary has no neural connection to the hypothalamus is true.

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34. If blood becomes too concentrated, _______ goes to the kidney tubules and causes water to be reabsorbed and less urine is produced.

Explanation

When blood becomes too concentrated, the hormone ADH (antidiuretic hormone) is released. ADH acts on the kidney tubules, causing them to reabsorb water from the urine back into the bloodstream. This process helps to dilute the blood and maintain its normal concentration. As a result, less urine is produced and the body retains more water.

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35.
  • Type 2 Diabetes
  • Accounts for 97% of people with Diabetes Mellitus
  • Inability of tissues to respond to insulin
  • Leptin may play a role 
  • In some cases abnormal receptors may be produced or Abs may bind to receptors and deactivate them 

Explanation

Noninsulin-Dependent Diabetes Mellitus, also known as Type 2 Diabetes, is the correct answer because it accounts for 97% of people with Diabetes Mellitus. This type of diabetes is characterized by the inability of tissues to respond to insulin. Additionally, it is suggested that leptin may play a role in the development of Type 2 Diabetes, and in some cases, abnormal receptors may be produced or antibodies may bind to receptors and deactivate them.

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36. ______ Gland is the largest pure endocrine gland in the body.

Explanation

The thyroid gland is the largest pure endocrine gland in the body. It is responsible for producing and releasing thyroid hormones, which regulate metabolism and energy levels in the body. The adrenal gland, pituitary gland, pineal gland, and parathyroid gland also produce hormones, but they are either smaller in size or have additional functions beyond purely endocrine functions. Therefore, the correct answer is the thyroid gland.

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37. Muscle and bone loss, water and salt retention, hypertension (edema/moon face), redistribution of fat to posterior neck, and severe infections are all results of 

Explanation

Cushing's Disease is the correct answer because it is a condition caused by prolonged exposure to high levels of cortisol, a hormone produced by the adrenal glands. This excess cortisol can lead to muscle and bone loss, water and salt retention, hypertension (edema/moon face), redistribution of fat to the posterior neck, and increased susceptibility to severe infections. Addison's Disease, Graves Disease, and Myxedema are not associated with these specific symptoms.

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38. An autoimmune disease where abnormal antibodies mimic TSH so blood TH levels are high. 

Explanation

Graves Disease is the correct answer because it is an autoimmune disease where abnormal antibodies mimic thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), leading to an overproduction of thyroid hormones. This results in high levels of blood thyroid hormone (TH), causing symptoms such as weight loss, rapid heartbeat, and bulging eyes. Paget's Disease is a bone disorder, myxedema is a severe form of hypothyroidism, and cretinism is a congenital form of hypothyroidism, none of which involve high TH levels.

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39.
  • Produces erythropoetin (epo)
  • signals bone marrow to increase red blood cells

Explanation

The kidneys are responsible for producing erythropoietin (EPO), which is a hormone that signals the bone marrow to increase the production of red blood cells. Red blood cells are important for carrying oxygen throughout the body. Therefore, the kidneys play a crucial role in maintaining the body's oxygen levels by producing EPO and regulating red blood cell production.

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40. ________ primary effects are:
  • Gluconeogenesis 
  • Breakdown proteins and reuse amino acids for repair
  • Works with adrenalin to increase blood pressure for rapid delivery of fuel and nutrients to cells
  • Prevents over-activity of the immune system
  • During periods of stress blood levels of glucose, fatty acids and amino acids dramatically rise 

Explanation

Cortisol's primary effects include gluconeogenesis, the breakdown of proteins and reuse of amino acids for repair, working with adrenaline to increase blood pressure for rapid delivery of fuel and nutrients to cells, and preventing over-activity of the immune system. During periods of stress, blood levels of glucose, fatty acids, and amino acids dramatically rise.

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41.
  • Releases leptin into the body 
  • Targets CNS and signals satiety

Explanation

Adipose tissue is responsible for releasing leptin into the body. Leptin is a hormone that regulates energy balance by suppressing appetite and signaling satiety to the central nervous system (CNS). This means that when adipose tissue releases leptin, it sends signals to the CNS that the body is full and does not need to eat anymore. Therefore, the correct answer is Adipose.

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42. The Adrenal Glands have two parts the adrenal ______(true endocrine tissue) and _____(neural tissue). 

Explanation

The adrenal glands consist of two parts: the adrenal cortex and the adrenal medulla. The adrenal cortex is the outer layer of the gland and is responsible for producing hormones such as cortisol and aldosterone. The adrenal medulla, on the other hand, is the inner part of the gland and is involved in the production of adrenaline and noradrenaline, which are responsible for the body's response to stress and emergencies.

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43. _________ can be a lack of either Aldosterone or Cortisol

Explanation

Addison's Disease can occur due to a lack of either Aldosterone or Cortisol. This condition is characterized by the adrenal glands not producing enough of these hormones. Aldosterone helps regulate blood pressure and electrolyte balance, while Cortisol is involved in managing stress response and metabolism. When there is a deficiency in either of these hormones, it can lead to symptoms such as fatigue, weight loss, low blood pressure, and electrolyte imbalances. Therefore, Addison's Disease is the correct answer as it fits the description of a condition caused by a lack of Aldosterone or Cortisol.

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44. ______ makes glucose from molecules other than starch and sugar: 

Explanation

Gluconeogenesis is the process in which glucose is synthesized from non-carbohydrate sources such as amino acids, glycerol, and lactate. This process occurs mainly in the liver and kidneys when the body needs glucose for energy but there is a limited supply of carbohydrates available. Glycogen is a storage form of glucose in the body, glucagon is a hormone that increases blood sugar levels, and insulin is a hormone that lowers blood sugar levels. Therefore, the correct answer is gluconeogenesis, as it specifically refers to the production of glucose from molecules other than starch and sugar.

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45. In females ____ estrogen leads to increased _____ 
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46. A Trophic hormone

Explanation

This answer suggests that a trophic hormone is responsible for instructing the body on how to produce the final hormone. In other words, it acts as a signal or guide for the body to synthesize and release the final hormone.

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47. The Neuroendocrine Gland is the ___________

Explanation

The hypothalamus is known as the neuroendocrine gland because it plays a crucial role in regulating both the nervous system and the endocrine system. It produces and releases various hormones that control the release of hormones from the pituitary gland, which in turn regulates many other glands in the body. The hypothalamus also helps maintain homeostasis by controlling body temperature, hunger, thirst, and sleep. Therefore, it is the correct answer for the neuroendocrine gland.

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48. Hypothyroidism
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49. Aldosterone pumps ______ out of kidney tubules and into the blood while it pumps ______ out of blood and into the kidney tubules. 

Explanation

Aldosterone pumps sodium out of kidney tubules and into the blood while it pumps potassium out of blood and into the kidney tubules. This process helps regulate the balance of these ions in the body and plays a crucial role in maintaining proper fluid and electrolyte balance.

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50. Anti diuretic Hormone (ADH)

Explanation

ADH, also known as vasopressin, is a hormone produced in the posterior pituitary gland. It plays a crucial role in regulating water balance in the body by preventing excessive urine formation, thus preventing dehydration.

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51. Pathology of aldosterone: 
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52. Insulin ________ transport of glucose from blood to muscle and fat cells 

Explanation

Insulin plays a crucial role in regulating blood sugar levels by facilitating the transport of glucose from the bloodstream into muscle and fat cells. It does so by increasing the uptake of glucose by these cells, thereby reducing the concentration of glucose in the blood. Additionally, insulin stimulates the storage of glucose as glycogen in muscle and liver cells, further helping to lower blood sugar levels.

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53. Oxytocin

Explanation

Oxytocin is a hormone that is produced in the posterior pituitary, which is a part of the hypothalamus in the brain. It is released during childbirth to stimulate uterine contractions and facilitate the birthing process. Oxytocin also plays a role in breastfeeding, as it is released in nursing mothers to stimulate milk ejection. Therefore, the correct answer includes that oxytocin is produced in the posterior pituitary, releases during childbirth, releases in nursing mothers, stimulates uterine contractions, and stimulates milk ejection.

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54. Calcitonin is used to treat

Explanation

Calcitonin is a hormone that helps regulate calcium levels in the body. It inhibits bone breakdown by decreasing the activity of osteoclasts, the cells responsible for bone resorption. Paget's disease is a condition characterized by abnormal bone remodeling, leading to weakened and deformed bones. Calcitonin can be used as a treatment for Paget's disease to help slow down the excessive bone turnover and reduce bone pain. It is not commonly used for the other conditions listed, such as myxedema (severe hypothyroidism), Graves Disease (hyperthyroidism), or cretinism (congenital hypothyroidism).

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55.
  • Produces ANP 
  • Works at kdney tubules to increase production of 'salty' urine

Explanation

The correct answer is "Heart" because the heart does not produce ANP (atrial natriuretic peptide). ANP is produced by the atria of the heart and acts on the kidneys to increase the production of "salty" urine. The other options, Adipose, Thymus, and Kidney, do not produce ANP.

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56. Aldosterone secretion is stimulated by:

Explanation

Aldosterone secretion is stimulated by increased levels of potassium in the blood because aldosterone helps to regulate potassium levels in the body. When potassium levels are high, aldosterone is released to increase the excretion of potassium in the urine, thus lowering blood potassium levels. Similarly, aldosterone secretion is stimulated by decreased levels of sodium in the blood because aldosterone helps to reabsorb sodium in the kidneys, thus increasing blood sodium levels. Additionally, aldosterone secretion is stimulated by decreased blood volume and pressure to help retain sodium and water in the body, thereby increasing blood volume and pressure.

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57. _______ is a symptom of ______
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58. The pituitary gland secretes __ major hormones:

Explanation

The pituitary gland secretes 9 major hormones.

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59. During Glucose Tolerance Test, if after one our, blood values are less than _____ mg/dl and after 2 hours less than _____ mg/dl one is considered normal. But if The level is greater than ______ one is considered diabetic. If after two hours the level is between _____ and _____ one is considered pre-diabetic. 

Explanation

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60. ______ and ______ both inhibit TSH secretion as a negative feedback mechanism 

Explanation

Thyroid hormone (TH) and somatostatin both inhibit TSH secretion as a negative feedback mechanism. TH is produced by the thyroid gland and acts on the pituitary gland to suppress the release of TSH. This helps regulate the levels of TH in the body. Somatostatin, which is produced by the hypothalamus, also inhibits TSH secretion by acting on the pituitary gland. Together, TH and somatostatin play a role in maintaining the balance of thyroid hormone production and secretion in the body.

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61. Mechanism of Amino-Based Hormones:
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62. In the pancreas
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63. Causes include: 
  • a missing or abnormally developed thyroid gland
  • pituitary gland's failure to stimulate the thyroid
  • defective or abnormal formation of thyroid hormone

Explanation

Cretinism is a condition that occurs due to a missing or abnormally developed thyroid gland, pituitary gland's failure to stimulate the thyroid, or defective or abnormal formation of thyroid hormone. This leads to a deficiency of thyroid hormone in the body, which can cause severe mental and physical retardation in infants and children. The correct answer, Cretinism, aligns with the causes mentioned in the explanation.

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64. The four Trophic hormones in the Anterior pituitary

Explanation

The four trophic hormones in the anterior pituitary are TSH (thyroid-stimulating hormone), ACTH (adrenocorticotropic hormone), FSH (follicle-stimulating hormone), and LH (luteinizing hormone). TSH stimulates the thyroid gland to produce and release thyroid hormones, which regulate metabolism. ACTH stimulates the adrenal glands to produce and release cortisol, which helps the body respond to stress. FSH and LH are involved in the regulation of reproductive processes, such as the development of eggs in females and the production of testosterone in males.

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65. Pancreatic hormones...
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66. Aldosterone: 

Explanation

Aldosterone is a hormone that plays a crucial role in maintaining sodium balance in the body. It reduces sodium loss via excretion, meaning it helps to retain sodium in the body rather than excreting it. The primary target of aldosterone is the kidney tubules, where it stimulates the reabsorption of sodium. Therefore, aldosterone helps to maintain sodium balance by reducing its loss and promoting its reabsorption in the kidney tubules.

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67. Production of hormones in the posterior pituitary gland:
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68. Features of the Endocrine system

Explanation

The endocrine system is highly vascularized, meaning it has a rich blood supply. This is important because hormones produced by the endocrine glands need to be transported throughout the body via the bloodstream. Additionally, the endocrine system releases hormones directly into the surrounding tissue fluid, allowing them to easily diffuse into the bloodstream and reach their target cells. The endocrine system is ductless, meaning that it does not have ducts to transport hormones. Instead, hormones are released directly into the bloodstream.

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69. Pancreatic Islets form _____ kinds of hormone producing cells: ______________

Explanation

Pancreatic Islets form two kinds of hormone-producing cells, which are alpha and beta cells. Alpha cells produce the hormone glucagon, which helps increase blood sugar levels, while beta cells produce the hormone insulin, which helps lower blood sugar levels. These two hormones work together to regulate blood sugar levels in the body, maintaining a balance necessary for proper functioning.

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70. Most important hormone at controlling blood calcium levels 

Explanation

PTH, or parathyroid hormone, is the most important hormone for controlling blood calcium levels. It is secreted by the parathyroid glands and acts to increase blood calcium levels by stimulating the release of calcium from bones, increasing calcium absorption in the intestines, and reducing calcium excretion by the kidneys. PTH also indirectly stimulates the production of active vitamin D, which further enhances calcium absorption. Overall, PTH plays a crucial role in maintaining calcium homeostasis in the body.

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71. Process of Thyroid Hormone Production...
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72. The Posterior Pituitary Gland

Explanation

The posterior pituitary gland stores hormones and releases hormones made in the hypothalamus. It is neural tissue because it is an extension of the hypothalamus and is composed of nerve fibers. However, it does not make its own hormones, as the hormones it releases are produced by the hypothalamus.

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73. A hormone regulates cell metabolism by:
  • changing membrane __________ through ion channels
  • Stimulating _________ _________
  • Activating and Deactivating __________
  • Induce _______ of molecules from cells
  • Stimulate ___________

Explanation

Hormones can regulate cell metabolism by changing membrane permeability through ion channels, stimulating protein synthesis, activating and deactivating enzymes, inducing secretion of molecules from cells, and stimulating mitosis.

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74. Response of Target Cells depends on:

Explanation

The response of target cells depends on the affinity between the hormone and receptor, the number of receptors on a target cell, and the blood level of the hormone. Affinity refers to the strength of the bond between the hormone and receptor, which determines how well they can interact and initiate a response. The number of receptors on a target cell affects the sensitivity and responsiveness of the cell to the hormone. The blood level of the hormone determines the availability and concentration of the hormone for binding to receptors and initiating a response.

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75. In the Anterior Pituitary gland, the Hypophyseal Portal System carries _______ and ______ hormones from the ventral hypothalamus to the _________

Explanation

The Hypophyseal Portal System carries releasing and inhibiting hormones from the ventral hypothalamus to the adenohypophysis in the Anterior Pituitary gland. These releasing and inhibiting hormones regulate the secretion of various hormones by the adenohypophysis, thereby controlling the overall endocrine function of the body.

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76. Cretinism Symptoms:

Explanation

The correct answer is mental retardation, puffy face, and thick, protruding tongue. Cretinism is a condition that occurs when there is a deficiency of thyroid hormones during fetal development or infancy. This deficiency can lead to various symptoms, including mental retardation, which is characterized by below-average intellectual functioning and impaired adaptive skills. The puffy face is caused by the accumulation of fluid, while the thick, protruding tongue is a result of abnormal growth. These symptoms are commonly associated with cretinism.

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77. Alcohol is a ______ and it inhibits ______ secretion causing and increase in ______ output.

Explanation

Alcohol is classified as a diuretic, meaning it increases urine production. It achieves this by inhibiting the secretion of antidiuretic hormone (ADH). ADH is responsible for regulating the amount of water reabsorbed by the kidneys, so when its secretion is inhibited, more water is excreted in the urine. Therefore, alcohol consumption leads to an increase in urine output.

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78. PTH
  • ______ osteoclasts to breakdown bone and release calcium 
  • ______ loss of calcium in urine
  • ______ absorption of calcium from intestine 

Explanation

PTH (parathyroid hormone) stimulates osteoclasts to breakdown bone and release calcium, decreases loss of calcium in urine, and increases absorption of calcium from the intestine.

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79. Most common cause of hyperthyroidism

Explanation

Graves disease is the most common cause of hyperthyroidism. It is an autoimmune disorder where the immune system mistakenly attacks the thyroid gland, leading to overproduction of thyroid hormones. This results in symptoms such as weight loss, increased heart rate, anxiety, and tremors. Other causes of hyperthyroidism include toxic multinodular goiter and toxic adenoma, but Graves disease accounts for the majority of cases.

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80. Mechanism of Steroid Hormones (and thyroid hormones):
  • Diffuse easily across plasma membrane 
  • Binds to an ___________ _________
  • Homone-receptor complex moves into __________ and binds with _______ (this stimulates _________)
  • _______ moves to cytoplasm where it is translated to a _________

Explanation

Steroid hormones and thyroid hormones are able to diffuse easily across the plasma membrane. Once inside the cell, they bind to an intracellular receptor. This hormone-receptor complex then moves into the nucleus and binds with hormone response elements (HREs) on the DNA. This binding stimulates the transcription of specific genes, resulting in the production of mRNA. The mRNA then moves to the cytoplasm where it is translated to a protein.

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81. Prolactin's release is stimulated by _______ from the hypothalamus. Release is inhibited by _______ which is also known as dopamine. In females it stimulates __________. In males it enhances _________ production. 

Explanation

Prolactin's release is stimulated by PRH (prolactin-releasing hormone) from the hypothalamus. Release is inhibited by PIH (prolactin-inhibiting hormone), which is also known as dopamine. In females, prolactin stimulates milk production. In males, it enhances testosterone production.

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82. ________ help to regulate the metabolic rate of most cells in the body in an effort to resist stress, helps body to adapt to intermittent food intake, keeps blood sugar and volume levels constant.

Explanation

Glucocorticoids help to regulate the metabolic rate of most cells in the body, which is important for resisting stress. They also help the body adapt to intermittent food intake by maintaining blood sugar levels and keeping blood volume levels constant.

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83. Glucocorticoid levels significantly rise during:

Explanation

Glucocorticoid levels significantly rise during emotional trauma, hemorrhage, infection, and physical trauma. Glucocorticoids are hormones that are released by the adrenal glands in response to stress. These hormones play a crucial role in regulating the body's response to stress and inflammation. During emotional trauma, the body releases glucocorticoids to help cope with the stress. Similarly, during hemorrhage, infection, and physical trauma, the body releases glucocorticoids to initiate an immune response and aid in the healing process. Therefore, elevated glucocorticoid levels are observed during these conditions.

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84. ______ -> FSH+LH  -> ______ -> ________

Explanation

The given sequence represents the hormonal pathway involved in the production of testosterone. GnRH (gonadotropin-releasing hormone) stimulates the release of FSH (follicle-stimulating hormone) and LH (luteinizing hormone) from the pituitary gland. FSH and LH then act on the testes to stimulate the production of testosterone, which is the end product of this pathway.

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85. ______ Gland is unique in its ability to store hormone extracellularly 

Explanation

The correct answer is Thyroid. The thyroid gland is unique in its ability to store hormone extracellularly. It stores a large amount of thyroid hormone in the form of thyroglobulin, which is stored extracellularly in the colloid of the thyroid follicles. When needed, this stored hormone is released into the bloodstream. The adrenal, pituitary, pineal, and parathyroid glands do not store hormones in the same way as the thyroid gland.

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86. The endocrine glands are _______ _______ _______ _______ and  _______.

Explanation

The correct answer lists the names of the endocrine glands, which are the adrenal gland, pituitary gland, pineal gland, parathyroid gland, and thyroid gland. These glands are responsible for producing and releasing hormones into the bloodstream, which regulate various bodily functions and maintain homeostasis.

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87. _____ -> ACTH -> _______ -> _________

Explanation

The given answer correctly fills in the blanks in the sequence. CRH (corticotropin-releasing hormone) is released by the hypothalamus, which then stimulates the release of ACTH (adrenocorticotropic hormone) from the pituitary gland. ACTH then stimulates the adrenal gland to produce corticosteroids, which are a type of hormone that helps regulate various bodily functions. Therefore, the correct sequence is CRH - ACTH - adrenal gland - corticosteroid.

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88. _______ increases the body's use of glucose and increases metabolic rate of cells 

Explanation

TH refers to thyroid hormone, specifically thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3). These hormones are produced by the thyroid gland and play a crucial role in regulating metabolism. When TH levels are high, it increases the body's use of glucose and enhances the metabolic rate of cells. This means that more glucose is broken down for energy, and cellular processes occur at a faster pace. Overall, TH helps to maintain energy balance and regulate various physiological functions in the body.

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89. ______ -> TSH -> ______ -> ________

Explanation

The given sequence represents the pathway of hormone production in the body. TRH (thyrotropin-releasing hormone) stimulates the thyroid gland to produce TSH (thyroid-stimulating hormone). TSH then acts on the thyroid gland to produce T3 (triiodothyronine) and T4 (thyroxine), which are important hormones involved in regulating metabolism and growth. Therefore, the correct answer is TRH thyroid gland T3 T4.

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90. Calcitonin
  • ______ blood calcium and phosphate
  • ______ osteoblast activity and the uptake of calcium into the bone
  • ______ osteoclasts and the breakdown of bones 

Explanation

Calcitonin is a hormone that lowers blood calcium and phosphate levels. It stimulates osteoblast activity, which leads to an increase in the uptake of calcium into the bones. Additionally, it decreases the activity of osteoclasts, which are responsible for the breakdown of bones.

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91. Hyperthyroidism

Explanation

Hyperthyroidism is a condition where the thyroid gland produces an excess amount of thyroid hormone. This can lead to various symptoms, including excessive sweating, weight loss, and nervousness. Excessive sweating occurs because the body's metabolism is increased, causing the body to produce more heat. Weight loss is a common symptom due to the increased metabolic rate, which leads to the burning of more calories. Nervousness can occur as a result of the increased stimulation of the nervous system by the excess thyroid hormone. These symptoms are characteristic of hyperthyroidism and can help in diagnosing the condition.

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92. Myxedema 

Explanation

Myxedema is a condition that occurs due to a combination of factors including a defective thyroid, low levels of TSH or TRH, and inadequate iodine. The defective thyroid is unable to produce enough thyroid hormones, which leads to a decrease in TSH or TRH levels. Inadequate iodine intake further exacerbates the problem as iodine is necessary for the production of thyroid hormones. Together, these factors contribute to the development of myxedema.

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93. Organs containing endocrine tissue

Explanation

The correct answer includes the pancreas, placenta, and ovaries and testes. These organs contain endocrine tissue, which means they produce and release hormones directly into the bloodstream. The pancreas produces insulin and glucagon, which regulate blood sugar levels. The placenta produces hormones to support pregnancy. The ovaries produce estrogen and progesterone, while the testes produce testosterone. These hormones play crucial roles in reproductive and overall health. The other organs listed, such as the kidneys, stomach, and brain, do not primarily function as endocrine organs.

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94. Myxedema Symptoms: 

Explanation

The given symptoms, lethargy, goiter, and feeling cold, are indicative of myxedema. Myxedema is a condition caused by severe hypothyroidism, which occurs when the thyroid gland does not produce enough thyroid hormone. Lethargy refers to extreme fatigue and lack of energy, which is a common symptom of hypothyroidism. Goiter is the enlargement of the thyroid gland, often seen in cases of hypothyroidism. Feeling cold is also a symptom of hypothyroidism, as the lack of thyroid hormone can affect the body's ability to regulate temperature.

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95. Anterior Pituitary Hormones:

Explanation

The correct answer is "six major hormones, all hormones are protein, four hormones are trophic." The anterior pituitary gland secretes six major hormones: growth hormone (GH), adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), and prolactin (PRL). All hormones secreted by the anterior pituitary gland are proteins. Additionally, four of these hormones (ACTH, TSH, FSH, and LH) are considered trophic hormones as they stimulate the secretion of other hormones by their target glands.

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96. Diabetes Mellitus 

Explanation

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97. Release of TSH from the ____________ gland is triggered by release of ______ ( ________________ ) from the _________

Explanation

The release of TSH (Thyroid Stimulating Hormone) from the anterior pituitary gland is triggered by the release of TRH (Thyrotropin Releasing Hormone) from the hypothalamus.

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98. Growth Hormone Pathology
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99. A hormone is a chemical messenger released by cells in order to ______________________________. Hormones are either _________ __________ based or _______________.

Explanation

Hormones are chemical messengers released by cells in order to regulate cell metabolism. They can be classified into two types: amino acid-based hormones and steroidal hormones. Amino acid-based hormones are derived from amino acids, while steroidal hormones are derived from cholesterol. Both types of hormones play a crucial role in maintaining homeostasis and coordinating various physiological processes in the body.

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_____ + _____ = Gonadotrophins 
TSH stands for ____________
Secretes Melatonin
________ gland is located in the anterior trachea just below the...
The pituitary gland is connected to the hypothalamus via the
Secretes epinephrine and norepinephrine into blood, is sympathetic...
Cortisol pathology 
Large in infants and children ...
The anterior pituitary
___________ includes sex hormones and is mostly androgens...
The Pituitary Gland is also called the
Regulates electrolyte concentrations, particularly sodium and...
Secretion of ________ results in ________ of Growth Hormone
_____ is produced by the parafollicular cells of the thyroid gland
The most important ________ is cortisol (hydrocortisone), cortisone,...
Produced by Anterior Pituitary. Major target is Bones and Skeletal...
Type 1 Diabetes ...
_______ stimulates adrenal cortex to release corticosteroid...
3 distinct layers of the Adrenal Cortex: 
In the Pancreas:
The __________ is both endocrine and exocrine tissue 
Insufficient insulin 
When the number of receptors on a target cell decreases this is called...
Each layer of the Adrenal Cortex produces a certain hormone:
Parafoliicular Cells in the Thyroid produce _____
ADH Deficiency leads to Diabetes Insipidus
PTH is the opposite of ______
Excess cortisol results in _________. 
In the pancreas, _______ causes release of glucose into the blood,...
The Body's major metabolic hormone that affects almost every cell...
Most important and abundant mineralocorticoid 
When the number of receptors on a target cell increases this is called...
The anterior pituitary is glandular and has no neural connection to...
If blood becomes too concentrated, _______ goes to the kidney tubules...
Type 2 Diabetes...
______ Gland is the largest pure endocrine gland in the body.
Muscle and bone loss, water and salt retention, hypertension...
An autoimmune disease where abnormal antibodies mimic TSH so blood TH...
Produces erythropoetin (epo)...
________ primary effects are:...
Releases leptin into the body ...
The Adrenal Glands have two parts the adrenal ______(true endocrine...
_________ can be a lack of either Aldosterone or Cortisol
______ makes glucose from molecules other than starch and sugar: 
In females ____ estrogen leads to increased _____ 
A Trophic hormone
The Neuroendocrine Gland is the ___________
Hypothyroidism
Aldosterone pumps ______ out of kidney tubules and into the blood...
Anti diuretic Hormone (ADH)
Pathology of aldosterone: 
Insulin ________ transport of glucose from blood to muscle and fat...
Oxytocin
Calcitonin is used to treat
Produces ANP ...
Aldosterone secretion is stimulated by:
_______ is a symptom of ______
The pituitary gland secretes __ major hormones:
During Glucose Tolerance Test, if after one our, blood values are less...
______ and ______ both inhibit TSH secretion as a negative feedback...
Mechanism of Amino-Based Hormones:
In the pancreas
Causes include: ...
The four Trophic hormones in the Anterior pituitary
Pancreatic hormones...
Aldosterone: 
Production of hormones in the posterior pituitary gland:
Features of the Endocrine system
Pancreatic Islets form _____ kinds of hormone producing cells:...
Most important hormone at controlling blood calcium levels 
Process of Thyroid Hormone Production...
The Posterior Pituitary Gland
A hormone regulates cell metabolism by:...
Response of Target Cells depends on:
In the Anterior Pituitary gland, the Hypophyseal Portal System carries...
Cretinism Symptoms:
Alcohol is a ______ and it inhibits ______ secretion causing and...
PTH...
Most common cause of hyperthyroidism
Mechanism of Steroid Hormones (and thyroid hormones):...
Prolactin's release is stimulated by _______ from the...
________ help to regulate the metabolic rate of most cells in the body...
Glucocorticoid levels significantly rise during:
______ -> FSH+LH  -> ______ -> ________
______ Gland is unique in its ability to store hormone...
The endocrine glands are _______ _______ _______ _______ and ...
_____ -> ACTH -> _______ -> _________
_______ increases the body's use of glucose and increases...
______ -> TSH -> ______ -> ________
Calcitonin...
Hyperthyroidism
Myxedema 
Organs containing endocrine tissue
Myxedema Symptoms: 
Anterior Pituitary Hormones:
Diabetes Mellitus 
Release of TSH from the ____________ gland is triggered by release of...
Growth Hormone Pathology
A hormone is a chemical messenger released by cells in order to...
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