A&p II Endocrine Multiple Choice

If the cells in your kidneys lacked receptors for ADH (antidiuretic hormone), it means that they would not be able to respond to the hormone's signal to reabsorb water. As a result, your kidneys would not be able to concentrate urine and remove excess water from the body effectively. This would lead to increased urine production and excessive loss of water, causing severe dehydration.

The pancreas has more exocrine tissue than endocrine tissue. The exocrine tissue in the pancreas produces and releases digestive enzymes into the small intestine, aiding in the digestion of food. The endocrine tissue in the pancreas, known as the islets of Langerhans, produces hormones such as insulin and glucagon, which regulate blood sugar levels. However, the exocrine tissue in the pancreas is more abundant and plays a larger role in the overall function of the organ.

The correct answer is "are transported to the posterior pituitary within axons." Hormones secreted from the posterior pituitary, such as oxytocin and vasopressin, are actually produced in the hypothalamus, not the anterior pituitary. They are then transported to the posterior pituitary through special nerve fibers called axons. This is why they are often referred to as neurohypophysial hormones.

Somatomedin, also known as insulin-like growth factors (ICGFs), are secreted in response to growth hormone (GH) stimulation. GH is a hormone produced by the pituitary gland that plays a crucial role in promoting growth and development. It stimulates the liver and other tissues to produce somatomedins, which in turn mediate the growth-promoting effects of GH. Therefore, GH is the correct answer as it directly stimulates somatomedin secretion.

If the hypothalmo-hypophyseal tract were destroyed, the hormone oxytocin would no longer be secreted. The hypothalmo-hypophyseal tract is responsible for the transport of oxytocin from the hypothalamus to the posterior pituitary gland, where it is then released into the bloodstream. Oxytocin plays a role in various physiological processes, such as uterine contractions during childbirth and milk letdown during breastfeeding. Without the intact hypothalmo-hypophyseal tract, the transport and secretion of oxytocin would be disrupted, leading to a lack of oxytocin release.

Insulin is a peptide hormone that regulates glucose metabolism in the body. When insulin is released into the bloodstream by the pancreatic beta cells, it binds to specific receptors located on the target cell membrane. These receptors allow insulin to initiate a series of signaling cascades within the cell, leading to the uptake of glucose from the bloodstream. Therefore, the correct answer is "on the target cell membrane".

Thyroxine-binding globulin is not a hormone. It is a protein that binds to and transports thyroid hormones in the bloodstream. Hormones are chemical messengers that regulate various bodily functions, while thyroxine-binding globulin plays a role in the transport of hormones rather than being a hormone itself.

The bladder is the most likely option that does not contain endocrine tissue. The heart, hypothalamus, kidney, and carotid arteries are all known to have endocrine tissue present. However, the bladder is primarily responsible for storing and releasing urine, and does not have a known function in hormone production or secretion. Therefore, it is unlikely to contain endocrine tissue.

CRH (Corticotropin Releasing Hormone) is responsible for stimulating the release of ACTH (Adrenocorticotropic hormone) from the pituitary gland. ACTH, in turn, stimulates the release of cortisol and coricosterone from the adrenal glands. However, CRH does not directly affect the release of thyroxine, which is a hormone produced by the thyroid gland. Therefore, it would not raise the blood concentration of thyroxine.

After a total thyroidectomy, where the entire thyroid gland is removed, one would expect to see an increased secretion of TSH (thyroid-stimulating hormone). This is because the removal of the thyroid gland disrupts the feedback loop that regulates thyroid hormone production. With the absence of T3 and T4 production, there is a decrease in negative feedback on the pituitary gland, leading to an increased secretion of TSH in an attempt to stimulate the non-existent thyroid gland. The other options (increased calcitonin secretion, increased secretion of T3 and T4, decreased TRH secretion) are not expected after a total thyroidectomy.

The adrenal medulla is formed from a modified portion of the sympathetic division of the ANS. This means that it is derived from the same embryonic tissue as the sympathetic nervous system and shares some similarities in function. The adrenal medulla is responsible for producing and releasing adrenaline and noradrenaline, which are not steroid hormones. Cortisol, on the other hand, is produced by the adrenal cortex, not the adrenal medulla. The adrenal medulla actually increases its secretions during exercise, as it is involved in the body's response to stress and physical activity. Therefore, the correct answer is that the adrenal medulla is formed from a modified portion of the sympathetic division of the ANS.

When aldosterone secretions increase, it leads to an increase in blood volume. Aldosterone is a hormone that is released by the adrenal glands and plays a crucial role in regulating the body's fluid balance. It acts on the kidneys to increase the reabsorption of sodium and water, which in turn increases the volume of blood circulating in the body. This increase in blood volume can have various effects on the body, such as increasing blood pressure and improving overall circulation.

Thyroxine is the correct answer because it is the only hormone in the list that is not produced by the anterior pituitary gland. Adrenocorticotropic hormone, follicle-stimulating hormone, thyrotropin, and prolactin are all produced by the anterior pituitary gland, whereas thyroxine is produced by the thyroid gland.

Thyroglobulin acts as a storage mechanism for thyroid hormones. This means that thyroid hormones are bound to thyroglobulin in order to be stored until they are needed by the body. This allows for a controlled release of thyroid hormones into the bloodstream when necessary.

Prostaglandins are derived from arachidonic acid. Arachidonic acid is a polyunsaturated fatty acid that serves as the precursor for the synthesis of prostaglandins. It is released from cell membranes by the action of phospholipase A2 and then converted into prostaglandins through the action of enzymes like cyclooxygenase. Prostaglandins play important roles in various physiological processes such as inflammation, blood clotting, and regulation of blood pressure.