Pharmacy Practice Quiz: Trivia Exam!

The Gates Foundation donates to Glaxo for research in malaria treatment because Africa is the continent where malaria is a major death-causing disease. This donation aims to support efforts to find effective treatments and prevent the spread of malaria in Africa, where it is most prevalent and has a significant impact on public health.

During glycolysis under anaerobic conditions, a total of 2 ATP molecules are produced. This occurs through substrate-level phosphorylation, where 2 ATP molecules are generated directly from the breakdown of glucose. However, it should be noted that in the absence of oxygen, pyruvate cannot enter the Krebs cycle and oxidative phosphorylation, resulting in a lower overall ATP yield compared to aerobic conditions.

CYP3A is the isoform of the microsomal enzyme that is induced by cigarette smoking. Cigarette smoke contains various toxic compounds that can activate the expression of CYP3A enzymes in the liver. This induction is a defense mechanism of the body to metabolize and eliminate these harmful compounds. CYP3A enzymes are responsible for the metabolism of many drugs and toxins, and their induction by cigarette smoking can lead to altered drug metabolism and potential drug interactions.

The PMR spectrum of 1,3-dichloropropane shows two peaks. This indicates that there are two different types of hydrogen atoms in the molecule. Each type of hydrogen atom will have a different chemical environment, resulting in a different chemical shift and therefore appearing as separate peaks in the spectrum.

Gelatin is the correct answer because it is commonly used to make non-crosslinking capsules. Gelatin is a protein derived from collagen, usually obtained from animal sources such as bovine or porcine. It is widely used in the pharmaceutical and food industries due to its ability to form a gel-like substance when mixed with water. Gelatin capsules are easy to swallow and dissolve quickly in the stomach, making them ideal for delivering medications or supplements. Gelatin capsules are also known for their stability and compatibility with a wide range of substances.

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In PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction), Mg2+ is used as a cofactor for the DNA polymerase enzyme. Mg2+ helps in stabilizing the DNA template and primer, and also facilitates the binding of the DNA polymerase enzyme to the DNA template. It is essential for the enzymatic activity of DNA polymerase, as it helps in the formation of phosphodiester bonds between nucleotides during DNA synthesis. Therefore, Mg2+ is crucial for the successful amplification of DNA in PCR reactions.

The amended Indian Patent Act 1970 came into effect in 2005. This means that any changes or modifications made to the original act were implemented and became law in 2005.

Metaclopramide is the correct answer because it is a prokinetic agent that increases gastrointestinal motility and prevents reflux. It is commonly used to treat symptoms of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) and can help protect against gastric aspiration syndrome, which occurs when stomach contents enter the lungs. Ondansetron is an antiemetic used to treat nausea and vomiting, but it does not specifically protect against gastric aspiration. Sodium citrate is an antacid that can help neutralize stomach acid, but it does not address the issue of reflux. Atropine is a medication used for various purposes, but it does not offer protection from gastric aspiration.

Malonate is a competitive inhibitor of succinate dehydrogenase. Competitive inhibitors bind to the active site of an enzyme, preventing the substrate from binding and inhibiting the enzyme's activity. In this case, malonate competes with succinate for binding to succinate dehydrogenase, thereby inhibiting its function. Isocitrate dehydrogenase, alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase, and thiokinase are not affected by malonate.

Beta carboline is the correct answer because it is a type of compound that binds to a receptor and produces the opposite effect of an agonist. In other words, it reduces the activity of the receptor instead of enhancing it. Cannabinoids, on the other hand, can act as agonists or partial agonists, but not as inverse agonists. Therefore, the correct answer is beta carboline.

The glowing of fireflies is due to ATP. ATP, or adenosine triphosphate, is a molecule that serves as the main energy source for cellular processes. Fireflies have a special enzyme called luciferase, which interacts with ATP and a molecule called luciferin to produce light. This process, known as bioluminescence, is what causes fireflies to glow.

The Indian Drug Manufacturing Association (IDMA) is located in Bombay.

The statement that "It has significant oral absorption" is not true about nesiritide. Nesiritide is a brain natriuretic peptide analogue that is used in the treatment of acutely decompensated heart failure. However, it does not have significant oral absorption. Instead, it is administered intravenously due to its poor oral bioavailability. Additionally, nesiritide has a short half-life, further supporting the need for intravenous administration.

Glyoxaline nuclease is a part of the structure of Pilocarpine. Pilocarpine is a natural alkaloid found in the leaves of the Pilocarpus jaborandi plant. Glyoxaline nuclease is an enzyme that is involved in the breakdown of nucleic acids. Therefore, it can be inferred that Pilocarpine contains glyoxaline nuclease as a part of its structure.

Buddhism was founded in the 6th Century BC. This religion originated in ancient India and was founded by Siddhartha Gautama, also known as Buddha. He was born in the 6th Century BC and after attaining enlightenment, he began teaching his principles and philosophy, which later became the foundation of Buddhism. The correct answer aligns with the historical timeline of the religion's establishment.

Phloem fibers are absent in Kurchi bark. Phloem fibers are specialized cells that provide support and strength to the plant. They are found in the phloem tissue, which is responsible for transporting sugars and other organic compounds throughout the plant. However, in Kurchi bark, these fibers are not present. This absence of phloem fibers in Kurchi bark may be due to its specific cellular composition and structure.

Lexipafant is the correct answer because it is a PAF antagonist. PAF (Platelet-Activating Factor) is a lipid mediator involved in various inflammatory processes. PAF antagonists inhibit the effects of PAF, reducing inflammation and related symptoms. Icatibant is a bradykinin B2 receptor antagonist used for hereditary angioedema, Leflunamide is an immunosuppressive drug used for rheumatoid arthritis, and Acemetacin is a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug used for pain and inflammation.

Thyroxine is the correct answer because it is a lipid-soluble hormone that can easily pass through the cell membrane. Once inside the cell, it binds to intracellular receptors located in the nucleus, rather than cell surface receptors. Adrenaline, GH, and Insulin, on the other hand, are all peptide hormones that bind to cell surface receptors to initiate their signaling pathways.

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The correct answer is "As foot note." When a holding company has a contingent liability in relation to one of its subsidiaries, or vice versa, this information should be disclosed as a footnote in the consolidated balance sheet. This means that the liability is not directly included in the balance sheet figures, but instead, it is mentioned as additional information in the footnotes section. This allows the users of the financial statements to be aware of the contingent liability and its potential impact on the consolidated financial position.

Pyruvate can be directly converted to lactate through a process called lactate fermentation. This occurs when there is an insufficient supply of oxygen in the cell, leading to the conversion of pyruvate to lactate by the enzyme lactate dehydrogenase. This process helps to regenerate NAD+ for glycolysis to continue in the absence of oxygen. Additionally, lactate can be further converted back to pyruvate in the liver through a process called the Cori cycle. Therefore, lactate is a valid option for the direct conversion of pyruvate.

The Nobel Prize for Economics was instituted in the year 1968. This award was established by the Sveriges Riksbank (the central bank of Sweden) in memory of Alfred Nobel, the inventor of dynamite. The prize is awarded annually to individuals who have made significant contributions to the field of economics. Prior to 1968, there was no Nobel Prize specifically dedicated to economics, and it was added as a separate category to the existing Nobel Prizes in Physics, Chemistry, Medicine, Literature, and Peace.

Fructokinase is necessary for the conversion of fructose-1-phosphate. It catalyzes the phosphorylation of fructose-1-phosphate, converting it into fructose-1,6-diphosphate. Fructose-1-phosphate is an intermediate in fructose metabolism and is further metabolized to produce energy. Without fructokinase, the conversion of fructose-1-phosphate would not occur, leading to a disruption in fructose metabolism and energy production.