Pharmacotherapy Exam 1 September 27: Lecture 2 - Introduction To Autonomic ETC

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  • 1/12 Questions

    According to the handout, the synapse neurotransmitter common to ALL neurons exiting the spinal cord toward their synapses, whether in ganglions or at effector organs is:

    • Acetylcholine
    • Norepinephrine
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About This Quiz

Creighton University Nursing Pharmacotherapy exam 1 learning quiz. This quiz might NOT simulate any case/scenario exam questions. Rather, it is only meant to reinforce the basics and the details that exam scenario questions would be built on.
So as not to discourage anyone from adding good questions, let's just say that as long as you are close in the "fill in the blanks" answers (you decide) count yourself right. Otherwise, the question creator will have to try to think of every possible way a quiz taker might type in a right answer, and that is too much to require of us.

Pharmacotherapy Exam 1 September 27: Lecture 2 - Introduction To Autonomic ETC - Quiz

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  • 2. 

    Most commonly, if the drug name ends in "-olol", it is a _________-blocker.

    Explanation
    Most commonly, if the drug name ends in "-olol", it is a beta-blocker. Beta-blockers are a class of medications that work by blocking the effects of adrenaline on beta receptors in the body. They are commonly used to treat conditions such as high blood pressure, angina, and certain heart rhythm disorders. The "-olol" suffix is a common naming convention used for drugs in this class, making it a useful indicator for identifying beta-blockers.

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  • 3. 

    Most commonly, if a drug name ends in "-alol", it is a combined _________ and ________ blocker.

    Explanation
    If a drug name ends in "-alol", it is most commonly a combined alpha and beta blocker. Alpha blockers work by blocking the alpha receptors in the body, which leads to relaxation of blood vessels and a decrease in blood pressure. Beta blockers, on the other hand, block the beta receptors, which reduces the effects of adrenaline and helps to lower heart rate and blood pressure. Therefore, a drug ending in "-alol" is likely to have both alpha and beta blocking properties.

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  • 4. 

       The following are characteristics of which system?Eye – miosis, lens focused for near visionExocrine glands – (lacrimal, mucous, salivary etc.)- increased secretionsLung – bronchoconstrictionHeart – decreased heart rateGastrointestinal tract – increased gastric acid and increased motilityUrinary bladder – increased urinationMale sex organs – erection

    • Parasympathetic

    • Sympathetic

    Correct Answer
    A. Parasympathetic
    Explanation
    The characteristics listed in the question, such as miosis, increased secretions, bronchoconstriction, decreased heart rate, increased gastric acid and motility, increased urination, and erection, are all associated with the parasympathetic nervous system. This branch of the autonomic nervous system is responsible for controlling the body's rest and digest functions, as well as promoting sexual arousal and reproduction.

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  • 5. 

    The parasympathetic effector junctions are ALL to what type of receptors?

    • Muscalinic

    • Nicotinic

    Correct Answer
    A. Muscalinic
    Explanation
    The parasympathetic effector junctions are all connected to muscarinic receptors. These receptors are part of the cholinergic system, which is responsible for the parasympathetic nervous system's actions. Muscarinic receptors are found in various organs and tissues, including the heart, smooth muscles, and glands. When activated by acetylcholine, they cause a variety of responses, such as slowing heart rate, stimulating smooth muscle contraction, and increasing glandular secretions. Therefore, the correct answer is muscarinic.

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  • 6. 

    The more common function that β2 receptors have on their effector organs is

    • Dilation/relaxation

    • Constriction/toning

    Correct Answer
    A. Dilation/relaxation
    Explanation
    β2 receptors are primarily found in smooth muscle tissues, such as those in the bronchioles of the lungs and blood vessels. When these receptors are activated, they cause relaxation or dilation of the smooth muscles. This leads to bronchodilation, which helps in improving airflow in the lungs, and vasodilation, which results in the widening of blood vessels. Therefore, the more common function of β2 receptors on their effector organs is dilation/relaxation.

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  • 7. 

    Mark the characteristics of the SOMATIC nervous system

    • Ganglions nearer to the effectors

    • Ganglions nearer to the spinal cord

    • One neuron chain, no ganglion, no hormones

    • One neuron chain, no ganglion, epinephrine and norepinephrine hormones

    • α receptors on some or all effectors

    • β receptors on some or all effectors

    • Muscarinic receptors on some or all effectors

    • Nicotinic receptors on some or all effectors

    • Nerves exit spinal cord only in cranial and sacral regions

    • Nerves exit spinal cord only in thoracic and lumbar regions

    • Norepinephrine used in at least one junction or synapse

    • Dopamine used in at least one junction or synapse

    • Acetylcholine used in at least one junction or synapse

    Correct Answer(s)
    A. One neuron chain, no ganglion, no hormones
    A. Nicotinic receptors on some or all effectors
    A. Acetylcholine used in at least one junction or synapse
    Explanation
    The characteristics of the SOMATIC nervous system include having one neuron chain, no ganglion, no hormones, nicotinic receptors on some or all effectors, and the use of Acetylcholine in at least one junction or synapse. This means that the signals from the brain or spinal cord directly go to the effectors without any intermediate ganglion, and there are no hormones involved in the transmission. The presence of nicotinic receptors suggests that nicotine can bind to these receptors and affect the functioning of the effectors. Acetylcholine is used as a neurotransmitter in at least one junction or synapse, facilitating the transmission of signals between neurons.

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  • 8. 

    Mark the characteristics of the PARASYMPATHETIC nervous system

    • Ganglions nearer to the effectors

    • Ganglions nearer to the spinal cord

    • One neuron chain, no ganglion, no hormones

    • One neuron chain, no ganglion, epinephrine and norepinephrine hormones

    • α receptors on some or all effectors

    • β receptors on some or all effectors

    • Muscarinic receptors on some or all effectors

    • Nicotinic receptors on some or all effectors

    • Nerves exit spinal cord only in cranial and sacral regions

    • Nerves exit spinal cord only in thoracic and lumbar regions

    • Norepinephrine used in at least one junction or synapse

    • Dopamine used in at least one junction or synapse

    • Acetylcholine used in at least one junction or synapse

    Correct Answer(s)
    A. Ganglions nearer to the effectors
    A. Muscarinic receptors on some or all effectors
    A. Nerves exit spinal cord only in cranial and sacral regions
    A. Acetylcholine used in at least one junction or synapse
    Explanation
    The characteristics of the parasympathetic nervous system include ganglions that are located nearer to the effectors, muscarinic receptors on some or all effectors, nerves that exit the spinal cord only in the cranial and sacral regions, and the use of acetylcholine in at least one junction or synapse.

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  • 9. 

    Select all the direct-acting muscarinic receptor agonists

    • Acetylcholine

    • Cevimeline

    • Carbachol

    • Bethanechol

    • Pilocarpine

    • Muscarine

    Correct Answer(s)
    A. Acetylcholine
    A. Cevimeline
    A. Bethanechol
    A. Pilocarpine
    A. Muscarine
    Explanation
    Acetylcholine, cevimeline, bethanechol, pilocarpine, and muscarine are all direct-acting muscarinic receptor agonists. These substances directly bind to and activate muscarinic receptors, leading to various physiological effects. They mimic the action of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine, which is the endogenous ligand for muscarinic receptors. By activating these receptors, direct-acting muscarinic receptor agonists can elicit responses such as increased smooth muscle contraction, decreased heart rate, and increased glandular secretions.

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  • 10. 

    Mark the characteristics of the SYMPATHOADRENAL nervous system

    • Ganglions nearer to the effectors

    • Ganglions nearer to the spinal cord

    • One neuron chain, no ganglion, no hormones

    • One neuron chain, no ganglion, epinephrine and norepinephrine hormones

    • α receptors on some or all effectors

    • β receptors on some or all effectors

    • Muscarinic receptors on some or all effectors

    • Nicotinic receptors on some or all effectors

    • Nerves exit spinal cord only in cranial and sacral regions

    • Nerves exit spinal cord only in thoracic and lumbar regions

    • Norepinephrine used in at least one junction or synapse

    • Dopamine used in at least one junction or synapse

    • Acetylcholine used in at least one junction or synapse

    Correct Answer(s)
    A. One neuron chain, no ganglion, epinephrine and norepinephrine hormones
    A. α receptors on some or all effectors
    A. β receptors on some or all effectors
    A. Nerves exit spinal cord only in thoracic and lumbar regions
    A. Norepinephrine used in at least one junction or synapse
    A. Acetylcholine used in at least one junction or synapse
    Explanation
    The sympathetic nervous system is characterized by having one neuron chain, with no ganglion present. It releases epinephrine and norepinephrine hormones, which act as neurotransmitters at synapses. Some or all effectors have α and β receptors, which respond to these hormones. The nerves of the sympathetic nervous system exit the spinal cord only in the thoracic and lumbar regions. Norepinephrine is used in at least one junction or synapse, and acetylcholine is also used in at least one junction or synapse.

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  • 11. 

    Mark the characteristics of the SYMPATHETIC nervous system (but not including the sympathoadrenal NS)

    • Ganglions nearer to the effectors

    • Ganglions nearer to the spinal cord

    • One neuron chain, no ganglion, no hormones

    • One neuron chain, no ganglion, epinephrine and norepinephrine hormones

    • α receptors on some or all effectors

    • β receptors on some or all effectors

    • Muscarinic receptors on some or all effectors

    • Nicotinic receptors on some or all effectors

    • Nerves exit spinal cord only in cranial and sacral regions

    • Nerves exit spinal cord only in thoracic and lumbar regions

    • Norepinephrine used in at least one junction or synapse

    • Dopamine used in at least one junction or synapse

    • Acetylcholine used in at least one junction or synapse

    Correct Answer(s)
    A. Ganglions nearer to the spinal cord
    A. One neuron chain, no ganglion, no hormones
    A. α receptors on some or all effectors
    A. β receptors on some or all effectors
    A. Nerves exit spinal cord only in thoracic and lumbar regions
    A. Norepinephrine used in at least one junction or synapse
    A. Acetylcholine used in at least one junction or synapse
    Explanation
    The sympathetic nervous system is characterized by ganglions that are closer to the spinal cord, indicating that the preganglionic neurons have shorter axons. It also follows a one neuron chain, meaning that there is no ganglion involved in the pathway. There are no hormones involved in the sympathetic nervous system, distinguishing it from the sympathoadrenal NS. The presence of α and β receptors on some or all effectors suggests that the sympathetic system can have different effects on different target tissues. The nerves of the sympathetic system exit the spinal cord only in the thoracic and lumbar regions. Norepinephrine is used in at least one junction or synapse, indicating its role as a neurotransmitter in the sympathetic system. Additionally, acetylcholine is also used in at least one junction or synapse, suggesting the involvement of cholinergic synapses in the sympathetic system.

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  • 12. 

    According to the handout, ALL the neurons in the systems we have discussed synapse to junctions that are [muscarinic/nicotinic] except for the ones junctioning to ____________________ at their distal ends.

    • Muscarinic

    • Nicotinic

    • Cholinergic smooth and cardiac muscle, glands

    • Adrenergic smooth and cardiac muscle, glands

    • Skeletal muscles

    • Sympathetic ganglions

    • Parasympathetic ganglions

    • Both types autonomic ganglions

    • Adrenal medulla

    Correct Answer(s)
    A. Nicotinic
    A. Cholinergic smooth and cardiac muscle, glands
    A. Adrenergic smooth and cardiac muscle, glands
    Explanation
    The correct answer is "nicotinic, cholinergic smooth and cardiac muscle, glands, adrenergic smooth and cardiac muscle, glands." According to the handout, all the neurons in the systems discussed synapse to junctions that are muscarinic or nicotinic, except for the ones junctioning to cholinergic smooth and cardiac muscle, glands, and adrenergic smooth and cardiac muscle, glands.

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  • Current Version
  • Mar 20, 2023
    Quiz Edited by
    ProProfs Editorial Team
  • Sep 24, 2010
    Quiz Created by
    CreightonNursing
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