Pediatric Quiz Questions And Answers

Group A beta hemolytic strep is the most common cause of glomerulonephritis in children. This bacterium is known to cause infections such as strep throat and skin infections, which can lead to the development of glomerulonephritis. The bacteria release toxins that can damage the glomeruli, leading to inflammation and impaired kidney function. Staphylococcus aureus, toxins, and Tylenol use are not typically associated with causing glomerulonephritis in children.

Pinworms are the most common cause of anal itching in children. These parasites lay their eggs around the anus, causing itching and discomfort. Itching is often worse at night when the female worms come out to lay eggs. Other possible causes such as diarrhea, cleansing the area with hot water or strong soap, and yeast infections may also cause discomfort, but pinworms are the most prevalent cause.

Sneeze: 2 (grimace)
Active motion: 2
Pulse 95: 1
Respirations: 1
Color: 1

RSV, or respiratory syncytial virus, is the most common cause of bronchiolitis. Bronchiolitis is an infection that affects the smallest air passages in the lungs, called bronchioles. RSV is highly contagious and spreads through respiratory droplets. It is most common in infants and young children, especially during the winter months. RSV can cause symptoms such as cough, wheezing, difficulty breathing, and fever. It is important to prevent the spread of RSV by practicing good hand hygiene and avoiding close contact with infected individuals, especially for young children and those with weakened immune systems.

Diphtheria presents with symptoms of a sore throat, fever, and a gray pharyngeal membrane that bleeds when removed. This is a characteristic sign of diphtheria, caused by the bacteria Corynebacterium diphtheriae. Rubeola, coxsacke virus, and rotavirus do not typically cause these specific symptoms and do not produce a gray pharyngeal membrane.

Coxsackievirus is the causative organism of herpangina. Herpangina is a viral infection that primarily affects children and is characterized by small, painful ulcers or blisters in the back of the throat and on the roof of the mouth. Coxsackievirus belongs to the Enterovirus genus and is a common cause of hand, foot, and mouth disease as well. It is transmitted through close contact with an infected person or by coming into contact with contaminated surfaces or objects.

The most likely diagnosis in this case is testicular torsion. Testicular torsion is a urologic emergency that occurs when the testicle rotates and twists the spermatic cord, leading to compromised blood flow to the testicle. This can result in sudden and severe scrotal pain. The high-riding testis, absent cremasteric reflex, and lack of pain relief with elevation are characteristic findings in testicular torsion. Epididymitis, hydrocele, and orchitis are less likely diagnoses in this scenario.

Tanner II is the correct answer because it describes the stage of puberty where a male begins to experience physical changes such as the growth of pubic hair and an increase in testicular volume. In this stage, the pubic hair is still sparse and downy, and the testicular volume is within the range of 1.6-6mL. The penile length of 3cm also aligns with the development seen in Tanner stage II.

Physiologic jaundice is the most likely diagnosis in this case. Physiologic jaundice is a common condition in newborns where there is an increase in bilirubin levels due to the breakdown of red blood cells. It typically occurs after 24 hours of birth and resolves within a week without any treatment. In this case, the African American newborn presenting with jaundice at 48 hours of age and a total serum bilirubin (TSB) level of 5 suggests physiologic jaundice as the cause, as it is within the expected range for this condition. G6PD deficiency and hemolysis would usually present with higher TSB levels, while Crigler-Najar syndrome is a rare genetic disorder that presents with severe jaundice in the first few days of life.

GNRH, also known as gonadotropin-releasing hormone, directly stimulates the secretion of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) from the anterior pituitary gland. FSH plays a crucial role in the regulation of the reproductive system, particularly in the development and maturation of ovarian follicles in females and the production of sperm in males. Therefore, FSH is the hormone that is directly stimulated by GNRH.

Left ventricular hypertrophy is not a component of the tetralogy of Fallot. Tetralogy of Fallot is a congenital heart defect characterized by four specific abnormalities: ventricular septal defect (VSD), pulmonary stenosis, overriding aorta, and right ventricular hypertrophy. Left ventricular hypertrophy refers to an enlargement and thickening of the left ventricle of the heart, which is not a part of the tetralogy of Fallot.

Intussusception is the most frequent cause of intestinal obstruction in the first two years of life. Intussusception occurs when one portion of the intestine slides into another, causing a blockage. It is most commonly seen in infants and young children and can lead to severe abdominal pain, vomiting, and bloody stools. Prompt medical intervention is necessary to resolve the obstruction and prevent further complications.

Brushfield spots can be found in the eyes during the physical examination of a newborn. These spots are small, white or grayish specks that are located on the periphery of the iris. They are caused by the aggregation of connective tissue and are commonly associated with Down syndrome.

During the 6-month well visit, the immunizations given typically include hepatitis B, rotavirus, and human influenza B. However, hepatitis A is not given during this visit.

During breastfeeding, the mother passes on IgA antibodies to the baby. IgA is an immunoglobulin that plays a crucial role in providing immune protection in the mucosal surfaces of the body, including the respiratory and gastrointestinal tracts. These antibodies help protect the baby from various infections and diseases by neutralizing pathogens and preventing their attachment to the mucosal surfaces. IgA is particularly important for the baby's developing immune system, as it provides passive immunity until the baby's own immune system matures.

Babies typically start making raspberry sounds, also known as blowing bubbles, between 3-5 months of age. This is a milestone in their vocal development and is a result of their growing ability to control their tongue and mouth muscles. At this age, babies are also starting to experiment with different sounds and are becoming more aware of their own vocal abilities. Making raspberry sounds is a fun and playful way for babies to explore their voice and engage with their environment.

The Moro reflex is a primitive reflex that is present in newborn babies and typically disappears by 3 months of age. This reflex is characterized by the baby's response to a sudden loud noise or a sudden movement. When the baby experiences this stimulus, they will react by extending their arms and legs, arching their back, and then bringing their arms back in towards their body. This reflex is an involuntary response and is thought to be a protective mechanism that helps the baby respond to potential danger. As the baby's nervous system develops and matures, this reflex gradually disappears.

Parainfluenza virus is the most common causative organism of croup. Croup is a respiratory condition that mainly affects young children, causing inflammation and narrowing of the airways. Parainfluenza virus is a common respiratory virus that can cause croup by infecting the upper respiratory tract and leading to swelling and narrowing of the airway, resulting in the characteristic symptoms of croup such as a barking cough and difficulty breathing. Other viruses like h influenza, RSV, and rhinovirus can also cause respiratory infections, but parainfluenza virus is specifically associated with croup.

Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML) is the form of leukemia that has a positive peroxidase or Sudan black in bone marrow aspirate. This staining technique helps in identifying the presence of myeloperoxidase, an enzyme that is characteristic of myeloid cells. AML is a type of cancer that affects the myeloid cells in the bone marrow and blood, and the positive staining for peroxidase or Sudan black confirms the presence of these abnormal cells in the bone marrow aspirate.

A partial complex seizure presents with various symptoms that can include an aura of an odd smell or taste, visual or auditory hallucinations, and a vague stare. It may also involve complex automatisms, such as repetitive movements or throaty sounds. These seizures typically last between 15 to 90 seconds and are followed by confusion. Therefore, the correct answer is partial complex seizure.

The parachute reflex is the latest primitive reflex to appear. Primitive reflexes are automatic movements that are present in infants and gradually disappear as the baby develops. The parachute reflex is a protective reflex that causes the baby to extend their arms and legs when they feel like they are falling or losing balance. This reflex typically appears around 9-12 months of age, which is later compared to other primitive reflexes such as the asymmetric tonic neck, Moro, and rooting reflexes.

Administration of a 1:1 solution of vinegar and 70% ethyl alcohol is a preventative measure for otitis externa. This solution helps to create an unfavorable environment for bacteria and fungi, which are common causes of the condition. The acidic nature of vinegar and the antimicrobial properties of ethyl alcohol help to prevent the growth and colonization of these microorganisms in the ear canal, reducing the risk of developing otitis externa.

Group B strep is the most common cause of meningitis in neonates. This bacterium is commonly found in the gastrointestinal and genital tracts of healthy adults, and can be transmitted to the baby during childbirth. Neonates are particularly susceptible to group B strep infection due to their immature immune systems. Prompt diagnosis and treatment with antibiotics are crucial to prevent complications and reduce the risk of long-term neurological damage in affected infants.

Still murmur is the most common innocent murmur of early childhood. Innocent murmurs are harmless heart murmurs that are commonly found in children and do not indicate any underlying heart problems. Still murmur is typically heard in children between the ages of 3 and 7 and is caused by the normal flow of blood through the heart. It is a soft, vibratory murmur that is usually heard best at the left lower sternal border and may disappear when the child is lying down.

The Somogyi phenomenon refers to rebound morning hyperglycemia in response to nocturnal hypoglycemia. This occurs when blood sugar levels drop too low during the night, causing the body to release hormones that raise blood sugar levels, leading to hyperglycemia in the morning.

Hemophilia A is a bleeding disorder caused by a deficiency or dysfunction of factor VIII, a clotting protein. It is characterized by prolonged PTT (partial thromboplastin time) and normal PT (prothrombin time). PTT measures the time it takes for blood to clot, and a prolonged PTT indicates a problem with the intrinsic pathway of the coagulation cascade, which is affected in hemophilia A. Normal PT suggests that the extrinsic pathway, which is measured by PT, is not affected. Therefore, hemophilia A is the correct answer.

N. meningitidis is the most common cause of meningitis in infants through adolescence. This bacterium is responsible for meningococcal meningitis, which is a serious infection that affects the lining of the brain and spinal cord. It is transmitted through respiratory droplets and can cause symptoms such as high fever, severe headache, stiff neck, and a rash. Prompt medical treatment is essential to prevent complications and spread of the infection.

The first-line treatment for acute otitis media is Amoxicillin for a duration of 10 days. This is because Amoxicillin is effective against the most common bacteria that cause ear infections, and a 10-day course is necessary to fully eradicate the infection and prevent recurrence. Augmentin, which is a combination of Amoxicillin and clavulanate, may be used in cases where the infection is suspected to be caused by resistant bacteria or in individuals who have recently been treated with antibiotics. However, in general, Amoxicillin alone is the preferred first-line treatment.

Paraphimosis refers to a condition in which the foreskin of the penis becomes trapped behind the glans and cannot be reduced. This can occur when the foreskin is forcibly retracted and then becomes stuck in this position. It is a medical emergency that requires immediate attention as it can cause swelling, pain, and potential damage to the penis if left untreated. Treatment typically involves manual reduction of the foreskin or, in severe cases, surgical intervention.

Myelomeningocele is a condition in which the unfused portion of the spinal column allows the cord to protrude through an opening covered by a membrane that encloses the spinal elements.

A contraindication to immunization with MMR vaccine is neomycin allergy. Neomycin is an antibiotic that is sometimes used in the manufacturing process of the MMR vaccine. Individuals with a known allergy to neomycin should not receive the MMR vaccine, as it may cause an allergic reaction.

Ethosuximide is the correct answer because it is a medication commonly used to treat childhood absence seizures. It works by decreasing abnormal electrical activity in the brain, which helps to reduce the occurrence of seizures. Carbamazepine and phenytoin are more commonly used to treat other types of seizures, while topiramate can be used for various types of seizures but is not specifically indicated for childhood absence seizures.

Genu varum, also known as bow legs, is a condition where the legs curve outward. It is a normal variation in infants and toddlers up to the age of 2. As a child grows and starts to walk, the legs gradually straighten out. Therefore, genu varum becomes an abnormality after the age of 2 when the legs should have naturally straightened.

The Barlow sign is described by the given scenario. It involves attempting to push the femurs posteriorly while the patient is in a supine position with knees at 90 degrees and hips flexed. If the hip is flawed, it will dislocate. This sign is used to assess for developmental dysplasia of the hip in infants.

The elevated IgM capsid antibody is the definitive test for mononucleosis. This antibody is specific to the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), which is the most common cause of mononucleosis. When a person is infected with EBV, their body produces IgM antibodies against the viral capsid protein. Therefore, detecting elevated levels of IgM capsid antibody in the blood confirms the diagnosis of mononucleosis. Other tests such as the mono spot test, peripheral smear examination, and culturing for corynebacterium may provide supportive evidence but are not definitive for mononucleosis.

Bronchopulmonary dysplasia is a chronic lung disease that primarily affects premature infants who have received mechanical ventilation and oxygen therapy. It is characterized by inflammation and scarring in the lungs, leading to the destruction of lung tissue. While alpha 1 antitrypsin deficiency and cystic fibrosis are known causes of emphysema, they typically present in adulthood rather than childhood. Second-hand smoke inhalation can also contribute to the development of emphysema, but it is not the most common cause in childhood. Therefore, bronchopulmonary dysplasia is the most likely explanation for the given correct answer.

The maneuver to treat nursemaid elbow is to place the elbow in full supination and extension and slowly flex until it clicks. This maneuver helps to relocate the subluxed radial head back into its normal position. By fully supinating the forearm and extending the elbow, tension is released from the annular ligament, allowing the radial head to move freely. Slowly flexing the elbow then helps to guide the radial head back into its proper place, resulting in a clicking sensation.

A child should have his/her first formal visual screening evaluation at the age of 3 years. This is because by this age, the child's visual system has matured enough to accurately assess their visual acuity and detect any potential vision problems. It is important to detect and address any vision issues early on to ensure proper development and to prevent any long-term visual impairments.

A partial seizure involves any part of the body and spreads in a fixed pattern, but it does not result in a loss of consciousness or a postictal period. This means that the person experiencing the seizure remains aware and does not experience a period of confusion or disorientation after the seizure ends.

Bilious vomiting is typically associated with volvulus, which refers to the twisting or rotation of a segment of the intestine. This condition can lead to a partial or complete obstruction of the intestines, causing bile to accumulate in the stomach and leading to the characteristic bilious vomiting. Intussusception, intestinal obstruction, and GERD are not typically associated with bilious vomiting.

term infants are born with enough stored iron to prevent iron deficiency for the first 4-5 months of life; iron deficiency most common between months 6 and 24.

Pulmonary atresia is the correct answer because it is a congenital heart defect where the pulmonary valve does not form properly, leading to a complete blockage of blood flow from the right ventricle to the lungs. This causes blood to flow through alternative pathways, such as a patent ductus arteriosus, resulting in a blowing systolic murmur at the upper left sternal border. Additionally, the right ventricle may develop a ventricular septal defect, leading to a holosystolic murmur at the lower left sternal border.

Surgery for an umbilical hernia is typically indicated if the hernia persists beyond the age of 4 years. In this case, the patient has a fascial defect of about 1 cm and no signs of strangulation, indicating a relatively small hernia that is not causing immediate complications. However, if the hernia does not resolve on its own by the age of 4, surgical intervention may be necessary to prevent potential complications such as incarceration or strangulation.