Pathophysiology Unit 3 Knowledge Check

Explanation
Alzheimer's disease is the most common cause of dementia. It is a neurodegenerative disorder that affects the brain, leading to memory loss, cognitive decline, and behavioral changes. While head injuries, strokes, and HIV can also contribute to dementia, Alzheimer's is the leading cause, accounting for approximately 60-80% of dementia cases. It is characterized by the buildup of amyloid plaques and tau tangles in the brain, which disrupt normal brain function and communication between neurons. The progression of Alzheimer's disease is gradual and irreversible, making it a significant public health concern worldwide.

Explanation
The correct answer is hippocampus. In Alzheimer's disease, plaques, which are abnormal clusters of protein fragments, are commonly found in the hippocampus. The hippocampus is a vital region of the brain involved in memory formation and consolidation. Damage to the hippocampus due to the accumulation of plaques is believed to be a major contributor to memory loss and cognitive decline in Alzheimer's disease patients.

Explanation
Dementia is best described as a loss of cognitive abilities that impairs the individual's ability to perform activities of daily living. This includes difficulties with memory, thinking, problem-solving, language, and attention. It is not a normal part of aging but rather a syndrome that can be caused by various diseases and conditions. The decline in cognitive function is usually progressive and can significantly impact a person's independence and quality of life.

Explanation
Fragile X syndrome is the correct answer because it is the most common known genetic cause of intellectual disability. It is a genetic condition that causes a range of developmental problems, including learning disabilities and cognitive impairment. Fragile X syndrome is caused by a mutation in the FMR1 gene, which leads to a deficiency in a specific protein that is important for brain development and function. This genetic disorder affects both males and females, but males are typically more severely affected.

Explanation
The nurse would suspect a cognitive impairment disorder based on the problems with preparing a meal or balancing her checkbook. This is because difficulty with tasks that require organization, planning, and problem-solving skills can be indicative of cognitive impairments such as dementia or Alzheimer's disease. The other options, such as decreased interest in activities, fearfulness of being alone, and increased complaints of physical ailments, may be indicative of other issues but are not specific to cognitive impairment disorders.