Pathophysiology Chapter 49 (Neuro)

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1. What arises from superficial structures, such as the skin and subcutaneous tissues?

Explanation

Cutaneous pain refers to the pain that arises from superficial structures like the skin and subcutaneous tissues. It is the type of pain that is felt on the surface of the body and is usually caused by injury or irritation to the skin. This type of pain is often described as sharp, burning, or stinging and can be easily localized. Therefore, cutaneous pain is the correct answer to the question.

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About This Quiz
Nervous System Quizzes & Trivia

This quiz assesses knowledge in neuro-pathophysiology, focusing on neuron functions and sensory pathways. It covers special and general somatic afferent neurons, first to third-order neurons, enhancing understanding of neural transmission and sensory perception relevant for medical students.

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2. What originates in deep body structures, such as the periosteum, muscles, tendons, joints, and blood vessels?

Explanation

Deep somatic pain originates in deep body structures such as the periosteum, muscles, tendons, joints, and blood vessels. This type of pain is different from cutaneous pain, which originates in the skin, and pain threshold, which refers to the level of pain stimulation required to elicit a response. Deep somatic pain can be caused by injuries or conditions affecting these deep structures, and it is typically described as a dull, aching, or throbbing sensation.

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3. ________ and tolerance affects an individual's response to a painful stimulus.

Explanation

The pain threshold refers to the point at which an individual perceives a stimulus as painful. It can vary from person to person and can be influenced by factors such as genetics, past experiences with pain, and individual pain tolerance. Therefore, the pain threshold and tolerance both play a role in determining how an individual responds to a painful stimulus.

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4. The most common type of headache

Explanation

Tension-type headaches are the most common type of headache experienced by individuals. These headaches are typically characterized by a dull, aching pain that can be felt on both sides of the head. They are often caused by muscle tension and stress, and can last anywhere from a few hours to several days. Tension-type headaches are not usually accompanied by other symptoms, such as nausea or sensitivity to light or sound. This type of headache can be managed with over-the-counter pain relievers and stress reduction techniques.

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5. An analgesic drug is medication that acts on the nervous system to decrease or eliminate pain without inducing loss of consciousness. 

Explanation

An analgesic drug is a type of medication that specifically targets the nervous system to reduce or eliminate pain. It does not cause a person to lose consciousness. Therefore, the statement "An analgesic drug is medication that acts on the nervous system to decrease or eliminate pain without inducing loss of consciousness" is true.

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6. In describing the ideal analgesic, what factors would be included? Mark all that apply.

Explanation

The ideal analgesic should be inexpensive, have minimal adverse effects, and be effective. These factors are important to ensure that the medication is accessible and affordable, while also minimizing any potential negative side effects. Additionally, the analgesic should effectively relieve pain without causing addiction or decreasing the level of consciousness.

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7. Widespread pain that is not otherwise explainable, burning pain, and attacks of pain that occur without seeming provocation

Explanation

Neuropathic pain refers to widespread pain that cannot be explained by any other underlying condition. It is characterized by burning pain and attacks of pain that occur without any apparent cause. This type of pain is often caused by damage or dysfunction in the nervous system, such as nerve compression or injury.

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8. The experience of pain depends on what?

Explanation

The experience of pain depends on sensory stimulation and perception. Pain is not solely determined by the tactile system or thermal sensation, as it involves a complex interplay of various factors. Sensory stimulation refers to the activation of sensory receptors, while perception involves the interpretation of these sensory signals by the brain. Therefore, pain experience is influenced by how our sensory system detects and processes stimuli, as well as how our brain perceives and interprets these signals as pain.

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9. The purpose of acute pain is to serve as a warning system.

Explanation

Acute pain is a type of pain that is usually short-lived and serves as a warning signal to the body. It alerts us to potential harm or injury and prompts us to take action to protect ourselves. This type of pain is typically caused by a specific injury or condition and is a natural response of the body's nervous system. Therefore, the statement that the purpose of acute pain is to serve as a warning system is true.

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10. When testing nociceptive stimuli to elicit a withdrawal reflex in the body, what stimuli are commonly used?

Explanation

When testing nociceptive stimuli to elicit a withdrawal reflex in the body, pressure from a sharp object is commonly used. This is because sharp objects can cause pain and activate the nociceptors, which are sensory receptors that respond to harmful or potentially harmful stimuli. The pressure applied by a sharp object can trigger the withdrawal reflex, causing the body to quickly move away from the source of the pain.

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11. Perceived at a site different from its point of origin, but innervated by the same spinal segment

Explanation

Referred pain is the correct answer because it refers to pain that is perceived at a site different from its point of origin, but is innervated by the same spinal segment. This means that the pain is felt in a location that is not directly related to the source of the pain.

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12. Manifested by facial tics or spasms and characterized by paroxysmal attacks of stabbing pain that usually are limited to the unilateral sensory distribution of one or more branches of the trigeminal nerve, most often the maxillary or mandibular division

Explanation

The correct answer is Tic douloureux because it is a condition that is manifested by facial tics or spasms and is characterized by paroxysmal attacks of stabbing pain. These attacks usually occur in the unilateral sensory distribution of one or more branches of the trigeminal nerve, most commonly the maxillary or mandibular division. This term is often used interchangeably with trigeminal neuralgia, which is another name for the same condition.

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13. Type of primary neurovascular headache that typically includes severe, unrelenting, unilateral pain located, in order of increasing to decreasing frequency, in the orbital, retro-orbital, temporal, supraorbital, and infraorbital region.

Explanation

A cluster headache is a type of primary neurovascular headache that is characterized by severe, constant pain on one side of the head. The pain is usually felt in the orbital, retro-orbital, temporal, supraorbital, and infraorbital regions. Cluster headaches occur in a cyclical pattern, with episodes of intense pain lasting for weeks or months, followed by periods of remission. They are often accompanied by other symptoms such as redness and tearing of the eye, nasal congestion, and restlessness.

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14. Three families of endogenous opioid peptides have been identified: the enkephalins, endorphins, and dynorphins.

Explanation

The statement is true because three families of endogenous opioid peptides have indeed been identified: the enkephalins, endorphins, and dynorphins. These peptides are naturally produced in the body and play a role in pain regulation, mood, and reward.

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15. Children feel pain just as much as adults do. What is the major principle in pain management in the pediatric population?

Explanation

The major principle in pain management in the pediatric population is to treat on an individual basis and match the analgesic agent with the cause and level of pain. This means that each child's pain should be assessed and treated according to their specific needs, taking into consideration the underlying cause of the pain and its severity. This approach ensures that the most appropriate and effective pain relief is provided to each child, promoting optimal pain management in pediatric patients.

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16. Absence of pain on noxious stimulation or the relief of pain without loss of consciousness

Explanation

Analgesia refers to the absence of pain on noxious stimulation or the relief of pain without loss of consciousness. It is the state of being pain-free or the reduction of pain sensations. Hyperalgesia, on the other hand, refers to an increased sensitivity to pain, where even mild stimuli can cause intense pain. Neuralgia is a specific type of pain that occurs along the path of a nerve, usually caused by nerve damage or irritation. Therefore, analgesia is the correct answer as it best describes the absence or relief of pain.

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17. Characterized by severe, brief, often repetitive attacks of lightninglike or throbbing pain.

Explanation

Neuralgia is the correct answer because it is a condition characterized by severe, brief, often repetitive attacks of lightning-like or throbbing pain. Hyperalgesia refers to an increased sensitivity to pain, while analgesia refers to the absence of pain sensation. Therefore, neuralgia best fits the description provided.

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18. When assessing pain in children, it is important to use the correct pain rating scale. What would be the appropriate pain rating scale with children who are 3 to 8 years of age?

Explanation

The FACES pain scale would be the appropriate pain rating scale for children who are 3 to 8 years of age. This scale uses a series of faces with different expressions to help children indicate their level of pain. The child can point to the face that best represents how they are feeling, making it a simple and effective tool for assessing pain in young children.

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19. Somatosensory information from the face and cranial structures

Explanation

Trigeminal sensory neurons are responsible for transmitting somatosensory information from the face and cranial structures. These neurons are part of the trigeminal nerve, which is the fifth cranial nerve. They play a crucial role in sensing touch, pain, and temperature in the face, as well as in controlling movements of the jaw muscles. Trigeminal sensory neurons are considered a type of general somatic afferent neuron, as they transmit sensory information from the skin and muscles of the face to the central nervous system.

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20. What is used for the rapid transmission of sensory information, such as discriminative touch?

Explanation

The discriminative pathway is used for the rapid transmission of sensory information, such as discriminative touch. This pathway is responsible for relaying sensory information from the skin to the brain, allowing us to perceive and interpret different sensations. It is specifically involved in transmitting information related to touch, pressure, vibration, and proprioception. This pathway plays a crucial role in our ability to discriminate between different types of touch and accurately perceive our surroundings.

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21. Attention, motivation, past experience, and the meaning of the situation can influence the individual's reaction to _______.

Explanation

Attention, motivation, past experience, and the meaning of the situation can influence the individual's reaction to pain. These factors can impact how much attention a person pays to the pain, their motivation to cope with it, their past experiences with pain, and how they interpret the meaning of the pain in the current situation.

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22. What relays sensory information regarding touch, pressure, and vibration and is considered the basic somatosensory system?

Explanation

The tactile system relays sensory information regarding touch, pressure, and vibration. It is considered the basic somatosensory system because it is responsible for detecting and processing these sensory inputs from the skin and transmitting them to the brain for interpretation.

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23. A protective reflex rigidity; its purpose is to protect the affected body parts

Explanation

Guarding refers to a protective reflex rigidity that occurs in response to pain or injury. It is a natural response of the body to protect the affected body parts from further harm or damage. The purpose of guarding is to limit movement and prevent any potential aggravation of the injury. It is a subconscious reflex that helps to immobilize the affected area and promote healing.

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24. Characterized by severe, brief, often repetitive attacks of lightning-like or throbbing pain.

Explanation

Neuralgia is the correct answer because it is characterized by severe, brief, often repetitive attacks of lightning-like or throbbing pain. This term is commonly used to describe pain caused by irritation or damage to a nerve.

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25. When a peripheral nerve is sufficiently irritated, it becomes hypersensitive to the noxious stimuli, which results in increased painfulness or hyperalgesia. Health care professionals recognize both primary and secondary forms of hyperalgesia. What is primary hyperalgesia?

Explanation

Primary hyperalgesia refers to pain sensitivity that occurs directly in damaged tissues. When the peripheral nerve is irritated, it becomes hypersensitive to noxious stimuli, leading to increased painfulness or hyperalgesia. In primary hyperalgesia, the heightened pain sensitivity is localized to the area of tissue damage. This means that the damaged tissues themselves are more sensitive to pain, resulting in increased pain perception.

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26. What theory proposes that the brain contains a widely distributed neural network that contains somatosensory, limbic, and thalamocortical components?

Explanation

The theory of neuromatrix proposes that the brain contains a widely distributed neural network that includes somatosensory, limbic, and thalamocortical components. This theory suggests that pain is not solely dependent on input from nociceptive C fibers, but rather is a complex experience that involves various brain regions and networks. The neuromatrix theory emphasizes the role of the brain in processing and modulating pain perception, and suggests that factors such as emotions, memories, and cognitive processes can influence the experience of pain.

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27. Detect touch and pressure

Explanation

Free nerve endings are sensory receptors that are widely distributed throughout the body. They are responsible for detecting touch and pressure stimuli. These nerve endings are the simplest and most common type of sensory receptors in the body. They are found in the skin, mucous membranes, and various internal organs. Free nerve endings have unmyelinated nerve fibers that detect changes in temperature, pain, and mechanical stimuli such as touch and pressure. They play a crucial role in the body's ability to sense and respond to external stimuli.

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28. The receptive endings of different afferent neurons can initiate ______________ to many forms of energy at high energy levels, but they usually are highly tuned to be differentially sensitive to low levels of a particular energy type.

Explanation

The receptive endings of different afferent neurons can initiate action potentials in response to many forms of energy at high energy levels, but they usually are highly tuned to be differentially sensitive to low levels of a particular energy type. This means that the neurons can detect and respond to various types of energy, but they are most sensitive to low levels of a specific energy type. The action potential is the electrical signal that is generated by the neuron in response to a stimulus, allowing for the transmission of information to the brain.

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29. When giving medicine for acute pain, health care workers are reluctant to provide much needed opioid pain medicine. What is your major concern when providing opioid pain relief?

Explanation

The major concern when providing opioid pain relief is the fear of addiction. Opioids have a high potential for addiction and misuse, which can lead to serious health consequences for the patient. Health care workers may be hesitant to provide opioid pain medicine due to the risk of patients developing a dependence on these medications. It is important to carefully assess and monitor patients when prescribing opioids to minimize the risk of addiction and ensure safe and effective pain management.

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30. The sense of shape and size of an object in the absence of visualization

Explanation

Stereognosis is the ability to perceive and recognize the shape and size of an object through touch and manipulation without visual input. It involves the integration of sensory information from discriminative touch receptors, such as type A-alpha and A-delta fibers, as well as proprioceptive and kinesthetic information. This allows individuals to identify objects solely based on their tactile properties. Stereognosis is processed through the discriminative pathway, which includes the dermatomes and sensory units. It is distinct from nociception, which is the perception of pain, and is mediated by free nerve endings and type B fibers.

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31. Extends for long periods of time and generally represents low levels of underlying pathology that does not explain the presence and/or extent of the pain

Explanation

Chronic pain refers to pain that lasts for long periods of time and is typically associated with low levels of underlying pathology that cannot fully explain the presence and/or extent of the pain. This means that the pain persists even after the initial injury or condition has healed, and there may not be a clear reason for the ongoing pain. Chronic pain can have a significant impact on a person's quality of life and may require long-term management and treatment.

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32. Unmyelinated fibers entwined around most of the length of the hair follicle that detect movement on the surface of the body

Explanation

Hair follicle end-organs are unmyelinated fibers that are wrapped around the length of the hair follicle. These end-organs are responsible for detecting movement on the surface of the body. They are sensitive to changes in the position of the hair and can detect even subtle movements. This allows them to provide sensory information about the movement of objects or air currents on the skin.

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33. Somatosensory information from the face and cranial structures is transmitted by the_______________, which function in the same manner as the dorsal root ganglion neurons.

Explanation

Trigeminal sensory neurons are responsible for transmitting somatosensory information from the face and cranial structures. These neurons function in the same manner as the dorsal root ganglion neurons, which are involved in transmitting somatosensory information from the rest of the body. The trigeminal sensory neurons play a crucial role in relaying sensory information such as touch, temperature, and pain from the face and cranial structures to the brain.

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34. Relay information from the thalamus to the cerebral cortex

Explanation

Third-order neurons relay information from the thalamus to the cerebral cortex. The thalamus acts as a relay station for sensory information, receiving input from various sensory pathways and sending it to the appropriate areas of the cerebral cortex for further processing and interpretation. Third-order neurons receive input from second-order neurons in the thalamus and transmit this information to specific regions of the cerebral cortex, allowing for perception and conscious awareness of sensory stimuli.

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35. Receives primary sensory information by way of direct projections from the thalamus

Explanation

The primary somatosensory cortex receives primary sensory information directly from the thalamus. This means that it is the first area of the brain to receive and process sensory information related to touch, pressure, temperature, and pain. The thalamus acts as a relay station, sending this information to the primary somatosensory cortex for further processing and interpretation.

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36. What provides for transmission of sensory information, such as pain, thermal sensations, crude touch, and pressure that does not require discrete localization of signal source or fine discrimination of intensity?

Explanation

The anterolateral pathway is responsible for the transmission of sensory information such as pain, thermal sensations, crude touch, and pressure that does not require discrete localization of the signal source or fine discrimination of intensity. This pathway carries information from the sensory receptors to the brain, allowing us to perceive these sensations without the need for precise localization or discrimination.

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37. Describes pain sensitivity that occurs directly in damaged tissues

Explanation

Primary hyperalgesia refers to an increased sensitivity to pain that occurs directly in damaged tissues. This means that when there is tissue damage, the affected area becomes more sensitive to pain stimuli. This can result in heightened pain sensations and increased pain perception. Unlike analgesia, which refers to the absence of pain sensation, and neuralgia, which refers to nerve pain, primary hyperalgesia specifically describes the increased pain sensitivity in damaged tissues.

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38. What is discriminated by three types of receptors: cold receptors, warmth receptors, and pain receptors?

Explanation

Thermal sensation is discriminated by three types of receptors: cold receptors, warmth receptors, and pain receptors. These receptors are responsible for detecting temperature changes in the environment and transmitting signals to the brain, which allows us to perceive sensations of cold, warmth, and pain.

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39. What is the region of the body wall that is supplied by a single pair of dorsal root ganglia called?

Explanation

A dermatome is the region of the body wall that is supplied by a single pair of dorsal root ganglia. This means that each dermatome corresponds to a specific spinal nerve, and damage to a particular dermatome can result in loss of sensation in that specific region of the body.

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40. Sensory receptors that are activated by noxious insults to peripheral tissues

Explanation

Nociceptors are sensory receptors that are activated by noxious insults to peripheral tissues. They are responsible for detecting and transmitting signals of pain and discomfort to the central nervous system. When these receptors are stimulated, they send signals through sensory pathways, such as the anterolateral pathway, to the brain, where pain is perceived. Nociceptors are important for our survival as they alert us to potential harm or injury.

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41. What is designed to provide the CNS with information related to deep and superficial body structures as contrasted to special senses, such as sight and hearing?

Explanation

The somatosensory system is designed to provide the central nervous system (CNS) with information related to deep and superficial body structures. This system is responsible for processing sensations such as touch, temperature, pain, and pressure. It includes general somatic afferent neurons, which transmit sensory information from the skin, muscles, and joints, as well as special somatic afferent neurons, which are involved in the senses of sight and hearing. The trigeminal sensory neurons are specifically responsible for transmitting sensory information from the face and head. Dermatomes are specific areas of skin that are innervated by a single spinal nerve. General visceral afferent neurons transmit sensory information from the internal organs.

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42. A severe type of headache that occurs more frequently in men than in women and is described as having unrelenting, unilateral pain located most frequently in the orbit is called what?

Explanation

Cluster headaches are a severe type of headache that occur more frequently in men than in women. They are characterized by unrelenting, unilateral pain that is most commonly located in the orbit (eye socket). Cluster headaches are often described as excruciating and can last for weeks or months, with periods of remission in between. Other symptoms may include redness and tearing of the eye, drooping eyelid, and nasal congestion.

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43. Awareness of the stimuli, localization and discrimination of their characteristics, and interpretation of their meaning

Explanation

Perception refers to the process of becoming aware of stimuli, localizing and discriminating their characteristics, and interpreting their meaning. It involves the integration of sensory information from various senses to form a coherent understanding of the environment. Perception allows us to make sense of the world around us and respond accordingly.

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44. What has receptors on various visceral structures that sense fullness and discomfort?

Explanation

General visceral afferent neurons have receptors on various visceral structures that sense fullness and discomfort. These neurons are responsible for transmitting sensory information from the internal organs to the central nervous system, allowing us to perceive sensations such as pain, pressure, and fullness in our organs.

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45. What tract has faster-conducting fibers and is associated mainly with the transmission of sharp-fast pain information to the thalamus?

Explanation

The neospinothalamic tract is the correct answer because it is associated mainly with the transmission of sharp-fast pain information to the thalamus. This tract contains faster-conducting fibers that transmit this type of pain sensation. The other options, such as neuromatrix, nociceptive, C fibers, paleospinothalamic, and periaqueductal gray, are not specifically associated with the transmission of sharp-fast pain information to the thalamus.

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46. What is activated by nociceptive stimulation and can cause a response known as neurogenic inflammation that produces vasodilation and an increased release of chemical mediators to which nociceptors respond?

Explanation

C fibers are activated by nociceptive stimulation and can cause a response known as neurogenic inflammation that produces vasodilation and an increased release of chemical mediators to which nociceptors respond.

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47. Communicate with various reflex networks and sensory pathways in the spinal cord and travel directly to the thalamus

Explanation

Second-order neurons communicate with various reflex networks and sensory pathways in the spinal cord and travel directly to the thalamus. They receive input from first-order neurons and transmit this information to higher levels of the central nervous system. These neurons play a crucial role in processing and relaying sensory information from the body to the brain.

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48. A common cause of head pain

Explanation

Temporomandibular joint (TMJ) syndrome is a common cause of head pain. This condition affects the jaw joint and surrounding muscles, leading to symptoms such as jaw pain, headaches, and difficulty in opening or closing the mouth. TMJ syndrome can cause referred pain to the head, resulting in headaches. The pain is often described as a dull ache or pressure in the temples or behind the eyes. Therefore, TMJ syndrome is a likely explanation for head pain in this scenario.

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49. Transmit information from cutaneous and subcutaneous mechanoreceptors

Explanation

Type B fibers transmit information from cutaneous and subcutaneous mechanoreceptors. These mechanoreceptors are responsible for detecting mechanical stimuli such as pressure, touch, and vibration on the skin and in the underlying tissues. Type B fibers are slower conducting compared to Type A fibers, which transmit sharp, localized pain sensations. Type B fibers are involved in transmitting information related to touch and pressure sensations, contributing to the perception of somesthesia. They play a role in the Hunting reflex, which is a protective reflex that causes muscles to contract when the skin is stimulated. The information carried by Type B fibers is ultimately processed in the primary somatosensory cortex.

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50. Elongated, encapsulated nerve ending that is present in non-hairy parts of the skin

Explanation

Meissner corpuscles are elongated, encapsulated nerve endings that are present in non-hairy parts of the skin. They are responsible for detecting light touch and low-frequency vibrations. These corpuscles are found in high concentrations in areas such as the fingertips, lips, and palms, where tactile sensitivity is important. They are sensitive to changes in texture and provide information about the fine details of objects that come into contact with the skin.

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51. Migraine headaches affect millions of people worldwide. What are first-line agents for the treatment of migraine headaches?

Explanation

Naproxen sodium and metoclopramide are first-line agents for the treatment of migraine headaches. Naproxen sodium is a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) that helps reduce inflammation and relieve pain. Metoclopramide is a medication that helps to relieve nausea and vomiting, which are common symptoms of migraines. Both medications can be effective in managing the symptoms of migraine headaches and are often recommended as the initial treatment option.

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52. The region of the body wall that is supplied by a single pair of dorsal root ganglia

Explanation

A dermatome refers to the specific region of the body wall that is innervated by a single pair of dorsal root ganglia. Each dermatome corresponds to a specific spinal nerve, and damage or dysfunction in a particular dermatome can result in sensory loss or other neurological symptoms in that specific region.

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53. Which tract in the spinal cord conducts the diffuse, dull, aching sensations that are associated with chronic and visceral pain?

Explanation

The paleospinothalamic tract is responsible for conducting diffuse, dull, aching sensations that are associated with chronic and visceral pain. This tract carries information from the spinal cord to the thalamus, which then relays the information to the somatosensory cortex. Unlike the neospinothalamic tract, which carries sharp, localized pain sensations, the paleospinothalamic tract is involved in the transmission of more generalized and chronic pain signals.

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54. What stimuli are objectively defined as stimuli of such intensity that they cause or are close to causing tissue damage?

Explanation

Nociceptive stimuli are objectively defined as stimuli of such intensity that they cause or are close to causing tissue damage. Nociceptors are sensory receptors that respond to these potentially harmful stimuli and transmit signals to the brain, indicating pain or potential tissue damage. Therefore, the correct answer is nociceptive.

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55. Sensations such as pain, touch, and temperature

Explanation

General somatic afferent neurons are responsible for transmitting sensory information from the skin, muscles, and joints to the central nervous system. These neurons detect sensations such as pain, touch, and temperature and send signals to the brain for processing. They play a crucial role in our ability to perceive and respond to the environment around us.

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56. Transmits all somatosensory information from the limbs and trunk

Explanation

Dorsal root ganglion neurons transmit all somatosensory information from the limbs and trunk. These neurons are located in the dorsal root ganglia, which are clusters of cell bodies located along the spinal cord. When sensory information is detected by receptors in the skin, muscles, and joints of the limbs and trunk, it is transmitted to the dorsal root ganglion neurons. These neurons then send the information to the central nervous system for processing and interpretation. Therefore, the correct answer is dorsal root ganglion neurons.

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57. Detect touch and pressure

Explanation

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58. The pain's location, radiation, intensity, and duration, as well as those factors that aggravate or relieve it provide essential diagnostic clues

Explanation

The given answer "Acute pain" is correct because the question mentions that the pain's location, radiation, intensity, and duration, as well as factors that aggravate or relieve it, provide essential diagnostic clues. Acute pain refers to pain that has a sudden onset and is typically sharp or intense. It is usually temporary and serves as a warning sign of tissue damage or injury. Therefore, the characteristics mentioned in the question are commonly associated with acute pain.

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59. Stimulated by rapid movements of the tissues and adapts within a few hundredths of a second

Explanation

Pacinian corpuscles are sensory receptors located in the skin that are sensitive to rapid changes in pressure and vibration. When there are rapid movements of the tissues, such as during a tap or a vibration, the Pacinian corpuscles are stimulated and adapt to these changes within a few hundredths of a second. This allows them to quickly transmit signals to the brain, providing information about the external environment.

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60. What have branches with widespread distribution throughout the body and with many distinct types of receptors that result in sensations such as pain, touch, and temperature?

Explanation

General somatic afferent neurons have branches that are widely distributed throughout the body and contain many distinct types of receptors. These receptors are responsible for detecting sensations such as pain, touch, and temperature. Therefore, general somatic afferent neurons are the correct answer to the question.

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61. What arises from direct injury or dysfunction of the sensory axons of peripheral or central nerves?

Explanation

Neuropathic pain arises from direct injury or dysfunction of the sensory axons of peripheral or central nerves. This type of pain is caused by damage to the nervous system and can be chronic and persistent. It is often described as shooting, burning, or tingling sensations and can be difficult to treat.

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62. One of the neurotransmitters between the nociceptive neurons and the dorsal horn neurons is a major excitatory neurotransmitter. What is this neurotransmitter?

Explanation

Glutamate is the correct answer because it is a major excitatory neurotransmitter between nociceptive neurons and dorsal horn neurons. Glutamate plays a crucial role in transmitting pain signals in the central nervous system and is involved in the perception and modulation of pain. It is released by nociceptive neurons and activates the dorsal horn neurons, contributing to the transmission of pain signals to the brain.

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63. Chronic pain is difficult to treat. Cancer, a common cause of chronic pain, has been especially addressed by the World Health Organization (WHO). What has WHO created to assist clinicians in choosing appropriate analgesics?

Explanation

The World Health Organization (WHO) has created an analgesic ladder for pain control to assist clinicians in choosing appropriate analgesics. This ladder provides a step-by-step approach to managing pain, starting with non-opioid medications and progressing to stronger opioids if necessary. It helps clinicians make informed decisions about the type and dosage of analgesics based on the severity of the pain. This approach ensures that patients receive effective pain relief while minimizing the risk of side effects and opioid dependence.

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64. Sense position and movement of the body

Explanation

Special somatic afferent neurons are responsible for sensing the position and movement of the body. They transmit sensory information from the skin, muscles, and joints to the central nervous system. These neurons play a crucial role in proprioception, which is the ability to sense the body's position in space and detect changes in movement. They are specialized sensory receptors that provide feedback on body position, allowing for coordinated movement and balance.

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65. The cell body of the dorsal root ganglion neuron, its peripheral branch (which innervates a small area of periphery), and its central axon (which projects to the CNS)

Explanation

A sensory unit refers to a single sensory neuron and all the peripheral structures it innervates. In the given answer, it mentions the cell body of the dorsal root ganglion neuron, its peripheral branch, and its central axon. This description encompasses all the components of a sensory unit, suggesting that the correct answer is "sensory unit".

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66. Convey warm-hot sensation and mechanical and chemical as well as heat- and cold-induced pain sensation

Explanation

Type C fibers are unmyelinated nerve fibers that transmit pain signals. They are responsible for conveying heat- and cold-induced pain sensation, as well as mechanical and chemical pain. These fibers are slower in conducting nerve impulses compared to other types of nerve fibers.

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67. What is the ability to discriminate the location of somesthetic stimulus based on the sensory field in a dermatome innervated by an afferent neuron called?

Explanation

Acuity refers to the ability to discriminate the location of a somesthetic stimulus based on the sensory field in a dermatome innervated by an afferent neuron. It is the measure of precision or sharpness in sensory perception. A higher acuity means a more accurate and precise perception of the location of the stimulus. It is an important aspect of somatosensory processing and can vary between individuals.

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68. It is often necessary to assess a patient's pain. What factors would you assess when assessing pain? Mark all that apply.

Explanation

When assessing a patient's pain, it is important to consider the nature and severity of the pain as well as the location and radiation of the pain. These factors can provide valuable information about the underlying cause and help guide treatment decisions. Assessing the nature of the pain can help determine if it is sharp, dull, throbbing, or burning, which may indicate different causes or mechanisms of pain. Severity of pain is important to assess in order to determine the level of distress and the appropriate interventions. Location and radiation of pain can provide clues about the affected body part or organ and any potential referred pain.

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69. Are responsible for giving steady-state signals that allow for continuous determination of touch against the skin

Explanation

Merkel disks are responsible for giving steady-state signals that allow for continuous determination of touch against the skin. These specialized nerve endings are found in the skin's epidermis and are particularly sensitive to light touch and pressure. They play a crucial role in our ability to perceive and interpret tactile sensations.

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70. Affected sensory ganglia and the peripheral nerve to the skin of the corresponding dermatomes cause a unilateral localized vesicular eruption and hyperpathia (i.e., abnormally exaggerated subjective response to pain)

Explanation

Postherpetic neuralgia is a condition that occurs after a person has had shingles, which is caused by the varicella-zoster virus. The virus affects the sensory ganglia and peripheral nerves, leading to a localized vesicular eruption and hyperpathia (abnormally exaggerated response to pain) in the corresponding dermatomes. This condition is characterized by persistent pain in the affected area even after the rash has healed. Therefore, the given explanation aligns with the symptoms and characteristics of postherpetic neuralgia.

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71. What tract is a slower-conducting, multisynaptic tract concerned with the diffuse, dull, aching, and unpleasant sensations that commonly are associated with chronic and visceral pain?

Explanation

The paleospinothalamic tract is a slower-conducting, multisynaptic tract that is involved in transmitting diffuse, dull, aching, and unpleasant sensations commonly associated with chronic and visceral pain. This tract carries information from the spinal cord to the thalamus, where it is then relayed to the somatosensory cortex for further processing. Unlike the neospinothalamic tract, which is responsible for transmitting sharp, localized pain sensations, the paleospinothalamic tract is involved in the processing of more unpleasant and diffuse pain experiences.

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72. Carry the information from the spinal cord to the thalamic level of sensation and relay precise information regarding spatial orientation

Explanation

The discriminative pathway carries information from the spinal cord to the thalamic level of sensation and relays precise information regarding spatial orientation. This pathway is responsible for transmitting sensory information related to discriminative touch, such as pressure, vibration, and fine touch. It involves the use of Type A-alpha and A-delta fibers, which are myelinated and allow for fast transmission of signals. This pathway is separate from the anterolateral pathway, which carries information related to pain and temperature.

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73. Diffuse and poorly localized nature with a tendency to be referred to other locations

Explanation

Visceral pain refers to pain that originates from the internal organs. It is often described as diffuse and poorly localized, meaning that the exact location of the pain may be difficult to pinpoint. Additionally, visceral pain has a tendency to be referred to other locations, meaning that the pain may be felt in a different area of the body than where the problem is actually occurring. This can make it challenging to diagnose and treat visceral pain.

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74. Respond to mechanical, thermal, and chemical stimuli

Explanation

Polymodal receptors are sensory receptors that respond to multiple types of stimuli, including mechanical, thermal, and chemical stimuli. These receptors are found in various parts of the body and play a crucial role in the perception of different sensations. They are responsible for transmitting signals to the brain, allowing us to perceive and interpret sensations such as touch, temperature, and pain. Polymodal receptors are classified as Type C fibers, which are unmyelinated and transmit slower signals, compared to Type A fibers. Overall, polymodal receptors are essential for our ability to sense and respond to various stimuli in our environment.

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75. Transmit information about muscle length and tendon stretch

Explanation

Type A-alpha fibers are a type of sensory nerve fibers that transmit information about muscle length and tendon stretch. These fibers are responsible for proprioception, which is the perception of the position and movement of our body parts. They provide feedback to the brain about the length and tension in our muscles and tendons, allowing us to have a sense of where our body is in space and to make coordinated movements. These fibers have a large diameter and are myelinated, which allows for fast transmission of signals.

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76. Using surgery to relieve severe, intractable pain has been successful to a degree. For what can surgery be used when a person is in pain?

Explanation

Surgery can be used to block the transmission of phantom limb pain. Phantom limb pain refers to the sensation of pain in a limb that has been amputated. This type of pain can be extremely debilitating and difficult to treat. Surgery can be performed to sever or block the nerves that transmit pain signals from the missing limb to the brain, effectively reducing or eliminating the phantom limb pain. This surgical intervention has shown some degree of success in providing relief for individuals suffering from this type of pain.

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77. A sharp pain with a burning quality that may be abrupt or slow in onset

Explanation

Cutaneous pain refers to pain that originates from the skin or subcutaneous tissue. It is typically described as a sharp pain with a burning quality. This type of pain can occur suddenly or gradually. Cutaneous pain is different from deep somatic pain, which originates from the muscles, ligaments, and bones, and visceral pain, which originates from the internal organs. Referred pain is pain that is felt in a different area of the body than where the actual cause of the pain is located. Guarding refers to the involuntary tensing of muscles to protect an injured or painful area. Acute pain is short-term pain, while chronic pain is long-lasting pain.

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78. Transmit information from cutaneous and subcutaneous mechanoreceptors

Explanation

Type B fibers transmit information from cutaneous and subcutaneous mechanoreceptors. These fibers are involved in discriminative touch and sensory perception. They are responsible for relaying information about pressure, vibration, and proprioception. Unlike Type A fibers, which are larger and faster, Type B fibers are smaller and slower. They play a crucial role in the discriminative pathway, which allows us to perceive and interpret sensory information accurately.

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79. Sense fullness and discomfort

Explanation

General visceral afferent neurons are responsible for transmitting sensory information from the internal organs to the central nervous system. These neurons detect sensations such as fullness and discomfort in the organs, allowing the brain to monitor and regulate bodily functions. This is different from special somatic afferent neurons, which transmit sensory information from special senses such as vision and hearing, and general somatic afferent neurons, which transmit sensory information from the skin and musculoskeletal system. Therefore, general visceral afferent neurons are the most appropriate choice for explaining the sensation of fullness and discomfort.

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80. Found in joint capsules

Explanation

Ruffini end-organs are found in joint capsules. These sensory receptors are responsible for detecting mechanical deformation and are sensitive to continuous pressure and stretch. They are found in the deep layers of the skin and respond to changes in joint position and movement, providing information about joint angle and joint movement.

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81. Convey cutaneous pressure and touch sensation, cold sensation, mechanical pain, and heat pain

Explanation

Type A fibers are a type of nerve fibers that convey sensory information related to cutaneous pressure and touch sensation, cold sensation, mechanical pain, and heat pain. These fibers are responsible for transmitting signals quickly and efficiently, allowing for rapid perception and response to different sensory stimuli.

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82. A neurologic assessment of the somatosensory function of the body is often necessary for diagnostic information. How is this assessment done?

Explanation

A neurologic assessment of the somatosensory function involves testing the integrity of spinal segmental nerves. These nerves are responsible for relaying sensory information from different parts of the body to the central nervous system (CNS). By assessing the integrity of these nerves, healthcare professionals can gather diagnostic information about the somatosensory function of the body. This can include testing for sensations such as touch, pain, temperature, and proprioception. By evaluating the spinal segmental nerves, any abnormalities or impairments in the somatosensory system can be identified.

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83. Transmit information about muscle length and tendon stretch

Explanation

Type A-alpha and A-delta fibers transmit information about muscle length and tendon stretch. These fibers are part of the sensory pathway responsible for proprioception, which is the ability to sense the position and movement of our body parts. Proprioceptive information from these fibers helps us maintain balance, coordination, and perform precise movements. These fibers have a fast conduction velocity, allowing for quick transmission of information from the muscles and tendons to the central nervous system.

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84. Circulation to a cooled area undergoes alternating periods of pallor caused by ischemia and flushing caused by hyperemia

Explanation

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85. What term is used to describe divisions of somatosensory experiences for qualitative, subjective distinctions between sensations (such as touch, heat, and pain)?

Explanation

Modalities is the term used to describe divisions of somatosensory experiences for qualitative, subjective distinctions between sensations such as touch, heat, and pain. It refers to the different types or qualities of sensory information that can be perceived by the somatosensory system.

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86. Transmit sensory information from the periphery to the CNS

Explanation

First-order neurons are responsible for transmitting sensory information from the periphery to the central nervous system (CNS). They are the first step in the sensory pathway, receiving input from sensory receptors and transmitting it to the spinal cord or brainstem. This allows for the perception of various sensory stimuli such as touch, temperature, and pain.

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87. Convey cutaneous pressure and touch sensation, cold sensation, mechanical pain, and heat pain

Explanation

Type A fibers are responsible for conveying cutaneous pressure and touch sensation, cold sensation, mechanical pain, and heat pain. These fibers are sensory nerves that transmit information from the skin to the brain, allowing us to perceive different sensations such as touch, temperature, and pain. They are classified into two subtypes: A-alpha fibers, which are larger and transmit information related to touch and pressure, and A-delta fibers, which are smaller and transmit information related to temperature and pain.

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88. Type of pain experienced from a sprained ankle

Explanation

Deep somatic pain is the correct answer because a sprained ankle involves damage to the ligaments, tendons, and muscles surrounding the joint. This type of pain is typically described as a deep, dull ache or throbbing sensation. It is different from cutaneous pain, which is felt on the surface of the skin, and visceral pain, which is associated with internal organs. Referred pain occurs when pain is felt in a different area than the actual source of the problem. Guarding refers to the protective muscle contractions that occur to protect an injured area. Acute pain is short-term and usually resolves as the injury heals, while chronic pain persists for longer periods.

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89. Sensory threshold is raised

Explanation

Hyperpathia is a condition characterized by an increased sensitivity to pain and a heightened perception of pain stimuli. This means that the sensory threshold, which is the level of stimulus needed to detect a sensation, is raised in individuals with hyperpathia. As a result, they may experience pain from stimuli that would not typically be painful for others. This can be caused by damage or dysfunction in the nervous system, specifically in the pain pathways.

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90. Through research, it was found that electrical stimulation of the midbrain _________ regions produced a state of analgesia that lasted for many hours.

Explanation

Electrical stimulation of the periaqueductal gray regions in the midbrain has been shown through research to produce a state of analgesia that lasts for many hours.

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91. Phantom limb pain is a little understood pain that develops after an amputation. Because it is little understood, it is difficult to treat, even though the patient is experiencing severe pain. What are the treatments for phantom limb pain?

Explanation

Sympathetic blocks and hypnosis are effective treatments for phantom limb pain. Sympathetic blocks involve injecting an anesthetic into the sympathetic nerves to block pain signals. This can provide temporary relief from the pain. Hypnosis, on the other hand, involves using relaxation techniques and suggestion to alter the patient's perception of pain. It can help reduce the intensity of phantom limb pain and improve overall well-being. These treatments are recommended because they target the underlying mechanisms of phantom limb pain and have shown promising results in managing this complex condition.

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92. Identifies the size and shape of objects and their movement across the skin, temperature sensation, sense of movement of the limbs and joints of the body, and nociception, or pain

Explanation

Discriminative touch refers to the ability to identify the size and shape of objects, as well as their movement across the skin. It also includes the sense of movement of the limbs and joints of the body, as well as the perception of temperature and pain. This sensory information is transmitted through various types of nerve fibers, such as Type A-alpha and A-delta fibers, which are responsible for fast, sharp sensations, and Type B fibers, which transmit slower, dull sensations. Discriminative touch is processed through the discriminative pathway, which helps in the perception of touch and spatial awareness.

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93. What sense position and movement of the body?

Explanation

Special somatic afferent neurons are responsible for sensing the position and movement of the body. These neurons transmit information from the muscles, tendons, and joints to the central nervous system, allowing us to have a sense of proprioception and kinesthesia. Proprioception is the awareness of the position of our body parts, while kinesthesia is the perception of movement. Special somatic afferent neurons play a crucial role in maintaining balance, coordinating movements, and providing feedback to the brain about the body's position in space.

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94. The perception of tactual, proprioceptive, or gut sensations

Explanation

Somesthesia refers to the perception of tactual, proprioceptive, or gut sensations. It involves the activation of various sensory fibers, including Type A, Type B, and Type C fibers. Polymodal receptors play a role in somesthesia, as they are able to respond to multiple types of stimuli. The primary somatosensory cortex is responsible for processing and interpreting these sensory signals. Hyperpathia, which is an increased sensitivity to pain, can also be a part of somesthesia. Therefore, the given answer correctly identifies somesthesia as the perception of these sensations.

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95. Stimulate autonomic nervous system responses, such as a rise in heart rate and blood pressure, dilation of the pupils, and the pale, moist skin that results from the constriction of the cutaneous blood vessels and activation of the sweat glands.

Explanation

The anterolateral pathway is responsible for transmitting sensory information related to pain and temperature. It stimulates autonomic nervous system responses such as an increase in heart rate and blood pressure, dilation of the pupils, and changes in skin appearance. This pathway is involved in the body's fight or flight response and helps to protect the body from potential harm.

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The most common type of headache
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In describing the ideal analgesic, what factors would be included?...
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The experience of pain depends on what?
The purpose of acute pain is to serve as a warning system.
When testing nociceptive stimuli to elicit a withdrawal reflex in the...
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Manifested by facial tics or spasms and characterized by paroxysmal...
Type of primary neurovascular headache that typically includes severe,...
Three families of endogenous opioid peptides have been identified: the...
Children feel pain just as much as adults do. What is the major...
Absence of pain on noxious stimulation or the relief of pain without...
Characterized by severe, brief, often repetitive attacks of...
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Somatosensory information from the face and cranial structures
What is used for the rapid transmission of sensory information, such...
Attention, motivation, past experience, and the meaning of the...
What relays sensory information regarding touch, pressure, and...
A protective reflex rigidity; its purpose is to protect the affected...
Characterized by severe, brief, often repetitive attacks of...
When a peripheral nerve is sufficiently irritated, it becomes...
What theory proposes that the brain contains a widely distributed...
Detect touch and pressure
The receptive endings of different afferent neurons can initiate...
When giving medicine for acute pain, health care workers are reluctant...
The sense of shape and size of an object in the absence of...
Extends for long periods of time and generally represents low levels...
Unmyelinated fibers entwined around most of the length of the hair...
Somatosensory information from the face and cranial structures is...
Relay information from the thalamus to the cerebral cortex
Receives primary sensory information by way of direct projections from...
What provides for transmission of sensory information, such as pain,...
Describes pain sensitivity that occurs directly in damaged tissues
What is discriminated by three types of receptors: cold receptors,...
What is the region of the body wall that is supplied by a single pair...
Sensory receptors that are activated by noxious insults to peripheral...
What is designed to provide the CNS with information related to deep...
A severe type of headache that occurs more frequently in men than in...
Awareness of the stimuli, localization and discrimination of their...
What has receptors on various visceral structures that sense fullness...
What tract has faster-conducting fibers and is associated mainly with...
What is activated by nociceptive stimulation and can cause a response...
Communicate with various reflex networks and sensory pathways in the...
A common cause of head pain
Transmit information from cutaneous and subcutaneous mechanoreceptors
Elongated, encapsulated nerve ending that is present in non-hairy...
Migraine headaches affect millions of people worldwide. What are...
The region of the body wall that is supplied by a single pair of...
Which tract in the spinal cord conducts the diffuse, dull, aching...
What stimuli are objectively defined as stimuli of such intensity that...
Sensations such as pain, touch, and temperature
Transmits all somatosensory information from the limbs and trunk
Detect touch and pressure
The pain's location, radiation, intensity, and duration, as well...
Stimulated by rapid movements of the tissues and adapts within a few...
What have branches with widespread distribution throughout the body...
What arises from direct injury or dysfunction of the sensory axons of...
One of the neurotransmitters between the nociceptive neurons and the...
Chronic pain is difficult to treat. Cancer, a common cause of chronic...
Sense position and movement of the body
The cell body of the dorsal root ganglion neuron, its peripheral...
Convey warm-hot sensation and mechanical and chemical as well as heat-...
What is the ability to discriminate the location of somesthetic...
It is often necessary to assess a patient's pain. What factors...
Are responsible for giving steady-state signals that allow for...
Affected sensory ganglia and the peripheral nerve to the skin of the...
What tract is a slower-conducting, multisynaptic tract concerned with...
Carry the information from the spinal cord to the thalamic level of...
Diffuse and poorly localized nature with a tendency to be referred to...
Respond to mechanical, thermal, and chemical stimuli
Transmit information about muscle length and tendon stretch
Using surgery to relieve severe, intractable pain has been successful...
A sharp pain with a burning quality that may be abrupt or slow in...
Transmit information from cutaneous and subcutaneous mechanoreceptors
Sense fullness and discomfort
Found in joint capsules
Convey cutaneous pressure and touch sensation, cold sensation,...
A neurologic assessment of the somatosensory function of the body is...
Transmit information about muscle length and tendon stretch
Circulation to a cooled area undergoes alternating periods of pallor...
What term is used to describe divisions of somatosensory experiences...
Transmit sensory information from the periphery to the CNS
Convey cutaneous pressure and touch sensation, cold sensation,...
Type of pain experienced from a sprained ankle
Sensory threshold is raised
Through research, it was found that electrical stimulation of the...
Phantom limb pain is a little understood pain that develops after an...
Identifies the size and shape of objects and their movement across the...
What sense position and movement of the body?
The perception of tactual, proprioceptive, or gut sensations
Stimulate autonomic nervous system responses, such as a rise in heart...
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