Motor Control Theories And Characteristics! Trivia Quiz

The retina is the correct answer because it is the eye structure that covers the back of the eye and contains neuro-receptors that transmit visual information to the brain. The retina is responsible for converting light into neural signals that are then sent to the brain for processing and interpretation. It is considered an extension of the brain because it is made up of specialized cells that are similar to neurons found in the brain. The other options, such as the pupil, iris, and lens, do not fulfill the criteria of covering the back of the eye and transmitting visual information to the brain.

Visual Information and intended manipulation of the object "preset" the system to initiate the reach and grasp as well as influence feedback to create modification afterwards.

b) Golgi tendon organs c) joint receptors d) also joint receptors

Throwing a baseball pitch is an example of an open loop control system because it does not involve continuous feedback or adjustments during the action. In an open loop system, the output is not monitored or compared to the desired outcome, and there is no correction made based on the feedback. In the case of throwing a baseball pitch, once the throw is initiated, there is no further adjustment or correction made based on the outcome of the throw.

The correct answer is "a unique set of characteristics that defines a GMP and does not vary from one performance to the next." Invariant features are those that remain consistent and unchanged across different performances of a skill. These features define the underlying structure or pattern of a generalized motor program (GMP) and are essential for its identification and execution. By maintaining the same set of characteristics, invariant features allow for the recognition and reproduction of a specific GMP across various contexts and conditions.

Linear changes in movement behaviour - non linear relates to the Dynamic Systems Theory

Proprioception refers to the sensation and perception of limb, trunk, head position, and movement. Sensory information related to proprioception is transmitted to the central nervous system (CNS), providing information about movement direction and location in space. Proprioception is an important source of feedback in both open-loop and closed-loop control systems. Therefore, the statement that proprioception is more important in open-loop control systems rather than closed-loop control systems does not apply.

Muscle Spindles: located in all skeletal muscle Joint Receptors: located in joint capsules and ligaments of all synovial joints

The shoulder joint has three degrees of freedom. This means that it can move in three different directions independently. These directions are flexion/extension (forward and backward movement), abduction/adduction (sideways movement), and internal/external rotation (rotating inward and outward). Each of these movements is controlled by different sets of muscles and allows for a wide range of motion in the shoulder joint.

When there is a conflict between vision and other sensory sources, we tend to believe our eyes because vision is considered to be one of the most dominant and reliable senses. Our eyes provide us with direct visual information about our surroundings, and we often rely on this sense to navigate and interpret the world around us. While other sensory sources such as proprioception (our sense of body position and movement) are important, vision usually takes precedence in situations of conflict.

To successfully catch an oncoming object, it is important to see the object until you can predict the rest of its flight. This means that you need to have a good understanding of the object's trajectory and speed in order to anticipate its movement and position yourself accordingly to catch it. Simply catching it or seeing it halfway through its flight may not provide enough information to make an accurate catch. Additionally, once the object leaves the hand of the person throwing it, it becomes more difficult to predict its flight path, so it is crucial to have a clear view until you can make an accurate prediction.

The vision for 'action' is processed via the dorsal stream. The dorsal stream, also known as the "where" pathway, is responsible for processing visual information related to the spatial location of objects and guiding actions and movements. It helps us determine the position, motion, and orientation of objects in our environment, allowing us to interact with them effectively. The ventral stream, on the other hand, is responsible for processing visual information related to object recognition and perception of color and form.

The Dynamic Pattern Theory describes and explains the role of coordinated movement by emphasizing the role of information in the environment and properties of the body/limbs. It suggests that the nervous system produces coordinated movement of motor skills by utilizing a Generalized Motor Program (GMP). This theory also helps to address the degrees of freedom problem, which refers to the challenge of controlling multiple joints and muscles during movement.

To adapt an overarm throw for distance in a softball game, the part of the Generalized Motor Program (GMP) that needs to be altered is the parameters. Parameters refer to the specific values or settings within a GMP that can be adjusted to achieve different outcomes. In this case, adjusting the parameters of the overarm throw, such as the angle, speed, or release point, can help optimize the throw for greater distance.

The correct answer is "Time to contact". The optical variable Tau is a measure of the time it takes for an object to make contact with another object or surface. It is calculated by dividing the constant k by the relative size of the object (A) and its rate of expansion (dA/dt). This variable is important in perception and action as it helps in determining the appropriate timing for actions such as catching a ball or avoiding obstacles while moving.

The given answer is incorrect. The statement "all of the above are correct" implies that all the statements about the neural components of the eye are true. However, the question asks for the false statement. The false statement is "Cones are photoreceptor cells that respond to bright light" because cones are actually responsible for color vision and function best in bright light conditions.

A closed-loop control system is designed to continuously monitor and adjust its output based on feedback from its sensors. It uses this feedback information to maintain a desired setpoint or to correct any deviations from it. The options "Uses Feedback" and "information issued only to initiate movement" both align with the characteristics of a closed-loop control system. However, the statement "movement is typically over very early" contradicts the nature of a closed-loop system, as it implies that the system stops its movement prematurely. A closed-loop control system is intended to continually adjust its movement until it reaches the desired outcome, rather than ending it prematurely.

Temporal Occlusion is when you aim to see at what point in time during a movement when an athlete will be able to preempt the next action - novices show a greater percentage of error when compared with experts

Foveal vision refers to the central area of the retina that is responsible for sharp and detailed vision. It is the part of the eye that has the highest concentration of cone cells, which are responsible for color vision and visual acuity. Foveal vision is crucial for tasks that require fine detail and focus, such as reading or recognizing faces. It allows us to see objects with clarity and precision in the central area of our visual field.

The information from motor areas of the brain that is destined for the muscles is also sent as an efference copy. Efference copy refers to a copy of the motor command that is sent to the muscles, allowing the brain to predict the expected sensory consequences of the movement. This copy is used for comparison with the actual sensory feedback received after the movement, enabling the brain to make adjustments and fine-tune motor control.

The correct answer is 100-160ms. This range is considered reasonable for many tasks when it comes to the time it takes to process information. While there is no single, absolute estimate for this processing time, the 100-160ms range is commonly accepted as a reasonable value.

The statement that is FALSE is "There is a non-rhythmic structure of gait patterns that exist between arms and legs." Gait patterns involve a rhythmic and coordinated movement of the arms and legs, and there is a specific structure to these patterns.

Taub and Berman (1963, 1968) observed that monkeys who had undergone Surgical Deafferentation showed a lesser degree of precision when performing motor skills. This means that the monkeys were not able to perform motor skills with the same level of accuracy and precision as before the surgery.

Handwriting demonstrates various cognitive and motor elements within a control process

The cornea is the clear surface that covers the front of the eye. It is responsible for focusing incoming light onto the retina, allowing us to see clearly. The cornea is transparent and helps to protect the eye from dust, dirt, and other foreign particles. It also plays a crucial role in the overall refractive power of the eye, helping to determine how well we can focus on objects at different distances.

The correct answer is the definition that states coordination as the patterning of the body and limb motions relative to the patterning of environmental objects and events. This definition highlights the concept of coordinating one's movements in relation to the surrounding objects and events, suggesting a synchronization between body and environment. It implies the ability to adjust and adapt one's actions based on the external stimuli, emphasizing the importance of spatial awareness and motor skills in coordination.

Motor Program-based Theories emphasize the role of a memory representation in the control of coordinated action. These theories propose that motor programs, which are stored in memory, are responsible for producing coordinated movements. According to this view, the brain retrieves and executes motor programs to generate specific actions. This theory suggests that the memory representation of a motor program plays a crucial role in controlling and coordinating movements.

When the Achilles tendons are vibrated, it activates the stretch reflex, causing a reflexive contraction of the calf muscles. This contraction results in a backward sway of the body. Since the individual is standing with their eyes closed, they are relying heavily on proprioception (the sense of body position) to maintain balance. The sudden contraction of the calf muscles due to the vibration disrupts their sense of body position, leading to a loss of balance and a potential fall backwards. Therefore, the likely postural response would be to sway backwards and fall over.

Although d) is also correct, b) is more correct

In the given example, the bimanual coordination required is asymmetric. This means that the movement of both hands to the center is not identical in terms of spatial characteristics. One hand may need to move a greater distance or in a different direction compared to the other hand. This type of coordination involves different movements or actions performed by each hand to achieve the goal.

The given scenario of tapping fingers at separate patterns eventually leading to tapping at the same time demonstrates self-organization. Self-organization refers to the spontaneous emergence of order or patterns in a system without external influence or control. In this case, the individuals are able to synchronize their finger tapping without any external guidance, showcasing the self-organizing nature of the system.

The degrees of freedom problem refers to the number of independent elements in a central system and the ways each component can act. It relates to the possible movements around a specific limb or joint and the various movement possibilities applicable to the body. It also takes into account the context of the environment of the head, body, and/or limb movements so that actions can be accomplished.

Prehension refers to actions involving reaching for and grasping objects. The three components of prehension are transport, grasp, and object manipulation. Limb movement is not one of the components of prehension.

Large myelinated fibres degenerate - leading to loss of all sensory information EXCEPT FOR pain and temperature

The correct answer is c) & d) because the ventral visual system is responsible for both perception and the pathway for action. It projects from the primary visual cortex to the inferotemporal cortex for perception and also projects from the primary visual cortex to the posterior parietal cortex for action.

When the peripheral vision is blocked while reaching to grasp an object, both transportation to reach forward and the grasp itself are affected. The blocked peripheral vision hinders the ability to accurately judge the distance and position of the object, making it difficult to plan and execute the reaching movement. Additionally, the lack of peripheral vision may also affect the hand-eye coordination required for a successful grasp. Therefore, both options a) and b) are correct.

When facing a pitch in baseball, it is important to track the ball only to a certain spot (before contact) in order to synchronize with the step forward. This means that the batter should focus on the ball until it reaches a specific point in its trajectory, which allows them to time their swing and step forward correctly. By tracking the ball up until this point, the batter can ensure that they are in the optimal position to make contact with the ball and increase their chances of hitting it successfully.