Motor Control Theories And Characteristics! Trivia Quiz

The "reach and grasp" component of Prehension are no two seperate movement components but are interdependent.

• True

• False

The function of muscles spindles are:

• To detect change in muscle fibre length, limb movement velocity and acceleration and limb spatial position

• To detect force through the tendon due to lengthening of skeletal muscle

• To help detect joint spatial position, joint velocity and joint direction

• Act to detect the limits of joint flexion and extension

Throwing a baseball pitch would be an example of what a control system?

• Open Loop

• Closed Loop

• Efference Copy

• Central Centre (Executive)

Invariant features are defined as:

• Features of a GMP that can be varied from one performance of a skill to another

• A unique set of characteristics that defines a GMP and does not vary from one performance to the next

• A memory representation that stores information needed o perform an action

• The fundamental of the class of actions

How many degrees of freedom are there in the shoulder?

• 1

• 2

• 3

• 4

Which of the following is not a characteristic of the Motor Program Based Theory?

• Instructions are specified by the CNS

• Control process is managed by a motor program

• Motor Program organizes, initiates, and carries out intended actions

• Non-linear changes in movement behaviour

Which of the following does not apply to proprioception?

• Refers to the sensation and perception of limb, trunk, head position and movement

• Densory information is transmitted to the CNS (movement direction, location in space etc.)

• More important in open-loop control systems rather than closed-loop control systems

• Important source of feedback

What is located at the junction of tendons and skeletal muscle?

• Muscle Spindles

• Joint Receptors

• Golgi tendon organs

• Alpha motor neurons

When there is a conflict between vision and other sensory sources we tend to:

• Believe our muscles (ie. proprioception)

• Believe our eyes

• Get so confused our heads explode

• Need to make an executive decision to decide which sensory source to rely on

In order to successfully catch an oncoming object you must see the object until:

• You catch it

• Halfway through its flight

• You can predict the rest of the flight

• It leaves the hand of the person throwing it

The Dynamic Pattern Theory:

• Is a memory based construct that controls coordinated movement

• Describes and explains the role of coordinated movement that emphasises the role of information in the environment and properties of the body/limbs

• Hypothesises a Generalised Motor Program (GMP)

• Helps to explain the degrees of freedom problem and describes how the nervous system produces coordinated movement of motor skills

Vision for 'action' is processed via which stream:

• Dorsal

• Ventral

In order to adapt an overarm throw for distance in a softball game, which part of the GMP must be altered?

• Invariant features

• Regulatory conditions

• Parameters

• Attractors

The optical variable Tau is defined as:

• Tc = kA/A

• Time to contact

• The speed and accuracy tradeoff

• The visual field 200 degrees horizontally and 160 degrees vertically

Which of the following statements about the neural components of the eye is FALSE:

• Rods are photoreceptor cells that respond to low levels of light

• Cones are photoreceptor cells that respond to bright light

• The Optic Nerve is a cranial nerve - it transfers visual information from the retina to the brain

• A) & b)

• All of the above are correct

Which of the following is not a characteristic of a closed-loop control system:

• Uses Feedback

• Information issued only to initiate movement

• Movement is typically over very early

Which of the following statements about vision is FALSE:

• Skilled tennis players view an opponents trunk-hip and head-shoulder areas

• Less skilled spent more time looking at the opponents racquet

• Event Occlusion is defined as excluding a part of an opponents body in a picture

• Novices found that they had a lower percentage of error predicting the next action of a tennis player during Temporal Occlusion

Central vision (ie. information detected from a small area with a range of about 2 - 5 degrees) can also be explained as:

• Monocular Vision

• Binocular Vision

• Foveal Vision

• Peripheral Vision

The info from motor areas of the brain that is destined for the muscles is also sent as:

• An attractor

• An efference copy

• The executive

• Feedback

There is no single, absolute estimate of the time to process information, however there is a certain value that is considered reasonable for many tasks. This value is:

• 215-250ms

• 100-160ms

• 150-200ms

• 180-230ms

Which of the following statesments about Gait is FALSE?

• There is a non-rhythmic structure of gait patterns that exist between arms and legs

• Identification of gait patterns allow assessment techniques of coordination patterns

• Head Stability is a high priority is the gait motor control system

• Locomotion cerebral palsy and other neurological impairments adopt 'abnormal' gait to enable head stability

As observed by Taub and Berman (1963, 1968), Monkeys that had undergone Surgical Deafferentation showed:

• Increased precision of motor skills

• An inability to perform previously known motor skills

• A lesser degree of precision when performing motor skills

• No difference in level of motor skill proficiency

Which of the following statements about handwriting are FALSE?

• There is a great deal of individual variation with limb segment involvement

• Handwriting demonstrates only cognitive elements within a control process

• Motor equivalence demonstrates a person adapting to specific demands with regard to muscle involvement (eg. writing samples)

• Lexical, semantic and motor control processes occur simultaneously when writing

The clear surface that covers the front of the eye is:

• Pupil

• Iris

• Lens

• Cornea

Which of the following is the most correct definition of coordination:

• The process or state of coordinating or being coordinated

• The organization of the different elements of a complex body or activity so as to enable them to work together effectively

• Patterning of the body and limb motions relative to the patterning of environmental objects and events

• Having the ability to function in a sporting environment (ie. catch a ball, hit a pitch)

Which of the following Motor Control Theories emphasizes the role of a memory representation in the control of coordinated action?

• Schmidt's Schema Theory

• Dynamic Pattern Theory

• Motor Program-based Theories

• Fitt's Law

If I were to vibrate both of the Achilles Tendons of an individual whom was standing with their eyes closed, the likely postural response would be to:

• Do nothing

• Initiate step forwards

• Sway forwards and fall over

• Sway backwards and fall over

Schmidt's Schema Theory proposes that:

• Memory is the most important component of a GMP

• A GMP serves as the central, memory-based mechanism for the control of motor skill performance

• Open and closed loop control systems send movement instructions to the GMP and initiate a movement

• When a specific action is performed, specific parameter values must be added to the GMP

Bimanual Coodination Skills are motor skills that requires simultaneous use of both arms (or legs). The skill may require two arms to move with the same or different spatial and/or temporal characteristics. What sort of bimanual coordination was required in the example, where the goal is to move both hands to the centre. (Left Hand)                           (Goal)              (Right Hand)

• Asymmetric

• Symmetric

• Disassociate

• Difficult

The degrees of freedom problem explains:

• The number of independent elements in a central system and the ways each component can act

• All the possible movements around a specific limb or joint

• The various movement possibilities applicable to the body

• Context of the environment of the head, body and/or limb movements so that actions can be accomplished

Anti-phase to In-phase organisation (ie. tapping fingers at separate patterns - out of phase - will eventually lead to tapping at the same time - in-phase) is an example of what:

• Control Parameter

• Self-Organisation

• Coordinated Structures

• Dynamical Systems

Prehension describes actions involving reaching for and grasping objects. There are 3 components for prehension. Which of the following is not one of them...

• Transport

• Limb Movement

• Grasp

• Object Manipulation

Which of the following statements about Sensory Polyneuropathy is false?

• Large myelinated fibres degenerate - leading to loss of all sensory information including pain and temperature

• Efferent motor pathways are (usually) intact - strength is normal

• Patients who are unable to see their limbs cannot sense their position nor detect motion of joints

• A) and b)

• None of the above

When reaching to grasp an object, if the peripheral vision is blocked:

• Transportation to reach forward is blocked

• The grasp is not affected

• The grasp is affected

• A) & b)

The Ventral Visual system:

• Is the pathway for Action

• Projects from the primary visual cortex to the posterior parietal cortex

• Projects from the primary visual cortex to the inferotemporal cortex

• Is the pathway for Perception

• A) & b)

• A) & c)

• C) & d)

When facing a pitch in baseball it is important to track the ball up until:

• It makes contact with the bat

• 100-160ms after it leaves the pictures hand

• Only to a certain spot (before contact) in order to synchronise with the step forward

• Until you can predict where the ball will fall in the strikers zone

Describe Fitt's Law and explain how it relates to the speed-accuracy trade off