Pathology 1 Final Exam Review Quiz Pt 1

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  • 1/110 Questions

    Primary type 1 diabetes mellitus is

    • Insulin dependent
    • Non-insulin dependent
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About This Quiz

This Pathology 1 Final Exam Review Quiz Pt 1 focuses on acute and chronic pancreatitis, exploring etiology, pathogenesis, and clinical presentations. It assesses understanding of disease mechanisms and prepares learners for advanced medical exams.

Pathology 1 Final Exam Review Quiz Pt 1 - Quiz

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  • 2. 

    These are all related to ascites: Reduced production of albumin—hypoalbuminemia, reduced oncotic pressure of the plasma Portal hypertension—increased transudation of fluid into the abdomen Hyperaldosteronism—sodium and water retention in the kidneys true or false

    • True

    • False

    Correct Answer
    A. True
    Explanation
    The given statement is true. Ascites is a condition characterized by the accumulation of fluid in the abdominal cavity. The three factors mentioned in the statement are known to contribute to the development of ascites. Reduced production of albumin leads to hypoalbuminemia, which in turn reduces the oncotic pressure of the plasma. Portal hypertension, which is an increase in blood pressure within the portal vein, can cause fluid to transude into the abdomen. Hyperaldosteronism, a condition where there is excessive production of aldosterone hormone, can result in sodium and water retention in the kidneys, leading to fluid accumulation in the abdomen.

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  • 3. 

    Benign tumors of the Thyroid: Adenoma is most common follicular adenoma

    • True

    • False

    Correct Answer
    A. True
    Explanation
    Adenoma is indeed the most common benign tumor of the thyroid. Adenomas are non-cancerous growths that develop from the cells of the thyroid gland. Among the different types of adenomas, follicular adenoma is the most common. It arises from the follicular cells of the thyroid and is usually solitary. Although benign, follicular adenomas can sometimes cause symptoms such as swelling in the neck, difficulty swallowing, or changes in voice. They are typically diagnosed through imaging tests and a biopsy may be done to confirm the diagnosis. Treatment options may include surgery to remove the adenoma or monitoring the condition if it is not causing any significant problems.

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  • 4. 

    Hepatocellular carcinoma is associated with Hepatitis B and C. True or False.

    • True

    • False

    Correct Answer
    A. True
    Explanation
    Hepatocellular carcinoma, a type of liver cancer, is indeed associated with Hepatitis B and C. Chronic infection with these viruses can lead to inflammation and damage to the liver, increasing the risk of developing hepatocellular carcinoma. Therefore, the statement "Hepatocellular carcinoma is associated with Hepatitis B and C" is true.

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  • 5. 

    This common form of cancer affects 25,000 persons and causes 14,000 deaths in the United States yearly. It is eight times more common in Japan and Chile. The incidence of this has decreased over the past 70 years in the United States. The etiology is unknown—suspect nitrosamines in food and maybe H. pylori. Pathology Macroscopic forms Superficial Polypoid Ulcerated Diffusely infiltrating (“linitis plastica”) Histology Adenocarcinoma C: nonspecific symptoms

    • Carcinoma of the stomach

    • Carcinoma of the pancreas

    • Carcinoma of the esophagus

    • Carcinoma of the salivary glands

    Correct Answer
    A. Carcinoma of the stomach
    Explanation
    The given answer, carcinoma of the stomach, is correct because the question provides information about a common form of cancer that affects 25,000 persons and causes 14,000 deaths in the United States yearly. It also states that the incidence of this cancer has decreased over the past 70 years in the United States. Additionally, it mentions that this type of cancer is eight times more common in Japan and Chile. This information aligns with the characteristics of carcinoma of the stomach, making it the most likely correct answer.

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  • 6. 

    Enlargement of the thyroid gland E: iodine def, Grave’s d, thyroiditis, neoplasia, unknown C: most goiters are euthyroid. Coughing, hoarseness

    • Goiter

    • Conn's Syndrome

    • Pheochromocytoma

    Correct Answer
    A. Goiter
    Explanation
    Goiter refers to the enlargement of the thyroid gland. The given answer states that most goiters are euthyroid, meaning they do not cause any abnormal thyroid function. The possible causes of goiter mentioned are iodine deficiency, Grave's disease, thyroiditis, neoplasia, or unknown reasons. The symptoms associated with goiter are coughing and hoarseness. Therefore, the correct answer for this question is "Goiter."

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  • 7. 

    Conjugated jaundice

    • Urine dark

    • Urine normal color

    • Urine light

    Correct Answer
    A. Urine dark
    Explanation
    The correct answer is "urine dark" because conjugated jaundice refers to a condition where there is an excess of bilirubin in the bloodstream. Bilirubin is a yellow pigment that is normally excreted in the bile and gives urine its normal yellow color. However, in conjugated jaundice, the liver is unable to properly process bilirubin, leading to its accumulation in the bloodstream and subsequent excretion in the urine. This results in the urine appearing dark or brownish in color.

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  • 8. 

    Protrusion of abdominal contents through the abdominal wall. Inquinal, Femoral, Paraumbilical, Diaphragmatic

    • Hernia

    • Intussusception

    • Volvulus

    • Paralytic ileus

    Correct Answer
    A. Hernia
    Explanation
    A hernia is the protrusion of abdominal contents through the abdominal wall. It can occur in different areas such as inguinal, femoral, paraumbilical, or diaphragmatic. In a hernia, there is a weakness or defect in the abdominal wall, allowing organs or tissues to push through. This can cause pain, discomfort, and a visible bulge. Treatment for a hernia usually involves surgical repair to close the defect and prevent further protrusion.

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  • 9. 

    E: smoking, pipe smoking, cigar smoking, chewing tobacco. Chronic alcohol use. Average age 55-60.   Most tumors histologically classified as squamous cell carcinomas Often related to tobacco smoking Morphologically present as the following: Leukoplakia – white slightly elevated plaque Erythroplakia – red plaque Ulcer – shallow defect Crater – defect with raised margins Nodule

    • Stomatoma

    • Sialadenitis

    • Oral Cancer

    Correct Answer
    A. Oral Cancer
    Explanation
    The given information describes the characteristics and risk factors associated with oral cancer. It states that most tumors are histologically classified as squamous cell carcinomas, which is a type of cancer commonly related to tobacco smoking. The morphological presentation of oral cancer includes leukoplakia (white slightly elevated plaque), erythroplakia (red plaque), ulcer (shallow defect), crater (defect with raised margins), and nodule. Based on these details, the correct answer is Oral Cancer.

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  • 10. 

    Which of the two malignant gastric tumors are the most common?

    • Adenocarcinoma

    • Lymphoma

    Correct Answer
    A. Adenocarcinoma
    Explanation
    Adenocarcinoma is the most common type of malignant gastric tumor. It arises from the glandular cells lining the stomach and accounts for the majority of gastric cancer cases. Lymphoma, on the other hand, is a less common type of gastric tumor that originates from the lymphatic tissue in the stomach. Therefore, based on prevalence, adenocarcinoma is the correct answer.

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  • 11. 

    _________ binds to connective tissue and stains them yellow... sclera, skin. Accompanied by itching (Pruritus)

    • Bilirubin

    • Ictarus/Jaundice

    Correct Answer
    A. Bilirubin
    Explanation
    Bilirubin is a yellow pigment that binds to connective tissue, causing them to appear yellow. This can be observed in the sclera (white part of the eye) and skin. It is often accompanied by itching, also known as pruritus. Bilirubin is commonly associated with jaundice, a condition characterized by yellowing of the skin and eyes.

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  • 12. 

    Ascites Splenomegaly Anastomoses between portal and systemic circulation Hemorrhoids Esophageal varices Caput medusae

    • Portal Hypertension

    • Gilbert's Disease

    • Wilson's Disease

    • Cirrhosis

    Correct Answer
    A. Portal Hypertension
    Explanation
    Portal hypertension is a condition characterized by increased blood pressure in the portal vein system, which carries blood from the digestive organs to the liver. This can be caused by various conditions such as cirrhosis, Gilbert's disease, or Wilson's disease. Ascites, splenomegaly, anastomoses between portal and systemic circulation, hemorrhoids, esophageal varices, and caput medusae are all potential complications of portal hypertension. Therefore, portal hypertension is the correct answer as it encompasses the other conditions mentioned and is the underlying cause of the associated complications.

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  • 13. 

    E: gallstones P: Multiple stones, thick gallbladder wall, small gallbladder, chronic inflammation of the wall  fibrosis

    • Acute cholecystitis

    • Chronic cholecystitis

    • Primary sclerosing cholangitis

    • Hepatobiliary Tumors

    Correct Answer
    A. Chronic cholecystitis
    Explanation
    The given symptoms of multiple stones, thick gallbladder wall, small gallbladder, and chronic inflammation of the wall fibrosis are indicative of chronic cholecystitis. Acute cholecystitis typically presents with sudden onset of symptoms and inflammation, while primary sclerosing cholangitis involves inflammation and scarring of the bile ducts. Hepatobiliary tumors would not cause the specific symptoms described. Therefore, chronic cholecystitis is the most fitting explanation for the given symptoms.

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  • 14. 

    E: Colonization of periodontal pockets with bacteria P: Formation of plague  calcification  tartar  inflammation of overlying gingiva  loosening of tooth ligaments  bacterial invades tooth sockets and root canal  interrupts blood flow  devitalizes the tooth C: Red, swollen gums, loose teeth

    • Sialadenitis

    • Periodontal disease (Periodontitis)

    • Stomatitis

    • Dental Caries

    Correct Answer
    A. Periodontal disease (Periodontitis)
    Explanation
    The given answer, Periodontal disease (Periodontitis), is the correct explanation for the given symptoms. The symptoms mentioned in the passage, such as red, swollen gums and loose teeth, are characteristic of periodontal disease. The passage describes the progression of the disease, starting with the colonization of bacteria in the periodontal pockets and leading to various complications like plaque formation, calcification, inflammation, and tooth ligament loosening. This ultimately results in the symptoms mentioned. Therefore, Periodontal disease (Periodontitis) is the most suitable explanation for the given symptoms.

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  • 15. 

    Outpouching of esophageal wall  accumulation of food  possible inflammation  diverticulosis

    • Esophageal diverticula

    • Esophagitis

    • Achalasia

    • Hiatal Hernia

    Correct Answer
    A. Esophageal diverticula
    Explanation
    Esophageal diverticula are outpouchings of the esophageal wall that can occur due to the accumulation of food and possible inflammation. This condition is known as diverticulosis. Esophagitis refers to inflammation of the esophagus, Achalasia is a condition where the muscles of the esophagus do not properly relax, and Hiatal Hernia is a condition where a portion of the stomach protrudes into the chest through the diaphragm. These conditions are not specifically related to the outpouching of the esophageal wall seen in esophageal diverticula.

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  • 16. 

    Cardiovascular Atherosclerosis—gangrene of extremities Arteriolosclerosis Kidney Glomerulosclerosis Pyelonephritis Eye Retinopathy Cataracts Nervous system Cerebrovascular disease Peripheral neuropathy these are all complications of

    • Hepatitis

    • Lupus

    • Diabetes Mellitus

    • Congestive Heart Failure

    Correct Answer
    A. Diabetes Mellitus
    Explanation
    The given answer, Diabetes Mellitus, is correct because all of the listed complications are commonly associated with this condition. Atherosclerosis, arteriolosclerosis, and cerebrovascular disease are all related to the damage caused by high blood sugar levels on the blood vessels, leading to cardiovascular and cerebrovascular complications. Glomerulosclerosis is a type of kidney damage commonly seen in diabetes, while retinopathy and peripheral neuropathy are both complications affecting the eye and nervous system respectively. Cataracts can also develop due to the long-term effects of diabetes on the eyes.

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  • 17. 

    This hereditary liver disease is characterized by excessive accumulation of iron in many organs, cirrhosis.

    • Hemochromatosis

    • Wilson's Disease

    • Gilbert's Disease

    • Alpha1-antitrypsin deficiency

    Correct Answer
    A. Hemochromatosis
    Explanation
    Hemochromatosis is a hereditary liver disease that is characterized by excessive accumulation of iron in many organs, leading to cirrhosis. This condition occurs when the body absorbs too much iron from the diet and is unable to properly regulate its levels. Over time, the excess iron builds up in various organs, including the liver, causing damage and eventually leading to cirrhosis. Hemochromatosis is often asymptomatic in the early stages, but as iron levels continue to rise, symptoms such as fatigue, joint pain, and abdominal pain may develop. Treatment typically involves regular blood removal to reduce iron levels and manage symptoms.

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  • 18. 

    Sliding – 90%, esophageal junction and part of stomach lei above diaphragm. 50% of reflux esophagitis patients have this hernia Rolling – 10% gastric fundus roles into thoracic cavity

    • Hiatal Hernia

    • Achalasia

    • Esophageal diverticula

    • Esophagitis

    Correct Answer
    A. Hiatal Hernia
    Explanation
    A hiatal hernia is a condition where a portion of the stomach slides up into the chest through the diaphragm. This can cause the esophageal junction and part of the stomach to be located above the diaphragm. It is mentioned that 50% of patients with reflux esophagitis have this type of hernia, indicating a strong association between hiatal hernia and reflux esophagitis. The other conditions listed, such as achalasia, esophageal diverticula, and esophagitis, do not specifically involve the movement of the stomach into the chest cavity, making them less likely to be the correct answer.

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  • 19. 

    Transmission: F/O, incubation 15-45 d, C: enteric fever with vomiting, loss of appetite, and jaundice. Recovery in days

    • Hepatitis A

    • Hepatitis B

    • Hepatitis C

    • Hepatitis D

    • Hepatitis E

    Correct Answer
    A. Hepatitis A
    Explanation
    The given information states that the transmission of the disease is through the fecal-oral route, and the incubation period is between 15 to 45 days. The symptoms mentioned, including enteric fever with vomiting, loss of appetite, and jaundice, are characteristic of Hepatitis A. Additionally, the statement mentions that recovery occurs within days, which is consistent with the acute nature of Hepatitis A. Therefore, the correct answer is Hepatitis A.

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  • 20. 

    Varicosities of anal and perianal region that affects 5% of adults. E: constipation, pregnancy, cirrhosis, portal hypetension. P: congenital, hereditary predisposition based on looseness of connective tissue. Appear as dilated veins or nodules filled with blood or thrombi. C: pain, protrusion incarceration and infarction

    • Hemorrhoids

    • Inflammatory Bowel Disease

    • Ischemic bowel disease

    • Ulcerative colitis

    Correct Answer
    A. Hemorrhoids
    Explanation
    The given answer, Hemorrhoids, is the correct answer because it matches the description provided in the question. The varicosities in the anal and perianal region that affect 5% of adults are known as hemorrhoids. The explanation also mentions the factors that can contribute to the development of hemorrhoids, such as constipation, pregnancy, cirrhosis, and portal hypertension. The symptoms of hemorrhoids, including pain, protrusion, incarceration, and infarction, are also mentioned. Therefore, Hemorrhoids is the most appropriate answer based on the given information.

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  • 21. 

    E: Bacterial P: Bacterial infection  obstruction  bacterial growth  ulceration  purulent inflammation  necrosis (gangrenous appendicitis)  rupture  peritonitis C: sudden fever, leukocytosis and abdominal pain. Pain stronger in right lower abdominal quadrant (RLQ) – McBurney’s point. Rebound tenderness.

    • Acute Appendicitis

    • Peptic Ulcer

    • Peritonitis

    • Hiatal hernia

    Correct Answer
    A. Acute Appendicitis
    Explanation
    The given symptoms of sudden fever, leukocytosis, abdominal pain, and pain in the right lower abdominal quadrant (McBurney's point) are indicative of acute appendicitis. The progression of bacterial infection, obstruction, bacterial growth, ulceration, purulent inflammation, necrosis, rupture, and peritonitis align with the development of appendicitis. Peptic ulcer and peritonitis may also cause abdominal pain, but the specific location of pain in the right lower abdominal quadrant points to appendicitis as the most likely diagnosis. Hiatal hernia is unrelated to the given symptoms and can be eliminated as a possible answer.

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  • 22. 

    Rare condition that can involve any age group. Can involve all pituitary – Panhypopituitarism or involve selective cells. E: congenital, tumors that compress pituitary, ischemia, trauma

    • Pituitary Hypofunction

    • Pituitary Hyperfunction

    Correct Answer
    A. Pituitary Hypofunction
    Explanation
    Pituitary hypofunction refers to a condition where the pituitary gland does not produce enough hormones. This can occur due to various reasons such as congenital factors, tumors that compress the pituitary gland, ischemia, or trauma. It can affect individuals of any age group and can involve all cells of the pituitary gland (panhypopituitarism) or only certain selective cells.

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  • 23. 

    This liver related immune disorder occurs in young women; associated with other autoimmune diseases (antibodies in serum—ANA, ASM)

    • Autoimmune Hepatitis

    • Primary biliary cirrhosis

    • Primary sclerosing cholangitis

    Correct Answer
    A. Autoimmune Hepatitis
    Explanation
    Autoimmune Hepatitis is a liver-related immune disorder that primarily affects young women. It is often associated with other autoimmune diseases, as indicated by the presence of antibodies in the serum, such as antinuclear antibodies (ANA) and smooth muscle antibodies (ASM). This explanation highlights the key characteristics of Autoimmune Hepatitis and distinguishes it from the other options provided.

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  • 24. 

    Chronic inflammatory disease most often involves ileum and colon. Can present as appendicitis, in small number of cases can affect esophagus, stomach, fallopian tubes, liver, eyes, joints and skin. P: Shallow mucosal defects aphthous ulcers at the beginning inflammation extends through entire wall (transmural)  fibrosis and thickening of wall  fibrotic narrowing (strictures), formation of fistulas. C: diarrhea, abdominal pain and weight loss. Fever, bleeding and later constipation (due to narrowing)   Malabsorption  weight loss, vitamin deficiency and anemia incidence is 70 to 150 per 100,000 persons per year in the United States Cause unknown but may be familial. Possible emotional basis and genetic basis.

    • Crohn’s disease

    • Ulcerative colitis

    • Pseudomembranous colitis

    • Peritonitis

    Correct Answer
    A. Crohn’s disease
    Explanation
    Crohn's disease is a chronic inflammatory disease that primarily affects the ileum and colon. However, it can also manifest in other parts of the body such as the esophagus, stomach, fallopian tubes, liver, eyes, joints, and skin. The disease is characterized by shallow mucosal defects, aphthous ulcers, inflammation that extends through the entire wall (transmural), fibrosis, thickening of the wall, fibrotic narrowing (strictures), and the formation of fistulas. Symptoms of Crohn's disease include diarrhea, abdominal pain, weight loss, fever, bleeding, and later constipation due to narrowing. Malabsorption, weight loss, vitamin deficiency, and anemia may also occur. The cause of Crohn's disease is unknown, but it may have a familial and genetic basis, along with possible emotional factors.

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  • 25. 

     rotation of the intestine around its mesenteric attachment site  necrosis

    • Volvulus

    • Paralytic ileus

    • Intussusception

    • Hernia

    Correct Answer
    A. Volvulus
    Explanation
    Volvulus refers to the rotation of the intestine around its mesenteric attachment site. This rotation can lead to a twisted or kinked bowel, causing a blockage in the intestine. If left untreated, the twisted bowel can become ischemic and result in necrosis, which is the death of tissue. Therefore, volvulus is the correct answer as it accurately describes the rotation of the intestine and the potential consequence of necrosis.

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  • 26. 

    Primary type 2 diabetes mellitus is

    • Insulin dependent

    • Non-insulin dependent

    Correct Answer
    A. Non-insulin dependent
    Explanation
    Primary type 2 diabetes mellitus is non-insulin dependent because in this type of diabetes, the body is still able to produce insulin, but it either does not produce enough or the body's cells do not effectively use the insulin. This means that individuals with type 2 diabetes can manage their condition through lifestyle changes such as diet and exercise, as well as oral medications, without requiring insulin injections.

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  • 27. 

    Neoplasms May affect major or minor _______________ Most (>60%) of them are benign Most common tumor is pleomorphic adenoma

    • Salivary glands

    • Adenoids

    • Sphincters

    Correct Answer
    A. Salivary glands
    Explanation
    Neoplasms are abnormal growths of cells that can occur in various parts of the body. The given statement suggests that neoplasms can affect major or minor salivary glands. It also states that the majority of neoplasms are benign, meaning they are not cancerous. The most common type of tumor in salivary glands is pleomorphic adenoma. Therefore, the correct answer is salivary glands.

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  • 28. 

    E: Reduced Lower Esophageal Sphincter pressure. Reasons – hiatal hernia, obesity, pregnancy, alcohol, medications.   Triggers – fatty, fried foods, tomato based, citrus, chocolate, garlic, onions, caffeine, spices P: Chronic inflammation C: Feeling that food is stuck behind the breastbone, Heartburn or a burning pain in the chest (under the breastbone), Increased by bending, stooping, lying down, or eating, More likely or worse at night, Nausea after eating, Less common symptoms are: Bringing food back up (regurgitation), Cough or wheezing, Difficulty swallowing, Hiccups, Hoarseness or change in voice, Sore throat Complication  Barrett’s esophagus  metaplasia: from squamous to glandular epithelium  peptic ulcers and cancer possibility

    • Reflux esophagitis

    • Infectious esophagitis

    • Iatrogenic esophagitis

    • Esophageal diverticula

    Correct Answer
    A. Reflux esophagitis
    Explanation
    Reflux esophagitis is the correct answer because it aligns with the given information. The symptoms described, such as feeling that food is stuck behind the breastbone, heartburn, and increased symptoms with bending or lying down, are characteristic of reflux esophagitis. The triggers mentioned, such as fatty and fried foods, also contribute to the development of reflux esophagitis. Additionally, the complications listed, such as Barrett's esophagus and peptic ulcers, are commonly associated with reflux esophagitis.

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  • 29. 

    This Hyperfunction causing adenomas causes secretion of ACTH  Cushing’s disease

    • Papillary carcinoma

    • Corticotropic adenoma

    • Somatotropic adenoma

    • Prolactinoma

    Correct Answer
    A. Corticotropic adenoma
    Explanation
    Corticotropic adenoma is the correct answer because it is a type of hyperfunction causing adenoma that leads to the secretion of ACTH. This excessive secretion of ACTH can result in Cushing's disease, which is characterized by increased cortisol production by the adrenal glands.

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  • 30. 

    E: genetic (congenital thyroid aplasia), thyroiditis (most common – Hashimoto’s), thyroidectomy, iodine deficiency P: varies depending on cause. Aplasia – no thyroid. Thyroiditis – symmetrically enlarged thyroid (infiltrated with lymphocytes that destroy follicles). Iodine deficiency – enlarged nodular thyroid (goiter). C: child: small + mental retardation (dwarfism + cretinism)    Adults – myxedema (skin edematous, doughlike and puffy), sleepy, lack of metal alertness, lack of endurance, bradycardia, constipation, aching, weak and stiff muscles, intolerance to cold, weight gain, no appetite

    • Hypothyroidism

    • Hyperthyroidism

    • Medullary carcinoma of the Thyroid

    • Anaplastic carcinoma of the Thyroid

    Correct Answer
    A. Hypothyroidism
    Explanation
    The symptoms described in the passage, such as small stature, mental retardation, skin edema, lack of mental alertness, and intolerance to cold, are consistent with hypothyroidism. The passage also mentions causes of hypothyroidism, such as congenital thyroid aplasia, thyroiditis, thyroidectomy, and iodine deficiency. Therefore, the correct answer is hypothyroidism.

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  • 31. 

    This hereditary liver disease is characterized by excessive accumulation of copper (liver, eye, central nervous system), cirrhosis

    • Gilbert's Disease

    • Hemochromatosis

    • Wilson's Disease

    • Alpha1-antitrypsin deficiency

    Correct Answer
    A. Wilson's Disease
    Explanation
    Wilson's Disease is a hereditary liver disease that is characterized by excessive accumulation of copper in various organs such as the liver, eyes, and central nervous system. This copper buildup can lead to cirrhosis, a condition in which the liver becomes scarred and unable to function properly. Wilson's Disease is caused by a mutation in the ATP7B gene, which is responsible for transporting copper out of the liver. Without this functioning gene, copper builds up in the liver and spills over into other organs, causing the symptoms associated with Wilson's Disease.

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  • 32. 

    Chronic inflammation affecting large intestine. P: inflammation starts at rectum and spreads proximally involving entire colon. Superficial ulcers confined to mucosa. C: diarrhea, rectal bleeding and pain incidence is 20 to 40 per 100,000 persons per year in the United States Cause unknown but may be familial. Possible emotional basis and genetic basis.

    • Peritonitis

    • Pseudomembranous colitis

    • Ulcerative colitis

    • Crohn’s disease

    Correct Answer
    A. Ulcerative colitis
    Explanation
    Ulcerative colitis is the correct answer because it matches the description of chronic inflammation affecting the large intestine. The inflammation starts at the rectum and spreads to involve the entire colon, causing superficial ulcers confined to the mucosa. Symptoms such as diarrhea, rectal bleeding, and pain are also consistent with ulcerative colitis. The incidence of ulcerative colitis is also within the given range of 20 to 40 per 100,000 persons per year in the United States. Although the cause is unknown, it is believed to have a possible familial, emotional, and genetic basis.

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  • 33. 

    A tumor of the adrenal medulla, found in children, malignant

    • Neuroblastoma

    • Pheochromocytoma

    • Corticotropic adenoma

    • Somatotropic adenoma

    Correct Answer
    A. Neuroblastoma
    Explanation
    Neuroblastoma is a tumor that originates in the adrenal medulla, which is part of the adrenal gland. It is commonly found in children and is known to be malignant, meaning it has the potential to spread to other parts of the body. This explanation fits the given answer choice of "Neuroblastoma" perfectly.

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  • 34. 

    Outpouching of intestinal walls, can be solitary or multiple, can affect all parts of intestine, most common in sigmoid colon. E: Older person with chronic constipation P: Protrusion of the mucosa and submucosa through the hole in the weekend wall of the intestine that occurs at the point where arteries penetrate through muscle wall. This is less than 1 cm in diameter  fecal obstruction  inflammation and hemorrhage. Complications: perforation  peritoneal abscess, fistulas, fibrosis C: mostly asymptomatic or crampy pain, discomfort in lower abdomen, bloating and constipation  

    • Diverticulosis

    • Diverticulitis

    Correct Answer
    A. Diverticulosis
    Explanation
    Diverticulosis refers to the outpouching of the intestinal walls, which can be solitary or multiple and can affect all parts of the intestine. It is most commonly found in the sigmoid colon. In this condition, the mucosa and submucosa protrude through weak areas in the intestinal wall, typically where arteries penetrate through the muscle wall. Diverticulosis is often asymptomatic or may cause crampy pain, discomfort in the lower abdomen, bloating, and constipation. On the other hand, diverticulitis refers to inflammation and complications such as perforation, peritoneal abscess, fistulas, and fibrosis that can occur due to diverticulosis.

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  • 35. 

    What is this Intestinal Obstruction (Ileus)? E: Atresia or stenosis, Stricture, Intussusception, Volvulus, Hernia, Adhesions, Neoplasms

    • Paralytic ileus

    • Mechanical (obstructive) ileus

    Correct Answer
    A. Mechanical (obstructive) ileus
    Explanation
    Mechanical (obstructive) ileus refers to a type of intestinal obstruction where there is a physical blockage in the intestine, preventing the normal flow of contents. This can be caused by various factors such as atresia or stenosis (narrowing) of the intestine, stricture (abnormal narrowing), intussusception (telescoping of one part of the intestine into another), volvulus (twisting of the intestine), hernia (protrusion of a part of the intestine through a weak area), adhesions (scar tissue that causes the intestine to stick together), or neoplasms (abnormal growths or tumors). Paralytic ileus, on the other hand, is a type of intestinal obstruction caused by a lack of muscle movement in the intestine.

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  • 36. 

    Gallstones in common bile duct Carcinoma of the head of the pancreas Carcinoma of the common bile duct Carcinoma of the gallbladder (late symptom)

    • Prehepatic jaundice

    • Hepatic jaundice

    • Posthepatic jaundice

    Correct Answer
    A. Posthepatic jaundice
    Explanation
    Posthepatic jaundice refers to the obstruction of bile flow after it has been produced by the liver. This obstruction can occur due to various reasons such as gallstones in the common bile duct, carcinoma of the head of the pancreas, carcinoma of the common bile duct, or carcinoma of the gallbladder. In this case, the correct answer is posthepatic jaundice because it encompasses all the mentioned conditions that can cause obstruction of bile flow after it leaves the liver.

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  • 37. 

    Alcoholism, vomiting, tears in mucosa, bleeding

    • Mallory-Weiss syndrome

    • Gastritis

    • Primary biliary cirrhosis

    • Gilbert's Disease

    Correct Answer
    A. Mallory-Weiss syndrome
    Explanation
    Mallory-Weiss syndrome is characterized by tears in the lining of the esophagus or stomach, often caused by excessive vomiting or retching. This can lead to symptoms such as vomiting, bleeding, and tears in the mucosa. Alcoholism is a known risk factor for Mallory-Weiss syndrome, as it can lead to frequent episodes of vomiting. Gastritis is inflammation of the stomach lining and may cause similar symptoms, but it is not specifically associated with tears in the mucosa. Primary biliary cirrhosis is a chronic liver disease that affects the bile ducts, and Gilbert's Disease is a genetic disorder that affects the liver's ability to process bilirubin. Neither of these conditions are directly related to the symptoms described.

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  • 38. 

    Invagination of one segment of intestine into another  ischemia  necrosis

    • Hernia

    • Intussusception

    • Volvulus

    • Paralytic ileus

    Correct Answer
    A. Intussusception
    Explanation
    Intussusception refers to the invagination or telescoping of one segment of the intestine into another. This condition can lead to ischemia, which refers to inadequate blood supply, and ultimately necrosis, which is tissue death. Therefore, intussusception is the correct answer as it explains the process of one segment of intestine folding into another, leading to ischemia and necrosis.

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  • 39. 

    Malignant tumors – most common in females than males and associated with nuclear radiation

    • Malignant Tumors of the Thyroid

    • Malignant Tumors of the Pituitary

    • Malignant Tumors of the Adrenals

    Correct Answer
    A. Malignant Tumors of the Thyroid
    Explanation
    Malignant tumors of the thyroid are more common in females than males and are associated with nuclear radiation. This means that women are more likely to develop malignant tumors in the thyroid gland compared to men. Additionally, exposure to nuclear radiation increases the risk of developing these tumors. Therefore, the correct answer is "Malignant Tumors of the Thyroid".

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  • 40. 

    Viral hepatitis Alcoholic liver disease Drug-induced liver disease Chronic hepatitis due to various causes Cirrhosis

    • Prehepatic jaundice

    • Hepatic jaundice

    • Posthepatic jaundice

    Correct Answer
    A. Hepatic jaundice
    Explanation
    Hepatic jaundice refers to a type of jaundice that occurs due to liver dysfunction. It is caused by conditions such as viral hepatitis, alcoholic liver disease, drug-induced liver disease, chronic hepatitis due to various causes, and cirrhosis. These conditions affect the liver, leading to a buildup of bilirubin in the blood, which causes the yellowing of the skin and eyes characteristic of jaundice. Therefore, hepatic jaundice is the correct answer as it encompasses all the liver-related causes of jaundice.

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  • 41. 

    95% of malignant tumors of intestine. Peak 50 to 70. C: Early no symptoms. Weakness and fatigue. Constipation, pencil like feces, hemorrhage, anemia.

    • Adenocarcinoma

    • Carcinoid

    • Lymphoma

    • Sarcoma

    Correct Answer
    A. Adenocarcinoma
    Explanation
    Adenocarcinoma is the correct answer because it is the most common type of malignant tumor of the intestine, accounting for 95% of cases. It typically occurs in individuals between the ages of 50 and 70. In the early stages, there may be no symptoms, but as the tumor progresses, symptoms such as weakness, fatigue, constipation, pencil-like feces, hemorrhage, and anemia may develop.

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  • 42. 

    Thyroid consists of nodules that enlarge and destroy thyroid gland. Between nodules collagen and blood vessels infiltrated with lymphocytes and macrophages.   calcification, atrophy, hemorrhage

    • Nodular goiter

    • Papillary carcinoma

    • Follicular carcinoma

    Correct Answer
    A. Nodular goiter
    Explanation
    The given description of the thyroid gland shows that it consists of nodules that enlarge and destroy the gland. Additionally, there is infiltration of collagen, blood vessels, lymphocytes, and macrophages. This description aligns with the characteristics of a nodular goiter, which is the abnormal enlargement of the thyroid gland due to the formation of nodules. The other options, papillary carcinoma and follicular carcinoma, are types of thyroid cancer and do not match the given description. Therefore, the correct answer is nodular goiter.

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  • 43. 

    Etiology: autoimmune (Grave’s disease), idiopathic nodular hyperplasia, tumors Grave’s disease: autoantibodies against TSH receptors  continuous stimulation of TSH receptors  increased production of thyroid hormones. P: diffusely enlarged thyroid with hyperplastic follicles or nodular C: restlessness, nervousness emotional lability, sweating, tachycardia, heat intolerance, muscular tremor, diarrhea, increased appetite, weight loss and exophthalmos

    • Hyperthyroidism

    • Hypothyroidism

    • Adrenal Hyperfunction

    • Adrenocortical Hypofunction

    Correct Answer
    A. Hyperthyroidism
    Explanation
    The given explanation suggests that the correct answer is Hyperthyroidism because the etiology provided includes Grave's disease, which is an autoimmune condition that leads to the continuous stimulation of TSH receptors and increased production of thyroid hormones. This results in symptoms such as restlessness, nervousness, increased appetite, weight loss, and other manifestations of hyperthyroidism. The description of a diffusely enlarged thyroid with hyperplastic follicles or nodules also supports the diagnosis of hyperthyroidism.

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  • 44. 

    Pathogenesis: unknown. Pathology: necrosis of liver cells, repair by fibrosis, regeneration. Destroys liver cells replacing them with scar. Lost architecture of liver  nodules surrounded by connective tissue.

    • Cirrhosis

    • Hepatitis

    • Fatty Liver

    • Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis

    Correct Answer
    A. Cirrhosis
    Explanation
    The given information describes the pathogenesis and pathology of a condition that involves the destruction of liver cells, followed by their replacement with scar tissue. This process leads to the loss of the normal architecture of the liver, with nodules surrounded by connective tissue. This description is consistent with cirrhosis, which is a chronic liver disease characterized by the progressive scarring of the liver.

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  • 45. 

    E: local tumors, radiation, infections of brain and meninges, cranial vascular lesions  ischemia, trauma, surgery P: lack of ADH, C: polyuria (large volume of diluted urine)

    • Diabetes insipidus

    • Diabetes Mellitus

    • Hyperthyroidism

    • Hypothyroidism

    Correct Answer
    A. Diabetes insipidus
    Explanation
    Diabetes insipidus is the correct answer because it is characterized by a lack of ADH (antidiuretic hormone), which leads to polyuria, or the production of a large volume of diluted urine. The other conditions listed (Diabetes Mellitus, Hyperthyroidism, Hypothyroidism) do not directly involve ADH or polyuria as symptoms.

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  • 46. 

    This malignant tumor of the thyroid is composed of undiferenciated cells, least common, most aggressive

    • Anaplastic carcinoma

    • Medullary carcinoma

    • Follicular carcinoma

    • Papillary carcinoma

    Correct Answer
    A. Anaplastic carcinoma
    Explanation
    Anaplastic carcinoma is the correct answer because it is a malignant tumor of the thyroid that is composed of undifferentiated cells. It is the least common type of thyroid cancer but also the most aggressive, meaning it tends to grow and spread quickly.

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  • 47. 

    Etiology Acute adrenal insufficiency Waterhouse-Friderichsen syndrome in meningococcal sepsis Chronic adrenal insufficiency - Autoimmune diseases (most common!), Tumors (bilateral metastases to adrenals), Tuberculosis, Amyloidosis Adrenal hypofunction leads to clinical syndrome – Addison’s disease. P: loss of adrenal cortex due to proliferating neoplastic cells, or inflammation C: fatigue, weight loss, and nausea, hypertension and syncope. Very susceptible to infections. Cannot tolerate stress. Low levels of sodium, elevated potassium and low glucose levels.

    • Adrenocortical Hypofunction

    • Adrenocortical Hyperfunction

    • Hypoparathyroidism

    • Hyperparathyroidism

    Correct Answer
    A. Adrenocortical Hypofunction
    Explanation
    Adrenocortical hypofunction refers to a decrease in the function of the adrenal cortex, which leads to a clinical syndrome known as Addison's disease. This can be caused by various factors such as autoimmune diseases, tumors, tuberculosis, or amyloidosis. The loss of adrenal cortex can occur due to proliferating neoplastic cells or inflammation. The symptoms of adrenocortical hypofunction include fatigue, weight loss, nausea, hypertension, syncope, and increased susceptibility to infections. Additionally, individuals with this condition have low levels of sodium, elevated potassium, and low glucose levels.

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  • 48. 

    This hereditary liver disease is characterized by accumulation of AAT, cirrhosis, emphysema

    • Alpha1-antitrypsin deficiency

    • Gilbert's Disease

    • Wilson's Disease

    • Hemachromatosis

    Correct Answer
    A. Alpha1-antitrypsin deficiency
    Explanation
    Alpha1-antitrypsin deficiency is a hereditary liver disease that is characterized by the accumulation of AAT (Alpha1-antitrypsin) in the liver, leading to liver damage and cirrhosis. This condition also affects the lungs, causing emphysema. AAT is a protein that helps protect the lungs from damage by enzymes released by white blood cells. In individuals with Alpha1-antitrypsin deficiency, the liver cannot produce enough of this protein or produces a defective form, resulting in its accumulation in the liver and reduced levels in the lungs. This condition is often diagnosed in young adults and can lead to serious complications if left untreated.

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  • 49. 

    E: infectious (bacterial from mouth -Staphylococcus, Streptococcus, viral - mumps)  or autoimmune (Sjögren’s disease) P: Inflammation  Enlarged salivary glands C: Infection -> pain and enlarged gland, sialorrhea or xerostomia    Sjögren’s disease presents with systemic symptoms, xerostomia and xerophthalmia. At beginning of disease enlarged glands later fibrosis and glands shrink

    • Sialadenitis

    • Periodontal disease (Periodontitis)

    • Stomatitis

    Correct Answer
    A. Sialadenitis
    Explanation
    Sialadenitis is the correct answer because it matches the symptoms described in the passage. The passage mentions infectious causes of enlarged salivary glands, such as bacterial infections like Staphylococcus and Streptococcus, as well as viral infections like mumps. Sialadenitis refers to inflammation of the salivary glands, which can be caused by infections. This condition can result in pain and enlarged glands, which are mentioned as symptoms in the passage. Additionally, the passage mentions autoimmune causes of enlarged salivary glands, such as Sjögren's disease, which presents with systemic symptoms and xerostomia (dry mouth), but does not match the symptoms of fibrosis and shrinking glands mentioned later in the passage.

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  • Mar 20, 2023
    Quiz Edited by
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  • Nov 03, 2011
    Quiz Created by
    Sgallagher87
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