Pathology 1 Final Exam Review Quiz Pt 1

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Etiology: unknown, but variety of clinical conditions are important: Alcohol Bile stones Rare Causes Surgery Drugs Metabolic diseases - hyperparathyroidism, hypertriglyceridemia Trauma Infections
- Acute pancreatitis
- Chronic pancreatitis
- Insulinoma
- Cystic fibrosis

About This Quiz

This Pathology 1 Final Exam Review Quiz Pt 1 focuses on acute and chronic pancreatitis, exploring etiology, pathogenesis, and clinical presentations. It assesses understanding of disease mechanisms and prepares learners for advanced medical exams.

Pathology 1 Final Exam Review Quiz Pt 1 - Quiz

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2.

Pathogenesis – duct obstruction-reflux: reflux of bile and duodenal contents intrapancreatic enzyme activation ; direct acinary cell damage by toxins, viruses, ischemia, and trauma
- Acute pancreatitis
- Chronic pancreatitis
- Cystic fibrosis
- Acute cholecystitis
Correct Answer

A. Acute pancreatitis

Explanation

The given answer is "acute pancreatitis." The explanation for this is that the pathogenesis mentioned in the question describes the process by which acute pancreatitis occurs. It states that duct obstruction and reflux of bile and duodenal contents lead to the activation of intrapancreatic enzymes and direct damage to acinar cells. Acute pancreatitis is a condition characterized by inflammation of the pancreas, often caused by gallstones or excessive alcohol consumption. Therefore, based on the pathogenesis described, acute pancreatitis is the most appropriate answer.

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3.

Pathology: An autodigestion disease. Edema, hemorrhage, necrosis Fat necrosis, calcifications, hypocalcemia Clinic: Pain that radiates to back, nausea, vomiting, jaundice and fever. Ascites, sterile peritonitis Shock Massive necrosis—pseudocyst Abscess formation Chronic pancreatitis Diabetes mellitus
- Acute pancreatitis
- Chronic pancreatitis
- Acute cholecystitis
- Hepatitis A
Correct Answer

A. Acute pancreatitis

Explanation

Acute pancreatitis is the correct answer because the given symptoms and findings are characteristic of this condition. Acute pancreatitis is an inflammation of the pancreas that can be caused by factors such as gallstones or alcohol abuse. The symptoms mentioned, such as pain radiating to the back, nausea, vomiting, and fever, are commonly seen in acute pancreatitis. Additionally, the presence of edema, hemorrhage, and necrosis in the pathology findings further support the diagnosis.

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4.

Etiology: Chronic alcoholism (70%) Trauma Systemic metabolic or endocrine disease Unknown (20%)
- Cirrhosis
- Chronic pancreatitis
- Acute pancreatitis
- Alcoholic liver disease
Correct Answer

A. Chronic pancreatitis

Explanation

The given answer, chronic pancreatitis, is supported by the etiology provided. Chronic alcoholism is listed as the primary cause of chronic pancreatitis, accounting for 70% of cases. This suggests that long-term alcohol abuse can lead to inflammation and damage to the pancreas, resulting in chronic pancreatitis. Therefore, chronic pancreatitis is a plausible explanation based on the information given.

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5.

Pathology: Fibrosis of pancreas Atrophy and loss of acini Intraductal stones Parenchymal calcifications Islets of Langerhans preserved, but in late stages of disease, reduced in number of replaced by fibrous tissue
- Chronic pancreatitis
- Acute pancreatitis
- Gastinoma
- Insulinoma
Correct Answer

A. Chronic pancreatitis

Explanation

The given description of fibrosis of the pancreas, atrophy and loss of acini, intraductal stones, parenchymal calcifications, and preserved islets of Langerhans but reduced in number or replaced by fibrous tissue is consistent with the features of chronic pancreatitis. This condition is characterized by inflammation and irreversible damage to the pancreas, leading to the replacement of functional tissue with fibrous scar tissue. It is often caused by long-term alcohol abuse or recurrent episodes of acute pancreatitis.

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6.

Clinic: Pain in upper abdomen that radiates into the back Malabsorption caused by pancreatic insufficiency X-ray evidence of calcifications Secondary diabetes mellitus
- Chronic pancreatitis
- Acute pancreatitis
- Cystic fibrosis
- Primary sclerosing cholangitis
Correct Answer

A. Chronic pancreatitis

Explanation

The given symptoms, such as pain in the upper abdomen that radiates into the back, malabsorption caused by pancreatic insufficiency, X-ray evidence of calcifications, and secondary diabetes mellitus, are all characteristic of chronic pancreatitis. This condition is characterized by inflammation and damage to the pancreas over a long period of time, leading to impaired pancreatic function. Chronic pancreatitis can cause persistent abdominal pain, malabsorption of nutrients, and the development of diabetes. The presence of calcifications on X-ray further supports the diagnosis of chronic pancreatitis.

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7.

In 95% of all cases, tumors are: Exocrine rather than endocrine Derived from ducts rather than acini or islets Solid rather than cystic Malignant rather than benign Functionally silent rather than hormonally active
- Pancreatic neoplasms
- Adenocarcinoma of the pancreas
- Hepatobiliary tumors
- Hepatocellular carcinoma
Correct Answer

A. Pancreatic neoplasms

Explanation

In 95% of all cases, tumors are pancreatic neoplasms. This means that the tumors originate in the pancreas. Pancreatic neoplasms can be either exocrine or endocrine, but in this case, they are more likely to be exocrine. They are derived from ducts rather than acini or islets, which are other structures within the pancreas. Pancreatic neoplasms are solid rather than cystic, meaning they form solid masses rather than fluid-filled sacs. They are also more likely to be malignant (cancerous) rather than benign. Finally, pancreatic neoplasms are functionally silent rather than hormonally active, meaning they do not produce hormones.

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8.

It is the fourth major cause of cancer death in men and fifth in women. Each year, 25,000 new cases are reported in the United States. Smoking increases the risk three times.
- Cirrhosis
- Adenocarcinoma of the pancreas
- Hepatitis B
- Emphysema
Correct Answer

A. Adenocarcinoma of the pancreas

Explanation

Adenocarcinoma of the pancreas is the correct answer because it is a major cause of cancer death, ranking fourth in men and fifth in women. The fact that 25,000 new cases are reported each year in the United States further supports this. Additionally, the statement that smoking increases the risk three times indicates a strong association between smoking and adenocarcinoma of the pancreas.

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9.

Chronic pancreatitis increases the risk two times. It is rare before 40 years of age, but then incidence increases with age. The prognosis is poor—most die within 2 years.
- Adenocarcinoma of the pancreas
- Cirrhosis
- Heptocellular carcinoma
- Hepatitis A
Correct Answer

A. Adenocarcinoma of the pancreas

Explanation

Chronic pancreatitis is a risk factor for developing adenocarcinoma of the pancreas. The statement "Chronic pancreatitis increases the risk two times" indicates that individuals with chronic pancreatitis are twice as likely to develop adenocarcinoma compared to those without chronic pancreatitis. Additionally, the statement "The prognosis is poor—most die within 2 years" suggests that adenocarcinoma of the pancreas has a poor prognosis, further supporting it as the correct answer.

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10.

Clinic: Weight loss, loss of appetite, nausea Jaundice if located in the head Courvoisier’s sign (gallbladder distention) Pain if tumor located in the tail Metastases (common)—lymph nodes, liver Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) with aspiration cytology important for diagnosis
- Adenocarcinoma of the pancreas
- Cystic fibrosis
- Cirrhosis
- Hepatocellular carcinoma
Correct Answer

A. Adenocarcinoma of the pancreas

Explanation

The given symptoms of weight loss, loss of appetite, nausea, jaundice if located in the head, Courvoisier's sign (gallbladder distention), pain if tumor located in the tail, and common metastases to lymph nodes and liver are characteristic of adenocarcinoma of the pancreas. Additionally, the mention of ERCP with aspiration cytology being important for diagnosis further supports this answer choice. Cystic fibrosis, cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma do not typically present with these specific symptoms and findings.

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11.

An Islet Cell Tumor and a tumor of the endocrine pancreas with the following clinical presentation: hypoglycemia, syncope, profuse sweating, reversed by infusion of glucose
- Insulinoma
- Gastrinoma
- Glucagonoma
- Somatostatinoma
Correct Answer

A. Insulinoma

Explanation

This clinical presentation is consistent with an insulinoma. Insulinomas are tumors of the endocrine pancreas that secrete excessive amounts of insulin, leading to hypoglycemia. The symptoms of hypoglycemia, such as syncope, profuse sweating, and relief with glucose infusion, are characteristic of insulinoma. Gastrinomas, glucagonomas, and somatostatinomas do not typically cause hypoglycemia.

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12.

An Islet Cell Tumor and a tumor of the endocrine pancreas with the following clinical presentation: Zollinger-Ellison syndrome with multiple peptic ulcers in esophagus, stomach and small intestine unresponsive to medical therapy; may be part of MEN1
- Gastrinoma
- Somatostatinoma
- VIPoma
- Insulinoma
Correct Answer

A. Gastrinoma

Explanation

A gastrinoma is a tumor of the endocrine pancreas that secretes excessive amounts of gastrin, leading to Zollinger-Ellison syndrome. This syndrome is characterized by multiple peptic ulcers in the esophagus, stomach, and small intestine that do not respond to medical therapy. Gastrinomas are often associated with multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 (MEN1).

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13.

Glucagonoma Somatostatinoma VIPoma are examples of:
- Islet cell tumors/tumors of endocrine pancreas
- Hepatobilliary tumors
- Posthepatic jaundice
- Pancreatic neoplasms
Correct Answer

A. Islet cell tumors/tumors of endocrine pancreas

Explanation

Glucagonoma, somatostatinoma, and VIPoma are examples of islet cell tumors or tumors of the endocrine pancreas. These tumors arise from the cells in the pancreas that produce hormones such as glucagon, somatostatin, and vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP). Islet cell tumors can cause various symptoms depending on the specific hormone being overproduced, such as hyperglycemia in the case of glucagonoma or diarrhea in the case of VIPoma. These tumors can be benign or malignant and may require surgical removal or other treatments depending on their size and aggressiveness.

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14.

Primary type 1 diabetes mellitus is
- Insulin dependent
- Non-insulin dependent
Correct Answer

A. Insulin dependent

Explanation

Primary type 1 diabetes mellitus is characterized by the destruction of insulin-producing cells in the pancreas, leading to an absolute deficiency of insulin. As a result, individuals with type 1 diabetes require exogenous insulin to regulate their blood sugar levels and prevent complications. This distinguishes it from type 2 diabetes, where the body may still produce insulin but is unable to use it effectively. Therefore, the correct answer is "insulin dependent."

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15.

Primary type 2 diabetes mellitus is
- Insulin dependent
- Non-insulin dependent
Correct Answer

A. Non-insulin dependent

Explanation

Primary type 2 diabetes mellitus is non-insulin dependent because in this type of diabetes, the body is still able to produce insulin, but it either does not produce enough or the body's cells do not effectively use the insulin. This means that individuals with type 2 diabetes can manage their condition through lifestyle changes such as diet and exercise, as well as oral medications, without requiring insulin injections.

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16.

Cardiovascular Atherosclerosis—gangrene of extremities Arteriolosclerosis Kidney Glomerulosclerosis Pyelonephritis Eye Retinopathy Cataracts Nervous system Cerebrovascular disease Peripheral neuropathy these are all complications of
- Hepatitis
- Lupus
- Diabetes Mellitus
- Congestive Heart Failure
Correct Answer

A. Diabetes Mellitus

Explanation

The given answer, Diabetes Mellitus, is correct because all of the listed complications are commonly associated with this condition. Atherosclerosis, arteriolosclerosis, and cerebrovascular disease are all related to the damage caused by high blood sugar levels on the blood vessels, leading to cardiovascular and cerebrovascular complications. Glomerulosclerosis is a type of kidney damage commonly seen in diabetes, while retinopathy and peripheral neuropathy are both complications affecting the eye and nervous system respectively. Cataracts can also develop due to the long-term effects of diabetes on the eyes.

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17.

E. autosomal recessive disorder P: impacted viscid secretions cause inflammation and scaring atrophy exocrine insufficiency C: steatorrhea and malabsorption
- Cystic fibrosis
- Acute pancreatitis
- Gibert's disease
- Autoimmune hepatitis
Correct Answer

A. Cystic fibrosis

Explanation

Cystic fibrosis is a genetic disorder that is inherited in an autosomal recessive manner. The condition is characterized by the production of thick and sticky secretions that impact various organs, leading to inflammation, scarring, and atrophy. In the case of the exocrine pancreas, this can result in exocrine insufficiency, which impairs the digestion and absorption of nutrients. Steatorrhea (excessive fat in the stool) and malabsorption are common symptoms of cystic fibrosis. Therefore, the given answer of cystic fibrosis is correct based on the provided information.

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18.

Hemolysis Hematoma Gilbert’s disease
- Prehepatic jaundice
- Hepatic jaundic
- Posthepatic jaundice
Correct Answer

A. Prehepatic jaundice

Explanation

Prehepatic jaundice is a type of jaundice that occurs before the liver. It is typically caused by an increased breakdown of red blood cells, leading to an excess of bilirubin in the bloodstream. Conditions such as hemolysis, hematoma, and Gilbert's disease can cause prehepatic jaundice. Hemolysis refers to the destruction of red blood cells, which releases bilirubin into the bloodstream. A hematoma is a collection of blood outside of blood vessels, which can also release bilirubin. Gilbert's disease is a genetic condition that affects the liver's ability to process bilirubin. In all these cases, the excess bilirubin in the bloodstream causes the yellowing of the skin and eyes characteristic of jaundice.

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19.

Viral hepatitis Alcoholic liver disease Drug-induced liver disease Chronic hepatitis due to various causes Cirrhosis
- Prehepatic jaundice
- Hepatic jaundice
- Posthepatic jaundice
Correct Answer

A. Hepatic jaundice

Explanation

Hepatic jaundice refers to a type of jaundice that occurs due to liver dysfunction. It is caused by conditions such as viral hepatitis, alcoholic liver disease, drug-induced liver disease, chronic hepatitis due to various causes, and cirrhosis. These conditions affect the liver, leading to a buildup of bilirubin in the blood, which causes the yellowing of the skin and eyes characteristic of jaundice. Therefore, hepatic jaundice is the correct answer as it encompasses all the liver-related causes of jaundice.

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20.

Gallstones in common bile duct Carcinoma of the head of the pancreas Carcinoma of the common bile duct Carcinoma of the gallbladder (late symptom)
- Prehepatic jaundice
- Hepatic jaundice
- Posthepatic jaundice
Correct Answer

A. Posthepatic jaundice

Explanation

Posthepatic jaundice refers to the obstruction of bile flow after it has been produced by the liver. This obstruction can occur due to various reasons such as gallstones in the common bile duct, carcinoma of the head of the pancreas, carcinoma of the common bile duct, or carcinoma of the gallbladder. In this case, the correct answer is posthepatic jaundice because it encompasses all the mentioned conditions that can cause obstruction of bile flow after it leaves the liver.

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21.

Unconjugated jaundice
- Urine dark
- Urine normal color
- Urine light
Correct Answer

A. Urine normal color

Explanation

Unconjugated jaundice refers to a condition where there is an excess of bilirubin in the blood, which is not being properly processed by the liver. Bilirubin is responsible for the yellow color of urine, so in unconjugated jaundice, the urine would be expected to be dark or have a yellowish tint. However, the given answer states that the urine is of normal color, which contradicts the expected symptom of unconjugated jaundice. Therefore, the given answer is incorrect or incomplete.

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22.

Conjugated jaundice
- Urine dark
- Urine normal color
- Urine light
Correct Answer

A. Urine dark

Explanation

The correct answer is "urine dark" because conjugated jaundice refers to a condition where there is an excess of bilirubin in the bloodstream. Bilirubin is a yellow pigment that is normally excreted in the bile and gives urine its normal yellow color. However, in conjugated jaundice, the liver is unable to properly process bilirubin, leading to its accumulation in the bloodstream and subsequent excretion in the urine. This results in the urine appearing dark or brownish in color.

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23.

_________ binds to connective tissue and stains them yellow... sclera, skin. Accompanied by itching (Pruritus)
- Bilirubin
- Ictarus/Jaundice
Correct Answer

A. Bilirubin

Explanation

Bilirubin is a yellow pigment that binds to connective tissue, causing them to appear yellow. This can be observed in the sclera (white part of the eye) and skin. It is often accompanied by itching, also known as pruritus. Bilirubin is commonly associated with jaundice, a condition characterized by yellowing of the skin and eyes.

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24.

Transmission: F/O, incubation 15-45 d, C: enteric fever with vomiting, loss of appetite, and jaundice. Recovery in days
- Hepatitis A
- Hepatitis B
- Hepatitis C
- Hepatitis D
- Hepatitis E
Correct Answer

A. Hepatitis A

Explanation

The given information states that the transmission of the disease is through the fecal-oral route, and the incubation period is between 15 to 45 days. The symptoms mentioned, including enteric fever with vomiting, loss of appetite, and jaundice, are characteristic of Hepatitis A. Additionally, the statement mentions that recovery occurs within days, which is consistent with the acute nature of Hepatitis A. Therefore, the correct answer is Hepatitis A.

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25.

T: Pla/Sex I: 40-180 d, C: Weakness, nausea, vomiting, enlarge liver, skin rash, dark urine, icterus (2 month after and persists for several weeks)
- Hepatitis A
- Hepatitis B
- Hepatitis C
- Hepatitis D
- Hepatitis E
Correct Answer

A. Hepatitis B

Explanation

The correct answer is Hepatitis B. Hepatitis B is a viral infection that affects the liver. It can cause symptoms such as weakness, nausea, vomiting, and an enlarged liver. In some cases, it can also lead to skin rash, dark urine, and icterus (yellowing of the skin and eyes). The incubation period for Hepatitis B is 40-180 days, and the symptoms can persist for several weeks.

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26.

I: 30-50, T and C as HBV (Goes together with HBV and makes symptoms worse)
- Hepatitis A
- Hepatitis B
- Hepatitis C
- Hepatitis D
- Hepatitis E
Correct Answer

A. Hepatitis D

Explanation

Hepatitis D is the correct answer because it is the only option that goes together with HBV and makes symptoms worse. Hepatitis D is a viral infection that can only occur in individuals who are already infected with Hepatitis B. It is considered the most severe form of viral hepatitis and can lead to a more rapid progression of liver disease.

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27.

T: Pla/Sex, I: 15-150, C: as HBV
- Hepatitis A
- Hepatitis C
- Hepatitis D
- Hepatitis E
Correct Answer

A. Hepatitis C

Explanation

The given answer, Hepatitis C, is the correct one because it is the only option among the given choices that matches the provided information. The information states "Pla/Sex, I: 15-150, C: as HBV", which suggests that the mode of transmission is through sexual contact, the age range for infection is 15-150, and it is related to hepatitis B virus (HBV). Among the options, only Hepatitis C fits these criteria, as it can be transmitted through sexual contact, has no age restrictions for infection, and is not directly related to HBV.

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28.

This hepatitis has the same pathogenesis as Hepatitis A but only occurs in Africa.
- Hepatitis B
- Hepatitis C
- Hepatitis D
- Hepatitis E
Correct Answer

A. Hepatitis E

Explanation

Hepatitis E is the correct answer because it is a viral infection that has a similar pathogenesis to Hepatitis A, but it is mainly found in Africa. Hepatitis E is typically transmitted through contaminated water and causes inflammation of the liver. It is important to note that while Hepatitis E is more prevalent in Africa, it can also occur in other parts of the world.

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29.

Pathology: Reversible hepatocellular changes, irreversible hepatocellular changes (Apoptosis, necrosis), inflammatory infiltrates, regeneration of hepatocytes.
- Hepatitis
- Cirrhosis
- Alcoholic Liver Disease
- Portal Hypertension
Correct Answer

A. Hepatitis

Explanation

The given options are all related to liver diseases. Hepatitis is the inflammation of the liver, which can cause reversible hepatocellular changes, irreversible hepatocellular changes, inflammatory infiltrates, and regeneration of hepatocytes. This aligns with the provided information about the pathology of reversible and irreversible hepatocellular changes, as well as inflammatory infiltrates and regeneration of hepatocytes. Therefore, Hepatitis is the correct answer.

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30.

Etiology: Alcohol Hepatitis viruses (B, C, D) Hereditary metabolic diseases—Wilson’s disease, hemochromatosis, alpha1-antitrypsin deficiency Autoimmune diseases—primary biliary cirrhosis, primary sclerosing cholangitis, autoimmune hepatitis Biliary obstruction Drugs Cryptogenic (unknown causes)
- Cirrhosis
- Portal Hypertension
- Ascites
- Cholelithiasis
Correct Answer

A. Cirrhosis

Explanation

Cirrhosis is the correct answer because it is a condition characterized by the scarring and damage to the liver tissue, leading to impaired liver function. The given etiology includes various factors that can cause cirrhosis, such as alcohol abuse, hepatitis viruses, hereditary metabolic diseases, autoimmune diseases, biliary obstruction, drugs, and cryptogenic (unknown) causes. Cirrhosis can lead to complications such as portal hypertension, ascites, and cholelithiasis.

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31.

Pathogenesis: unknown. Pathology: necrosis of liver cells, repair by fibrosis, regeneration. Destroys liver cells replacing them with scar. Lost architecture of liver nodules surrounded by connective tissue.
- Cirrhosis
- Hepatitis
- Fatty Liver
- Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis
Correct Answer

A. Cirrhosis

Explanation

The given information describes the pathogenesis and pathology of a condition that involves the destruction of liver cells, followed by their replacement with scar tissue. This process leads to the loss of the normal architecture of the liver, with nodules surrounded by connective tissue. This description is consistent with cirrhosis, which is a chronic liver disease characterized by the progressive scarring of the liver.

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32.

Clinic: Muscle vesting, Thin hair, palmar erythema, splenomegaly, gynecomastia, caput medusa, hepatomegaly, ascites, small testes, edema. Bleeding tendency—reduced clotting factors and thrombocytopenia, Hematemesis and exsanguination from bleeding esophageal varices, Hyperestrinism—spider nevi, palmar erythema, gynecomastia, testicular atrophy, Hepatic encephalopathy, Hepatorenal syndrome
- Cirrhosis
- Congestive Heart Failure
- Alcoholic Hepatitis
- Primary Biliary Cirrhosis
Correct Answer

A. Cirrhosis

Explanation

The given symptoms such as muscle wasting, thin hair, palmar erythema, splenomegaly, gynecomastia, caput medusa, hepatomegaly, ascites, small testes, edema, bleeding tendency, reduced clotting factors and thrombocytopenia, hematemesis and exsanguination from bleeding esophageal varices, hyperestrinism (spider nevi, palmar erythema, gynecomastia, testicular atrophy), hepatic encephalopathy, and hepatorenal syndrome are all indicative of cirrhosis. Congestive heart failure, alcoholic hepatitis, and primary biliary cirrhosis may have some similar symptoms, but they do not encompass the entire range of symptoms mentioned. Therefore, the correct answer is cirrhosis.

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33.

Ascites Splenomegaly Anastomoses between portal and systemic circulation Hemorrhoids Esophageal varices Caput medusae
- Portal Hypertension
- Gilbert's Disease
- Wilson's Disease
- Cirrhosis
Correct Answer

A. Portal Hypertension

Explanation

Portal hypertension is a condition characterized by increased blood pressure in the portal vein system, which carries blood from the digestive organs to the liver. This can be caused by various conditions such as cirrhosis, Gilbert's disease, or Wilson's disease. Ascites, splenomegaly, anastomoses between portal and systemic circulation, hemorrhoids, esophageal varices, and caput medusae are all potential complications of portal hypertension. Therefore, portal hypertension is the correct answer as it encompasses the other conditions mentioned and is the underlying cause of the associated complications.

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34.

These are all related to ascites: Reduced production of albumin—hypoalbuminemia, reduced oncotic pressure of the plasma Portal hypertension—increased transudation of fluid into the abdomen Hyperaldosteronism—sodium and water retention in the kidneys true or false
- True
- False
Correct Answer

A. True

Explanation

The given statement is true. Ascites is a condition characterized by the accumulation of fluid in the abdominal cavity. The three factors mentioned in the statement are known to contribute to the development of ascites. Reduced production of albumin leads to hypoalbuminemia, which in turn reduces the oncotic pressure of the plasma. Portal hypertension, which is an increase in blood pressure within the portal vein, can cause fluid to transude into the abdomen. Hyperaldosteronism, a condition where there is excessive production of aldosterone hormone, can result in sodium and water retention in the kidneys, leading to fluid accumulation in the abdomen.

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35.

This hereditary liver disease is characterized by benign recurrent jaundice with unconjugated bilirubin.
- Gilbert's Disease
- Hemochromatosis
- Wilson's Disease
- Alpha1-antitrypsin deficiency
Correct Answer

A. Gilbert's Disease

Explanation

Gilbert's Disease is a hereditary liver disease characterized by benign recurrent jaundice with unconjugated bilirubin. This means that individuals with Gilbert's Disease experience episodes of yellowing of the skin and eyes due to a buildup of unconjugated bilirubin in the blood. Unlike other liver diseases listed, such as Hemochromatosis, Wilson's Disease, and Alpha1-antitrypsin deficiency, Gilbert's Disease is not associated with significant liver damage or dysfunction. Therefore, it is the correct answer in this context.

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36.

This hereditary liver disease is characterized by excessive accumulation of iron in many organs, cirrhosis.
- Hemochromatosis
- Wilson's Disease
- Gilbert's Disease
- Alpha1-antitrypsin deficiency
Correct Answer

A. Hemochromatosis

Explanation

Hemochromatosis is a hereditary liver disease that is characterized by excessive accumulation of iron in many organs, leading to cirrhosis. This condition occurs when the body absorbs too much iron from the diet and is unable to properly regulate its levels. Over time, the excess iron builds up in various organs, including the liver, causing damage and eventually leading to cirrhosis. Hemochromatosis is often asymptomatic in the early stages, but as iron levels continue to rise, symptoms such as fatigue, joint pain, and abdominal pain may develop. Treatment typically involves regular blood removal to reduce iron levels and manage symptoms.

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37.

This hereditary liver disease is characterized by excessive accumulation of copper (liver, eye, central nervous system), cirrhosis
- Gilbert's Disease
- Hemochromatosis
- Wilson's Disease
- Alpha1-antitrypsin deficiency
Correct Answer

A. Wilson's Disease

Explanation

Wilson's Disease is a hereditary liver disease that is characterized by excessive accumulation of copper in various organs such as the liver, eyes, and central nervous system. This copper buildup can lead to cirrhosis, a condition in which the liver becomes scarred and unable to function properly. Wilson's Disease is caused by a mutation in the ATP7B gene, which is responsible for transporting copper out of the liver. Without this functioning gene, copper builds up in the liver and spills over into other organs, causing the symptoms associated with Wilson's Disease.

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38.

This hereditary liver disease is characterized by accumulation of AAT, cirrhosis, emphysema
- Alpha1-antitrypsin deficiency
- Gilbert's Disease
- Wilson's Disease
- Hemachromatosis
Correct Answer

A. Alpha1-antitrypsin deficiency

Explanation

Alpha1-antitrypsin deficiency is a hereditary liver disease that is characterized by the accumulation of AAT (Alpha1-antitrypsin) in the liver, leading to liver damage and cirrhosis. This condition also affects the lungs, causing emphysema. AAT is a protein that helps protect the lungs from damage by enzymes released by white blood cells. In individuals with Alpha1-antitrypsin deficiency, the liver cannot produce enough of this protein or produces a defective form, resulting in its accumulation in the liver and reduced levels in the lungs. This condition is often diagnosed in young adults and can lead to serious complications if left untreated.

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39.

This liver related immune disorder occurs in young women; associated with other autoimmune diseases (antibodies in serum—ANA, ASM)
- Autoimmune Hepatitis
- Primary biliary cirrhosis
- Primary sclerosing cholangitis
Correct Answer

A. Autoimmune Hepatitis

Explanation

Autoimmune Hepatitis is a liver-related immune disorder that primarily affects young women. It is often associated with other autoimmune diseases, as indicated by the presence of antibodies in the serum, such as antinuclear antibodies (ANA) and smooth muscle antibodies (ASM). This explanation highlights the key characteristics of Autoimmune Hepatitis and distinguishes it from the other options provided.

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40.

This liver related immune disorder occurs in middle-aged women; chronic jaundice, hypercholesterolemia (antibodies in serum—AMA)
- Primary biliary cirrhosis
- Primary sclerosing cholangitis
- Autoimmune Hepatitis
Correct Answer

A. Primary biliary cirrhosis

Explanation

Primary biliary cirrhosis is a liver-related immune disorder that typically affects middle-aged women. It is characterized by chronic jaundice and hypercholesterolemia. One of the key diagnostic features of primary biliary cirrhosis is the presence of antibodies in the serum known as antimitochondrial antibodies (AMA). These antibodies target the mitochondria in the liver cells, leading to inflammation and damage to the bile ducts. Over time, this can progress to cirrhosis, which is irreversible scarring of the liver tissue. Therefore, primary biliary cirrhosis is the most appropriate explanation for the given symptoms and diagnostic marker.

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41.

This liver related immune disorder occurs in men younger than 40 years; associated with ulcerative colitis (no specific antibodies)
- Primary sclerosing cholangitis
- Autoimmune Hepatitis
- Primary biliary cirrhosis
Correct Answer

A. Primary sclerosing cholangitis

Explanation

Primary sclerosing cholangitis is a liver-related immune disorder that primarily affects men under the age of 40. It is often associated with ulcerative colitis, but there are no specific antibodies associated with this condition. This explanation highlights the key characteristics of primary sclerosing cholangitis and distinguishes it from the other two options, autoimmune hepatitis and primary biliary cirrhosis.

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42.

E: Cholelythiasis P: stone mechanical trauma to wall inflammation infection of inflamed wall necrosis gangrene rupture. Enlarged, discolored gallbladder with surface exudate. Pus may fill lumen (Empyema). C: RUQ pain, nausea, vomiting, fever and slight jaundice.
- Acute cholecystitis
- Chronic cholecystitis
- Hepatobiliary Tumors
- Primary sclerosing cholangitis
Correct Answer

A. Acute cholecystitis

Explanation

The given symptoms of RUQ pain, nausea, vomiting, fever, and slight jaundice, along with the description of an enlarged, discolored gallbladder with surface exudate and the possibility of pus filling the lumen, are indicative of acute cholecystitis. Acute cholecystitis is inflammation of the gallbladder caused by gallstones and can lead to complications such as infection, necrosis, and rupture.

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43.

E: gallstones P: Multiple stones, thick gallbladder wall, small gallbladder, chronic inflammation of the wall fibrosis
- Acute cholecystitis
- Chronic cholecystitis
- Primary sclerosing cholangitis
- Hepatobiliary Tumors
Correct Answer

A. Chronic cholecystitis

Explanation

The given symptoms of multiple stones, thick gallbladder wall, small gallbladder, and chronic inflammation of the wall fibrosis are indicative of chronic cholecystitis. Acute cholecystitis typically presents with sudden onset of symptoms and inflammation, while primary sclerosing cholangitis involves inflammation and scarring of the bile ducts. Hepatobiliary tumors would not cause the specific symptoms described. Therefore, chronic cholecystitis is the most fitting explanation for the given symptoms.

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44.

Hepatocellular carcinoma is associated with Hepatitis B and C. True or False.
- True
- False
Correct Answer

A. True

Explanation

Hepatocellular carcinoma, a type of liver cancer, is indeed associated with Hepatitis B and C. Chronic infection with these viruses can lead to inflammation and damage to the liver, increasing the risk of developing hepatocellular carcinoma. Therefore, the statement "Hepatocellular carcinoma is associated with Hepatitis B and C" is true.

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45.

E: Multifactorial disease mediated by saprophytic bacteria P: bacteria forms plaques on the teeth enamel erodes defect extends into dentin decalcification bacteria moves deeper pulpitis + inflammation of the root pain extends into root canal periapical granuloma periapical abscess osteomyelitis
- Dental Caries
- Periodontal disease (Periodontitis)
- Stomatitis
- Sialadenitis
Correct Answer

A. Dental Caries

Explanation

The given explanation suggests that the correct answer is Dental Caries because the progression of the disease described in the passage matches the stages of dental caries. It starts with bacteria forming plaques on the teeth, which leads to enamel erosion and the defect extending into dentin. This is followed by decalcification, bacteria moving deeper, and inflammation of the root, causing pain. The disease then extends into the root canal, leading to periapical granuloma, periapical abscess, and potentially osteomyelitis. All these stages align with the development and progression of dental caries.

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46.

E: Colonization of periodontal pockets with bacteria P: Formation of plague calcification tartar inflammation of overlying gingiva loosening of tooth ligaments bacterial invades tooth sockets and root canal interrupts blood flow devitalizes the tooth C: Red, swollen gums, loose teeth
- Sialadenitis
- Periodontal disease (Periodontitis)
- Stomatitis
- Dental Caries
Correct Answer

A. Periodontal disease (Periodontitis)

Explanation

The given answer, Periodontal disease (Periodontitis), is the correct explanation for the given symptoms. The symptoms mentioned in the passage, such as red, swollen gums and loose teeth, are characteristic of periodontal disease. The passage describes the progression of the disease, starting with the colonization of bacteria in the periodontal pockets and leading to various complications like plaque formation, calcification, inflammation, and tooth ligament loosening. This ultimately results in the symptoms mentioned. Therefore, Periodontal disease (Periodontitis) is the most suitable explanation for the given symptoms.

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47.

E: viruses (Herpesvirus infection), bacteria (Candida albicans infection (thrush)), Aphthous stomatitis (canker sores) P: Inflammation C: Herpes – vesicles, C.albicans – white surface layers covering mucosa, Cancer soars – painful, recurrent, superficial oral ulcers of unknown etiology.
- Dental Caries
- Stomatitis
- Periodontal disease (Periodontitis)
- Sialadenitis
Correct Answer

A. Stomatitis

Explanation

Stomatitis is the correct answer because it matches the description of "painful, recurrent, superficial oral ulcers of unknown etiology." The other options, dental caries, periodontal disease, and sialadenitis, do not match the given symptoms.

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48.

E: smoking, pipe smoking, cigar smoking, chewing tobacco. Chronic alcohol use. Average age 55-60. Most tumors histologically classified as squamous cell carcinomas Often related to tobacco smoking Morphologically present as the following: Leukoplakia – white slightly elevated plaque Erythroplakia – red plaque Ulcer – shallow defect Crater – defect with raised margins Nodule
- Stomatoma
- Sialadenitis
- Oral Cancer
Correct Answer

A. Oral Cancer

Explanation

The given information describes the characteristics and risk factors associated with oral cancer. It states that most tumors are histologically classified as squamous cell carcinomas, which is a type of cancer commonly related to tobacco smoking. The morphological presentation of oral cancer includes leukoplakia (white slightly elevated plaque), erythroplakia (red plaque), ulcer (shallow defect), crater (defect with raised margins), and nodule. Based on these details, the correct answer is Oral Cancer.

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49.

E: infectious (bacterial from mouth -Staphylococcus, Streptococcus, viral - mumps) or autoimmune (Sjögren’s disease) P: Inflammation Enlarged salivary glands C: Infection -> pain and enlarged gland, sialorrhea or xerostomia Sjögren’s disease presents with systemic symptoms, xerostomia and xerophthalmia. At beginning of disease enlarged glands later fibrosis and glands shrink
- Sialadenitis
- Periodontal disease (Periodontitis)
- Stomatitis
Correct Answer

A. Sialadenitis

Explanation

Sialadenitis is the correct answer because it matches the symptoms described in the passage. The passage mentions infectious causes of enlarged salivary glands, such as bacterial infections like Staphylococcus and Streptococcus, as well as viral infections like mumps. Sialadenitis refers to inflammation of the salivary glands, which can be caused by infections. This condition can result in pain and enlarged glands, which are mentioned as symptoms in the passage. Additionally, the passage mentions autoimmune causes of enlarged salivary glands, such as Sjögren's disease, which presents with systemic symptoms and xerostomia (dry mouth), but does not match the symptoms of fibrosis and shrinking glands mentioned later in the passage.

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Quiz Edited by
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Nov 03, 2011

Quiz Created by
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Pathology 1 Final Exam Review Quiz Pt 1

Etiology: unknown, but variety of clinical conditions are important: Alcohol Bile stones Rare Causes Surgery Drugs Metabolic diseases - hyperparathyroidism, hypertriglyceridemia Trauma Infections

Quiz Preview

Pathogenesis – duct obstruction-reflux: reflux of bile and duodenal contents intrapancreatic enzyme activation ; direct acinary cell damage by toxins, viruses, ischemia, and trauma

Etiology: Chronic alcoholism (70%) Trauma Systemic metabolic or endocrine disease Unknown (20%)

Pathology: Fibrosis of pancreas Atrophy and loss of acini Intraductal stones Parenchymal calcifications Islets of Langerhans preserved, but in late stages of disease, reduced in number of replaced by fibrous tissue

Clinic: Pain in upper abdomen that radiates into the back Malabsorption caused by pancreatic insufficiency X-ray evidence of calcifications Secondary diabetes mellitus

In 95% of all cases, tumors are: Exocrine rather than endocrine Derived from ducts rather than acini or islets Solid rather than cystic Malignant rather than benign Functionally silent rather than hormonally active

It is the fourth major cause of cancer death in men and fifth in women. Each year, 25,000 new cases are reported in the United States. Smoking increases the risk three times.

Chronic pancreatitis increases the risk two times. It is rare before 40 years of age, but then incidence increases with age. The prognosis is poor—most die within 2 years.

An Islet Cell Tumor and a tumor of the endocrine pancreas with the following clinical presentation: hypoglycemia, syncope, profuse sweating, reversed by infusion of glucose

An Islet Cell Tumor and a tumor of the endocrine pancreas with the following clinical presentation: Zollinger-Ellison syndrome with multiple peptic ulcers in esophagus, stomach and small intestine unresponsive to medical therapy; may be part of MEN1

Glucagonoma Somatostatinoma VIPoma are examples of:

Primary type 1 diabetes mellitus is

Primary type 2 diabetes mellitus is

Cardiovascular Atherosclerosis—gangrene of extremities Arteriolosclerosis Kidney Glomerulosclerosis Pyelonephritis Eye Retinopathy Cataracts Nervous system Cerebrovascular disease Peripheral neuropathy these are all complications of

E. autosomal recessive disorder P: impacted viscid secretions cause inflammation and scaring atrophy exocrine insufficiency C: steatorrhea and malabsorption

Hemolysis Hematoma Gilbert’s disease

Viral hepatitis Alcoholic liver disease Drug-induced liver disease Chronic hepatitis due to various causes Cirrhosis

Gallstones in common bile duct Carcinoma of the head of the pancreas Carcinoma of the common bile duct Carcinoma of the gallbladder (late symptom)

Unconjugated jaundice

Conjugated jaundice

_________ binds to connective tissue and stains them yellow... sclera, skin. Accompanied by itching (Pruritus)

Transmission: F/O, incubation 15-45 d, C: enteric fever with vomiting, loss of appetite, and jaundice. Recovery in days

T: Pla/Sex I: 40-180 d, C: Weakness, nausea, vomiting, enlarge liver, skin rash, dark urine, icterus (2 month after and persists for several weeks)

I: 30-50, T and C as HBV (Goes together with HBV and makes symptoms worse)

T: Pla/Sex, I: 15-150, C: as HBV

This hepatitis has the same pathogenesis as Hepatitis A but only occurs in Africa.

Pathology: Reversible hepatocellular changes, irreversible hepatocellular changes (Apoptosis, necrosis), inflammatory infiltrates, regeneration of hepatocytes.

Pathogenesis: unknown. Pathology: necrosis of liver cells, repair by fibrosis, regeneration. Destroys liver cells replacing them with scar. Lost architecture of liver nodules surrounded by connective tissue.

Ascites Splenomegaly Anastomoses between portal and systemic circulation Hemorrhoids Esophageal varices Caput medusae

These are all related to ascites: Reduced production of albumin—hypoalbuminemia, reduced oncotic pressure of the plasma Portal hypertension—increased transudation of fluid into the abdomen Hyperaldosteronism—sodium and water retention in the kidneys true or false

This hereditary liver disease is characterized by benign recurrent jaundice with unconjugated bilirubin.

This hereditary liver disease is characterized by excessive accumulation of iron in many organs, cirrhosis.

This hereditary liver disease is characterized by excessive accumulation of copper (liver, eye, central nervous system), cirrhosis

This hereditary liver disease is characterized by accumulation of AAT, cirrhosis, emphysema

This liver related immune disorder occurs in young women; associated with other autoimmune diseases (antibodies in serum—ANA, ASM)

This liver related immune disorder occurs in middle-aged women; chronic jaundice, hypercholesterolemia (antibodies in serum—AMA)

This liver related immune disorder occurs in men younger than 40 years; associated with ulcerative colitis (no specific antibodies)

E: Cholelythiasis P: stone mechanical trauma to wall inflammation infection of inflamed wall necrosis gangrene rupture. Enlarged, discolored gallbladder with surface exudate. Pus may fill lumen (Empyema). C: RUQ pain, nausea, vomiting, fever and slight jaundice.

E: gallstones P: Multiple stones, thick gallbladder wall, small gallbladder, chronic inflammation of the wall fibrosis

Hepatocellular carcinoma is associated with Hepatitis B and C. True or False.

E: Multifactorial disease mediated by saprophytic bacteria P: bacteria forms plaques on the teeth enamel erodes defect extends into dentin decalcification bacteria moves deeper pulpitis + inflammation of the root pain extends into root canal periapical granuloma periapical abscess osteomyelitis

E: Colonization of periodontal pockets with bacteria P: Formation of plague calcification tartar inflammation of overlying gingiva loosening of tooth ligaments bacterial invades tooth sockets and root canal interrupts blood flow devitalizes the tooth C: Red, swollen gums, loose teeth

E: viruses (Herpesvirus infection), bacteria (Candida albicans infection (thrush)), Aphthous stomatitis (canker sores) P: Inflammation C: Herpes – vesicles, C.albicans – white surface layers covering mucosa, Cancer soars – painful, recurrent, superficial oral ulcers of unknown etiology.