Pathology 1 Final Exam Review Quiz Pt 1

Prehepatic jaundice is a type of jaundice that occurs before the liver. It is typically caused by an increased breakdown of red blood cells, leading to an excess of bilirubin in the bloodstream. Conditions such as hemolysis, hematoma, and Gilbert's disease can cause prehepatic jaundice. Hemolysis refers to the destruction of red blood cells, which releases bilirubin into the bloodstream. A hematoma is a collection of blood outside of blood vessels, which can also release bilirubin. Gilbert's disease is a genetic condition that affects the liver's ability to process bilirubin. In all these cases, the excess bilirubin in the bloodstream causes the yellowing of the skin and eyes characteristic of jaundice.

The given answer, Hepatitis C, is the correct one because it is the only option among the given choices that matches the provided information. The information states "Pla/Sex, I: 15-150, C: as HBV", which suggests that the mode of transmission is through sexual contact, the age range for infection is 15-150, and it is related to hepatitis B virus (HBV). Among the options, only Hepatitis C fits these criteria, as it can be transmitted through sexual contact, has no age restrictions for infection, and is not directly related to HBV.

Hepatitis E is the correct answer because it is a viral infection that has a similar pathogenesis to Hepatitis A, but it is mainly found in Africa. Hepatitis E is typically transmitted through contaminated water and causes inflammation of the liver. It is important to note that while Hepatitis E is more prevalent in Africa, it can also occur in other parts of the world.

Cirrhosis is the correct answer because it is a condition characterized by the scarring and damage to the liver tissue, leading to impaired liver function. The given etiology includes various factors that can cause cirrhosis, such as alcohol abuse, hepatitis viruses, hereditary metabolic diseases, autoimmune diseases, biliary obstruction, drugs, and cryptogenic (unknown) causes. Cirrhosis can lead to complications such as portal hypertension, ascites, and cholelithiasis.

Gilbert's Disease is a hereditary liver disease characterized by benign recurrent jaundice with unconjugated bilirubin. This means that individuals with Gilbert's Disease experience episodes of yellowing of the skin and eyes due to a buildup of unconjugated bilirubin in the blood. Unlike other liver diseases listed, such as Hemochromatosis, Wilson's Disease, and Alpha1-antitrypsin deficiency, Gilbert's Disease is not associated with significant liver damage or dysfunction. Therefore, it is the correct answer in this context.

The given description of fibrosis of the pancreas, atrophy and loss of acini, intraductal stones, parenchymal calcifications, and preserved islets of Langerhans but reduced in number or replaced by fibrous tissue is consistent with the features of chronic pancreatitis. This condition is characterized by inflammation and irreversible damage to the pancreas, leading to the replacement of functional tissue with fibrous scar tissue. It is often caused by long-term alcohol abuse or recurrent episodes of acute pancreatitis.

The given answer, "Ischemic bowel disease," is the correct answer because the patient's symptoms and risk factors are consistent with this condition. Atherosclerosis can lead to decreased blood flow to the intestines, causing ischemia. Hypotension further exacerbates the ischemia, leading to multiple infarcts. The patient's symptoms of pain and nonspecific symptoms align with the presentation of ischemic bowel disease. Diverticulosis, diverticulitis, and ischemic peritonitis are not directly related to the given symptoms and risk factors, making them incorrect answers.

Somatotropic adenoma is a type of tumor that causes excessive secretion of human growth hormone. This excess hormone can lead to two conditions: gigantism, which occurs when the tumor develops before the closure of growth plates in bones, causing abnormal growth in height, and acromegaly, which occurs when the tumor develops after the closure of growth plates, causing enlargement of hands, feet, and facial features. Therefore, somatotropic adenoma is the correct answer as it is the only option that is associated with the hyperfunction causing adenomas and the resulting conditions of gigantism or acromegaly.

The given symptoms of general weakness, lethargy, susceptibility to infections, cold intolerance, poor appetite, weight loss, hypotension, loss of libido, impotence, amenorrhea, and dwarfism in children indicate a deficiency in multiple hormones produced by the pituitary gland. Panhypopituitarism refers to a condition where there is a deficiency in all the hormones produced by the pituitary gland. This includes hormones responsible for thyroid function (pituitary hypothyroidism), gonadal function (pituitary hypogonadism), and adrenal function (hypoadrenalism). Therefore, the correct answer is panhypopituitarism.

A gastrinoma is a tumor of the endocrine pancreas that secretes excessive amounts of gastrin, leading to Zollinger-Ellison syndrome. This syndrome is characterized by multiple peptic ulcers in the esophagus, stomach, and small intestine that do not respond to medical therapy. Gastrinomas are often associated with multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 (MEN1).

The given symptoms of sharp abdominal pain, rebound tenderness, voluntary guarding of the abdominal muscles, and intestinal paralysis are indicative of acute infectious peritonitis. This condition is characterized by inflammation of the peritoneum, which leads to the exudation of yellow green or brownish yellow fluid in the abdominal cavity. The healing process results in the formation of fibrous adhesions, which can cause intestinal obstruction. Therefore, the correct answer is acute infectious peritonitis.

Pheochromocytoma is the correct answer because it is a tumor of the adrenal medulla that can be either benign or malignant. It is more commonly benign in adults but can be malignant in about 10% of cases. The presence of VMA (vanillylmandelic acid) in urine is important for diagnosing pheochromocytoma. Neuroblastoma is a different type of tumor that occurs in children, while corticotropic adenoma and somatotropic adenoma are tumors of the pituitary gland.

The given symptoms such as muscle wasting, thin hair, palmar erythema, splenomegaly, gynecomastia, caput medusa, hepatomegaly, ascites, small testes, edema, bleeding tendency, reduced clotting factors and thrombocytopenia, hematemesis and exsanguination from bleeding esophageal varices, hyperestrinism (spider nevi, palmar erythema, gynecomastia, testicular atrophy), hepatic encephalopathy, and hepatorenal syndrome are all indicative of cirrhosis. Congestive heart failure, alcoholic hepatitis, and primary biliary cirrhosis may have some similar symptoms, but they do not encompass the entire range of symptoms mentioned. Therefore, the correct answer is cirrhosis.

The given explanation suggests that the correct answer is Dental Caries because the progression of the disease described in the passage matches the stages of dental caries. It starts with bacteria forming plaques on the teeth, which leads to enamel erosion and the defect extending into dentin. This is followed by decalcification, bacteria moving deeper, and inflammation of the root, causing pain. The disease then extends into the root canal, leading to periapical granuloma, periapical abscess, and potentially osteomyelitis. All these stages align with the development and progression of dental caries.

Benign gastric epithelial tumors are called polyps. Polyps are abnormal tissue growths that can occur in various parts of the body, including the stomach. In the context of gastric epithelial tumors, polyps refer to noncancerous growths that develop on the inner lining of the stomach. These polyps can vary in size and shape and are typically asymptomatic. However, some polyps may become cancerous over time if left untreated, so it is important for individuals with gastric polyps to undergo regular monitoring and, if necessary, removal of the polyps.

Diverticulitis is the correct answer because it matches the given description. Diverticulitis refers to the inflammation and infection of the outpouchings (diverticula) in the intestinal walls. It can occur in any part of the intestine, but it is most common in the sigmoid colon. The symptoms mentioned, such as severe abdominal pain, cramping, nausea, vomiting, fever, chills, and changes in bowel habits, are all characteristic of diverticulitis. The complications mentioned, such as perforation, peritoneal abscess, fistulas, and fibrosis, are also associated with diverticulitis.

The given answer, "large intestine," is correct because E. coli, Shigella, Norwalk virus, and Entamoeba are all pathogens that commonly infect the large intestine. These infections can cause symptoms such as diarrhea, abdominal pain, and inflammation in the large intestine. The small intestine, on the other hand, is more commonly affected by other types of infections such as those caused by viruses like rotavirus or bacteria like Salmonella. Therefore, based on the pathogens mentioned, it can be inferred that the correct answer is the large intestine.

The clinical manifestations of Pituitary hypogonadism include amenorrhea (absence of menstrual periods), impotence (inability to achieve or maintain an erection), and infertility (inability to conceive or produce offspring). These symptoms are a result of decreased production of hormones by the pituitary gland, which leads to dysfunction in the reproductive system.

Cohn's syndrome is a condition characterized by the hypersecretion of aldosterone, a hormone produced by the adrenal glands. This excessive production of aldosterone leads to an imbalance in the body's fluid and electrolyte levels, causing symptoms such as high blood pressure, low potassium levels, and muscle weakness. Unlike Cushing's syndrome and Cushing's disease, which involve the overproduction of cortisol, Cohn's syndrome specifically refers to the overproduction of aldosterone. Therefore, the correct answer is Cohn's syndrome.

Glucagonoma, somatostatinoma, and VIPoma are examples of islet cell tumors or tumors of the endocrine pancreas. These tumors arise from the cells in the pancreas that produce hormones such as glucagon, somatostatin, and vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP). Islet cell tumors can cause various symptoms depending on the specific hormone being overproduced, such as hyperglycemia in the case of glucagonoma or diarrhea in the case of VIPoma. These tumors can be benign or malignant and may require surgical removal or other treatments depending on their size and aggressiveness.

The given correct answer is "Peptic Ulcer". The explanation provided in the text mentions various contributing factors to the etiology of peptic ulcers, such as a decrease in protective factors, gastric juice composition, mucosal barrier defects, and the presence of Helicobacter pylori. It also describes the characteristic features of peptic ulcers, including sharply punched out, round defects of the mucosa extending into the deep layers of the stomach and duodenum. The symptoms and complications mentioned, such as pain after meals, nausea, vomiting, and hemorrhage, are also commonly associated with peptic ulcers. Therefore, based on the information provided, "Peptic Ulcer" is the correct answer.

Hypoparathyroidism is the correct answer because it matches the symptoms described in the question. The condition is characterized by low levels of parathyroid hormone, which can be caused by developmental disorders, autoimmune diseases, or surgical removal of the parathyroid glands. This leads to hypocalcemia, tetany, irregular heartbeat, and variable neurological symptoms. Hyperparathyroidism, adrenal hyperfunction, and adrenal hypofunction do not match the symptoms described in the question.

The given symptoms of weight loss, loss of appetite, nausea, jaundice if located in the head, Courvoisier's sign (gallbladder distention), pain if tumor located in the tail, and common metastases to lymph nodes and liver are characteristic of adenocarcinoma of the pancreas. Additionally, the mention of ERCP with aspiration cytology being important for diagnosis further supports this answer choice. Cystic fibrosis, cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma do not typically present with these specific symptoms and findings.

This clinical presentation is consistent with an insulinoma. Insulinomas are tumors of the endocrine pancreas that secrete excessive amounts of insulin, leading to hypoglycemia. The symptoms of hypoglycemia, such as syncope, profuse sweating, and relief with glucose infusion, are characteristic of insulinoma. Gastrinomas, glucagonomas, and somatostatinomas do not typically cause hypoglycemia.

Achalasia is a motility disorder characterized by the inability of the lower esophageal sphincter to relax properly, leading to difficulty in swallowing (dysphagia). This condition occurs when the nerves in the esophagus are damaged, causing the muscles to lose their ability to contract and move food down into the stomach. Hiatal hernia, esophageal diverticula, and esophagitis are all conditions that can cause similar symptoms, but achalasia specifically refers to the dysfunction of the lower esophageal sphincter.

The correct answer is "Infectious, Iatrogenic, corrosive chemicals". This answer is based on the information provided in the question, which states that esophagitis can be caused by candida or herpes (infectious), as well as by drugs, radiation, and instruments (iatrogenic), and by accidentally swallowing acid or base (corrosive chemicals).

The given answer, Hyperparathyroidism, is the correct answer because the symptoms described in the scenario, such as increased PTH production, osteoclast activation, increased resorption of bone and release of calcium, increased resorption of calcium from kidneys, activation of Vitamin D, hypercalcemia, and deposition of calcium in organs, are all characteristic of hyperparathyroidism. The other options, Hypoparathyroidism, Adrenal hyperfunction, and Adrenal hypofunction, do not explain the specific symptoms mentioned in the scenario.

The given symptoms, such as pain in the upper abdomen that radiates into the back, malabsorption caused by pancreatic insufficiency, X-ray evidence of calcifications, and secondary diabetes mellitus, are all characteristic of chronic pancreatitis. This condition is characterized by inflammation and damage to the pancreas over a long period of time, leading to impaired pancreatic function. Chronic pancreatitis can cause persistent abdominal pain, malabsorption of nutrients, and the development of diabetes. The presence of calcifications on X-ray further supports the diagnosis of chronic pancreatitis.

Chronic pancreatitis is a risk factor for developing adenocarcinoma of the pancreas. The statement "Chronic pancreatitis increases the risk two times" indicates that individuals with chronic pancreatitis are twice as likely to develop adenocarcinoma compared to those without chronic pancreatitis. Additionally, the statement "The prognosis is poor—most die within 2 years" suggests that adenocarcinoma of the pancreas has a poor prognosis, further supporting it as the correct answer.

The correct answer is Hepatitis B. Hepatitis B is a viral infection that affects the liver. It can cause symptoms such as weakness, nausea, vomiting, and an enlarged liver. In some cases, it can also lead to skin rash, dark urine, and icterus (yellowing of the skin and eyes). The incubation period for Hepatitis B is 40-180 days, and the symptoms can persist for several weeks.

Stomatitis is the correct answer because it matches the description of "painful, recurrent, superficial oral ulcers of unknown etiology." The other options, dental caries, periodontal disease, and sialadenitis, do not match the given symptoms.

Hemorrhoids, ischemic bowel disease, acute thrombosis of mesenteric arteries and veins, and nonocclusive intestinal infarcts are all examples of intestinal vascular diseases. These conditions involve issues with the blood vessels supplying the intestines, leading to various symptoms and complications.

The correct answer is "Adrenal Hyperfunction" because the symptoms described in the case (central obesity, red face, hypertension, thin skin, glucose intolerance, and diabetes) are consistent with Cushing's syndrome, which is caused by excessive production of cortisol by the adrenal glands. This can be due to hyperplasia caused by a pituitary adenoma or neoplasia of the adrenal gland. The presence of discrete nodules supports the possibility of a tumor.

Cystic fibrosis is a genetic disorder that is inherited in an autosomal recessive manner. The condition is characterized by the production of thick and sticky secretions that impact various organs, leading to inflammation, scarring, and atrophy. In the case of the exocrine pancreas, this can result in exocrine insufficiency, which impairs the digestion and absorption of nutrients. Steatorrhea (excessive fat in the stool) and malabsorption are common symptoms of cystic fibrosis. Therefore, the given answer of cystic fibrosis is correct based on the provided information.

These four pathogens, E. coli, Vibrio cholerae, Giardia lamblia, and rotavirus, are known to cause infections in the small intestine. The small intestine is responsible for the absorption of nutrients from food, and these pathogens can disrupt this process, leading to various symptoms such as diarrhea, abdominal pain, and vomiting. Infections in the large intestine, on the other hand, are typically caused by different pathogens and are associated with conditions like colitis or inflammatory bowel disease. Therefore, based on the given pathogens, it can be concluded that the correct answer is small intestine.

Unconjugated jaundice refers to a condition where there is an excess of bilirubin in the blood, which is not being properly processed by the liver. Bilirubin is responsible for the yellow color of urine, so in unconjugated jaundice, the urine would be expected to be dark or have a yellowish tint. However, the given answer states that the urine is of normal color, which contradicts the expected symptom of unconjugated jaundice. Therefore, the given answer is incorrect or incomplete.

The given answer, carcinoma of the esophagus, is the correct answer because it aligns with the information provided in the question stem. The question states that the cancer accounts for 4% of all cancers, has a higher incidence in Asia and Africa, correlates with alcohol and tobacco abuse, is more common in men and blacks, and has a poor prognosis with an average survival of 2 years. These characteristics are consistent with carcinoma of the esophagus.

The given options are all related to liver diseases. Hepatitis is the inflammation of the liver, which can cause reversible hepatocellular changes, irreversible hepatocellular changes, inflammatory infiltrates, and regeneration of hepatocytes. This aligns with the provided information about the pathology of reversible and irreversible hepatocellular changes, as well as inflammatory infiltrates and regeneration of hepatocytes. Therefore, Hepatitis is the correct answer.

The given symptoms of RUQ pain, nausea, vomiting, fever, and slight jaundice, along with the description of an enlarged, discolored gallbladder with surface exudate and the possibility of pus filling the lumen, are indicative of acute cholecystitis. Acute cholecystitis is inflammation of the gallbladder caused by gallstones and can lead to complications such as infection, necrosis, and rupture.

Prolactinoma is a type of adenoma that causes the excessive secretion of prolactin. This hyperprolactinemia leads to the inhibition of pulsatile secretion of LH (luteinizing hormone), which is essential for normal menstrual cycles. As a result, women with prolactinoma may experience amenorrhea (absence of menstrual periods), galactorrhea (abnormal milk production), and infertility. Therefore, the given answer correctly identifies the condition causing the symptoms described in the question.

Medullary carcinoma is the correct answer because it is a malignant tumor of the thyroid that produces calcitonin. Calcitonin is a hormone that helps regulate calcium levels in the body. This type of carcinoma arises from the parafollicular C cells of the thyroid gland and can be sporadic or hereditary. It is less common than papillary or follicular carcinoma but tends to be more aggressive and has a higher chance of spreading to other parts of the body.

Adenocarcinoma of the pancreas is the correct answer because it is a major cause of cancer death, ranking fourth in men and fifth in women. The fact that 25,000 new cases are reported each year in the United States further supports this. Additionally, the statement that smoking increases the risk three times indicates a strong association between smoking and adenocarcinoma of the pancreas.

Paralytic ileus refers to a condition where there is a disruption in the normal movement of the intestines, leading to a blockage. It is caused by factors such as inflammation (peritonitis), disruption of innervation (spinal cord injury), or exhaustion (abdominal surgery). In paralytic ileus, the muscles of the intestines are unable to contract properly, causing a buildup of gas and fluids. This condition can result in symptoms such as abdominal pain, bloating, and constipation. Unlike mechanical (obstructive) ileus, which is caused by a physical obstruction in the intestines, paralytic ileus is characterized by a functional impairment in the movement of the intestines.

The given answer, "acute pancreatitis," is the correct answer because it is one of the clinical conditions mentioned in the list of etiologies. Acute pancreatitis can be caused by various factors such as alcohol, bile stones, surgery, drugs, metabolic diseases, trauma, and infections. Therefore, acute pancreatitis fits the description provided in the question.

The given answer is "acute pancreatitis." The explanation for this is that the pathogenesis mentioned in the question describes the process by which acute pancreatitis occurs. It states that duct obstruction and reflux of bile and duodenal contents lead to the activation of intrapancreatic enzymes and direct damage to acinar cells. Acute pancreatitis is a condition characterized by inflammation of the pancreas, often caused by gallstones or excessive alcohol consumption. Therefore, based on the pathogenesis described, acute pancreatitis is the most appropriate answer.

The given answer "Gastritis" is correct because the symptoms mentioned in the question, such as abdominal pain, vomiting, nausea, hematemesis, and melena, are commonly associated with gastritis. Gastritis refers to the inflammation of the stomach lining, which can be caused by various factors mentioned in the question, such as stress, certain medications (like aspirin and NSAIDs), smoking, alcohol, and trauma. The symptoms mentioned, such as edema, erosions, ulcerations, and the presence of abdominal pain, vomiting, nausea, hematemesis, or melena, are consistent with the diagnosis of gastritis.

The given list includes a variety of diseases that can affect both the small and large intestines. Developmental abnormalities like Hirschsprung's disease and congenital diverticula can affect either part of the intestines. Diverticulosis, obstructions, and hernias can occur in both the small and large intestines. Vascular disorders, inflammatory bowel disease, infections, malabsorption syndrome, and neoplasms can also affect either the small or large intestines. Therefore, the correct answer is "diseases of the intestines."

Sterile peritonitis refers to inflammation of the peritoneum without the presence of infection. In this case, the possible causes mentioned are rupture of the gallbladder, acute pancreatitis, and postsurgical peritonitis by talc or chemicals. These conditions can lead to the exudation of yellow green or brownish yellow fluid in the abdominal cavity, causing inflammation of the peritoneum. The symptoms mentioned, such as sharp abdominal pain, rebound tenderness, voluntary guarding of the abdominal muscles, and intestinal paralysis, are consistent with the presentation of sterile peritonitis. Therefore, the correct answer is sterile peritonitis.

Follicular carcinoma is the correct answer because it is a malignant tumor of the thyroid that is more aggressive than papillary carcinoma. It presents as a slowly growing nodule, which is a characteristic feature of follicular carcinoma. Medullary carcinoma is a different type of thyroid cancer that arises from the C cells of the thyroid gland and is not described as a slowly growing nodule. Anaplastic carcinoma is the most aggressive type of thyroid cancer, but it does not present as a slowly growing nodule.

Cushing's disease is the correct answer because it is a condition caused by a pituitary adenoma, which leads to excessive production of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH). This hormone stimulates the adrenal cortex to produce and release excessive amounts of cortisol, resulting in hyperplasia of the adrenal cortex and increased secretion of cortisol. Cushing's syndrome refers to a group of symptoms caused by high levels of cortisol in the body, while Cohn's Syndrome does not exist, making it an incorrect option.

Primary sclerosing cholangitis is a liver-related immune disorder that primarily affects men under the age of 40. It is often associated with ulcerative colitis, but there are no specific antibodies associated with this condition. This explanation highlights the key characteristics of primary sclerosing cholangitis and distinguishes it from the other two options, autoimmune hepatitis and primary biliary cirrhosis.

Hepatitis D is the correct answer because it is the only option that goes together with HBV and makes symptoms worse. Hepatitis D is a viral infection that can only occur in individuals who are already infected with Hepatitis B. It is considered the most severe form of viral hepatitis and can lead to a more rapid progression of liver disease.

Benign gastric stromal tumors are called leiomyomas.

Acute pancreatitis is the correct answer because the given symptoms and findings are characteristic of this condition. Acute pancreatitis is an inflammation of the pancreas that can be caused by factors such as gallstones or alcohol abuse. The symptoms mentioned, such as pain radiating to the back, nausea, vomiting, and fever, are commonly seen in acute pancreatitis. Additionally, the presence of edema, hemorrhage, and necrosis in the pathology findings further support the diagnosis.

Papillary carcinoma is the correct answer because it fits all the given criteria. It is a malignant tumor of the thyroid that accounts for 80% of all cases. It is hormonally inactive and has a tendency to metastasize to local lymph nodes. Despite being malignant, it has a good prognosis, which means that the chances of successful treatment and recovery are high.

Primary biliary cirrhosis is a liver-related immune disorder that typically affects middle-aged women. It is characterized by chronic jaundice and hypercholesterolemia. One of the key diagnostic features of primary biliary cirrhosis is the presence of antibodies in the serum known as antimitochondrial antibodies (AMA). These antibodies target the mitochondria in the liver cells, leading to inflammation and damage to the bile ducts. Over time, this can progress to cirrhosis, which is irreversible scarring of the liver tissue. Therefore, primary biliary cirrhosis is the most appropriate explanation for the given symptoms and diagnostic marker.

Chronic atrophic gastritis is the correct answer because it fits the given information. Chronic atrophic gastritis is a stomach disease that can occur with or without intestinal metaplasia. It can be related to Helicobacter pylori infection, autoimmune conditions like pernicious anemia, or the use of NSAIDs. It is characterized by inflammation of the stomach lining and can be asymptomatic or present with nonspecific abdominal complaints.

The clinical manifestations of Pituitary hypothyroidism include lethargy, intolerance to cold, sluggishness, thick skin, bradycardia, and low temperature. These symptoms are indicative of a decreased thyroid hormone production, leading to a slowed metabolism and reduced body temperature regulation.

In 95% of all cases, tumors are pancreatic neoplasms. This means that the tumors originate in the pancreas. Pancreatic neoplasms can be either exocrine or endocrine, but in this case, they are more likely to be exocrine. They are derived from ducts rather than acini or islets, which are other structures within the pancreas. Pancreatic neoplasms are solid rather than cystic, meaning they form solid masses rather than fluid-filled sacs. They are also more likely to be malignant (cancerous) rather than benign. Finally, pancreatic neoplasms are functionally silent rather than hormonally active, meaning they do not produce hormones.

The given answer, chronic pancreatitis, is supported by the etiology provided. Chronic alcoholism is listed as the primary cause of chronic pancreatitis, accounting for 70% of cases. This suggests that long-term alcohol abuse can lead to inflammation and damage to the pancreas, resulting in chronic pancreatitis. Therefore, chronic pancreatitis is a plausible explanation based on the information given.