RNC Inpatient Obstetrics Practice Exam III

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1. An intravenous (IV) fluid bolus is given before epidural anesthesia to prevent:

Explanation

An intravenous (IV) fluid bolus is given before epidural anesthesia to prevent hypotension. This is because epidural anesthesia can cause a drop in blood pressure, and the IV fluid bolus helps maintain blood volume and prevent hypotension.

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RNC Inpatient Obstetrics Practice Exam III - Quiz

The 'RNC Inpatient Obstetrics Practice Exam III' assesses knowledge crucial for inpatient obstetric care, focusing on malpractice, ethical guidelines, clinician behavior, and compliance with standards. It's designed for... see morehealthcare professionals aiming to enhance patient safety and care quality. see less

2. A 25 yr old Vietnamese woman admitted to the birthing unit requests that her husband stay in the waiting area until she gives birth. The appropriate response is based on the nurses knowledge that:

Explanation

The appropriate response is to honor the woman's request because it is important to respect her autonomy and preferences during the birthing process. Every woman has the right to decide who she wants to have present during labor and birth, and it is the nurse's responsibility to support her choices. It is possible that the woman has personal reasons for wanting her husband to stay in the waiting area, and it is important to ensure that she feels comfortable and in control during this vulnerable time.

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3. During pregnancy, the pigmented line in the skin that traverses the abdomen longitudinally from the sternum to the symphisis is called the:

Explanation

During pregnancy, hormonal changes cause an increase in melanin production, resulting in darkening of the skin. The pigmented line that runs vertically from the sternum to the symphysis pubis is known as linea nigra. This line is a common occurrence in pregnant women and usually fades after childbirth. Spider nevus refers to a small, dilated blood vessel on the skin's surface, while striae gravidarum refers to stretch marks that develop on the abdomen during pregnancy.

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4. During pregnancy, the position for optimum maternal cardiac output is:

Explanation

During pregnancy, the optimum position for maternal cardiac output is lateral. This position allows for better blood flow and circulation to the placenta, which is essential for providing oxygen and nutrients to the developing fetus. Lying on the side also helps to minimize pressure on major blood vessels, such as the inferior vena cava, which can become compressed in the supine position and impede blood flow. Therefore, the lateral position is recommended to ensure adequate cardiac output and promote a healthy pregnancy.

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5. Successful defense of malpractice claims is enhanced by following:

Explanation

Following national professional standards is important for successful defense of malpractice claims because these standards set the expectations and guidelines for professional conduct in a specific field. By adhering to these standards, professionals can demonstrate that they have met the established criteria for their practice, which can help in defending against claims of malpractice. National professional standards also provide a benchmark against which the professional's actions can be evaluated, helping to establish whether the alleged malpractice occurred or not. By aligning with these standards, professionals can strengthen their defense and demonstrate that they have acted in accordance with accepted norms and practices in their field.

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6. The purpose of the root-cause analysis process is to:

Explanation

The purpose of the root-cause analysis process is to review potentially contributing systems. This means that the process aims to identify and analyze the underlying factors or systems that may have contributed to a particular incident or problem. It is not focused on determining fault or assigning blame to healthcare providers or hospitals, nor is it primarily concerned with examining institutional liability. Instead, it seeks to understand the broader systems and processes in place that may have played a role in the occurrence of the issue at hand.

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7. When a sentinel event occurs, according to the Joint Commission (TJC):

Explanation

When a sentinel event occurs, the Joint Commission (TJC) recommends conducting a root-cause analysis. This analysis helps to identify the underlying causes and contributing factors of the event, allowing for appropriate corrective actions to be implemented. It is an essential step in understanding what went wrong and how to prevent similar events in the future. The analysis involves gathering data, examining processes, and identifying system weaknesses or breakdowns that may have led to the event. It is a proactive approach to improving patient safety and quality of care.

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8. The time when measurement of fundal height in centimeters should correlate with gestational age is"

Explanation

After 20 weeks' gestation, the measurement of fundal height in centimeters should correlate with gestational age. This is because after 20 weeks, the fundal height measurement becomes a reliable indicator of the growth and development of the fetus. Before 20 weeks, the fundal height may not accurately reflect gestational age as there can be variations in the position of the uterus and the size of the fetus. Near term, the fundal height may not be as reliable as the baby's position and engagement in the pelvis can affect the measurement.

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9. An incident -management program will:

Explanation

An incident-management program is designed to identify and address potential risks and adverse outcomes in order to prevent them from occurring in the future. By including "near misses" with potential for adverse outcomes, the program can identify areas where mistakes or errors almost occurred and take proactive measures to prevent them from happening again. This approach focuses on learning from mistakes and improving systems rather than solely identifying and disciplining individuals at fault. It helps to create a culture of safety and continuous improvement within the institution and reduces liability by preventing adverse outcomes.

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10. According to ACOG (2009) the preferred method of fetal assessment during labor for women with high-risk conditions is:

Explanation

ACOG (American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists) recommends electronic fetal monitoring as the preferred method of fetal assessment during labor for women with high-risk conditions. This method involves continuously monitoring the baby's heart rate and the mother's contractions using electronic devices. It provides a more accurate and continuous assessment of the baby's well-being and allows for early detection of any signs of distress or complications. Doppler FHTs every 30 minutes during early labor and fetal scalp electrode are alternative methods that may be used in certain situations but are not the preferred method according to ACOG.

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11. According to ACOG (2009) misoprostol is not recommended for women:

Explanation

Misoprostol is not recommended for women attempting VBAC (vaginal birth after cesarean). This is because misoprostol can increase the risk of uterine rupture in women who have had a previous cesarean section. Uterine rupture is a serious complication that can be life-threatening for both the mother and the baby. Therefore, it is important to avoid using misoprostol in women attempting VBAC and consider alternative methods for induction of labor.

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12. The best approach for addressing disruptive clinician behavior is:

Explanation

Immediate intervention is the best approach for addressing disruptive clinician behavior because it allows for prompt action to be taken in order to address and rectify the disruptive behavior. By intervening immediately, the negative impact of the behavior can be minimized and potential harm to patients or colleagues can be prevented. It also sends a clear message that such behavior is not tolerated and helps to maintain a positive and respectful work environment. Monitoring trends and peer review can be effective in identifying patterns and providing feedback, but immediate intervention is necessary to address the behavior in the moment.

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13. Berta Wolf Creek is 4 hours postpartum and requests permission to take her placenta home with her. Appropriate instruction by the nurse would include:

Explanation

The correct answer is keeping the placenta in a leak proof container. This is because it is important to keep the placenta in a leak proof container to prevent any potential contamination or spread of infection. It is not necessary to require disposal of the placenta by internment (burial) or keeping it frozen until burial.

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14. The hormone released from  the anterior pituitary that is responsible for initiating lactation is"

Explanation

Prolactin is the hormone released from the anterior pituitary that is responsible for initiating lactation. This hormone stimulates the mammary glands in the breasts to produce milk. Oxytocin, on the other hand, plays a role in the ejection of milk from the breasts during breastfeeding. Progesterone is involved in the preparation of the breasts for lactation, but it is not responsible for initiating lactation itself.

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15.  time to encourage a woman to stop smoking is:

Explanation

Encouraging a woman to stop smoking before pregnancy is the ideal time because it allows her to quit smoking and eliminate any potential harm to her and her baby's health. Smoking during pregnancy can lead to various complications such as premature birth, low birth weight, and developmental issues. By quitting smoking before pregnancy, the woman can ensure a healthier start for her baby and reduce the risk of these complications.

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16. The recommend weight for an obese woman to gain during pregnancy is:

Explanation

The recommended weight for an obese woman to gain during pregnancy is 15lbs. This is because excessive weight gain during pregnancy can increase the risk of complications for both the mother and the baby. By aiming for a moderate weight gain, obese women can minimize the potential risks and promote a healthier pregnancy. It is important for obese women to consult with their healthcare provider to determine the appropriate weight gain goal based on their individual circumstances.

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17. By 28 to 34 weeks' gestation in a normal pregnancy, blood volume has increased by approximately

Explanation

By 28 to 34 weeks' gestation in a normal pregnancy, the blood volume increases by approximately 30%-50%. This is because during pregnancy, the body produces more blood to support the growing fetus and provide oxygen and nutrients. The increase in blood volume helps to ensure an adequate blood supply to the placenta and the developing baby. It also helps to compensate for the increase in blood flow to the uterus and other organs. Therefore, it is expected for blood volume to increase by 30%-50% during this stage of pregnancy.

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18. The average blood loss during vaginal birth is less than:

Explanation

The average blood loss during vaginal birth is generally less than 500ml. This is because the body naturally constricts blood vessels and forms blood clots to minimize bleeding after childbirth. However, it is important to note that every birth is different, and some women may experience more or less blood loss depending on various factors such as the duration of labor, the presence of complications, and individual differences in physiology.

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19. During pregnancy, cardiac output increases approximately:

Explanation

During pregnancy, the body undergoes numerous physiological changes to support the growing fetus. One of these changes is an increase in cardiac output, which refers to the volume of blood pumped by the heart per minute. The correct answer is 30%-50% because during pregnancy, the cardiac output typically increases by this range. This increase is necessary to meet the increased demands of the mother and the developing baby, ensuring an adequate supply of oxygen and nutrients.

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20. Based on TJC criteria, which of the following clinical situations is a sentinel event?

Explanation

The correct answer is "Unanticipated death of a full-term infant." According to TJC criteria, a sentinel event is an unexpected occurrence involving death or serious physical or psychological injury. In this case, the unanticipated death of a full-term infant qualifies as a sentinel event because it involves an unexpected death. The other options, such as any unexplained adverse occurrence or the birth of a baby with previously undiagnosed congenital abnormalities, may be concerning but do not meet the criteria for a sentinel event.

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21. Elective labor induction should not occur prior to:

Explanation

Elective labor induction should not occur prior to 39 weeks of gestation. This is because babies born before 39 weeks may have an increased risk of complications, such as respiratory distress syndrome, jaundice, and low blood sugar. Waiting until 39 weeks allows the baby's lungs and other organs to fully mature, reducing the risk of these complications. Inducing labor before 39 weeks should only be done for medical reasons, as determined by a healthcare provider.

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22. A physical finding that may occur during pregnancy in response to normal cardiovascular changes is:

Explanation

During pregnancy, the body undergoes various changes to accommodate the growing fetus. One of these changes is an increase in blood volume, which can lead to fluid retention and swelling in the lower extremities, known as dependent edema. This occurs due to the pressure on the veins and the decreased return of blood flow from the legs to the heart. Therefore, dependent edema is a normal physical finding that can occur during pregnancy.

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23. During labor, maternal cardiac output:

Explanation

During labor, maternal cardiac output increases progressively. This is because the body needs to supply more oxygen and nutrients to the growing fetus. As the uterus contracts and the intensity of contractions increases, it leads to an increase in maternal heart rate and stroke volume, resulting in a higher cardiac output. This helps to ensure an adequate blood supply to the placenta and meet the increased metabolic demands of both the mother and the baby during labor.

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24. According to the hot/cold theory, pregnancy is thought to be which kind of a condition?

Explanation

According to the hot/cold theory, pregnancy is believed to be a "hot" condition. This theory suggests that certain conditions or states of the body can be classified as either hot or cold, and pregnancy is considered to fall under the hot category. This classification is based on traditional beliefs and practices in some cultures, where hot conditions are associated with increased energy, activity, and warmth, while cold conditions are associated with decreased energy and activity.

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25. Guidance for ethical nursing care is provided by the:

Explanation

The correct answer is the American Nurses Association 'Code of Ethics for Nurses'. This code provides guidance for ethical nursing care, outlining the principles and values that nurses should uphold in their practice. It addresses various ethical considerations such as patient autonomy, confidentiality, advocating for patients' rights, and maintaining professional boundaries. It serves as a resource for nurses to navigate ethical dilemmas and ensure that they provide safe, compassionate, and patient-centered care. The other options, the American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) and American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (ACOG) 'Guidelines for Perinatal Care' and the American Medical Association 'Code of Medical Ethics', may provide guidance specific to their respective fields but do not encompass the broader scope of nursing ethics.

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26. The average blood loss during cesarean birth is less than:

Explanation

The average blood loss during cesarean birth is less than 1000ml. This means that on average, women who undergo a cesarean birth do not lose more than 1000ml of blood during the procedure. It is important to note that this is an average and individual cases may vary.

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27. A cardiovascular parameter which normally decreases during pregnancy is:

Explanation

During pregnancy, the body undergoes several changes to accommodate the growing fetus. One of these changes is the decrease in systemic vascular resistance. This is because the body needs to increase blood flow to the placenta and uterus to provide oxygen and nutrients to the developing baby. By reducing systemic vascular resistance, blood vessels dilate, allowing for easier blood flow and ensuring an adequate blood supply to the fetus. This decrease in resistance also helps to lower blood pressure, which is beneficial for both the mother and the baby.

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28. Maria Ochoa, a 23 yr old Filipino American, is 18 weeks pregnant. After receiving a prescription for prenatal vitamins, she tells the nurse that her mother warned her to take only herbal medication during pregnancy. The nurse appropriately:

Explanation

The nurse appropriately assesses the significance of Maria's mother's advice because it is important to understand the reasoning behind her mother's suggestion to take only herbal medication during pregnancy. By assessing the significance, the nurse can determine if there are any cultural beliefs or concerns that need to be addressed and can provide appropriate education and guidance to Maria based on her individual needs and preferences.

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29. Which of the following is a change occurring in the respiratory system during pregnancy?

Explanation

During pregnancy, the oxygen consumption of the body increases. This is because the growing fetus requires more oxygen to support its development and growth. The mother's body responds to this increased demand by increasing the rate at which oxygen is consumed. This is necessary to ensure that both the mother and the fetus receive an adequate supply of oxygen for their metabolic needs. Therefore, the correct answer is that oxygen consumption increases during pregnancy.

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30. Structure measures of patient safety include:

Explanation

Unit protocols are a measure of patient safety because they provide standardized guidelines and procedures for healthcare providers to follow. These protocols ensure that all members of the healthcare team are on the same page and are following evidence-based practices, which can help prevent errors and improve patient outcomes. By implementing unit protocols, healthcare facilities can enhance patient safety by reducing variations in care, promoting effective communication, and ensuring that best practices are consistently followed.

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31. Heartburn is common during pregnancy due primarily to:

Explanation

During pregnancy, the relaxation of the lower esophageal sphincter is the primary reason for heartburn. The lower esophageal sphincter normally acts as a barrier to prevent stomach acid from flowing back into the esophagus. However, hormonal changes during pregnancy can cause this sphincter to relax, allowing stomach acid to reflux into the esophagus. This reflux leads to the burning sensation known as heartburn. Decreased gastric motility and increased secretion of hydrochloric acid may contribute to heartburn, but the relaxation of the lower esophageal sphincter is the main cause.

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32. Tay-Sachs disease is a recessive disorder common in families of what ancestry? 

Explanation

Tay-Sachs disease is a recessive disorder that is more common in families of Jewish ancestry. This is because the gene mutation that causes Tay-Sachs disease is more prevalent in the Ashkenazi Jewish population. Ashkenazi Jews have a higher carrier frequency for the disease compared to other populations. Therefore, individuals with Jewish ancestry have a higher risk of inheriting and passing on the gene mutation, making them more susceptible to Tay-Sachs disease.

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33. An African American/ black woman who believes she should not swallow her saliva and carries a spit cup with her during pregnancy is most likely from:

Explanation

The correct answer is Haiti. In Haitian culture, there is a belief that swallowing saliva during pregnancy can harm the baby. This belief is rooted in the traditional practice of avoiding certain foods and behaviors to ensure a healthy pregnancy. Carrying a spit cup to avoid swallowing saliva is a common practice among some Haitian women during pregnancy. It is important to note that this belief may not be representative of all Haitian women, as cultural practices can vary within a community.

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34. It is recommended that every woman have an initial serology and gonorrhea culture and that the tests be repeated at:

Explanation

The correct answer is 36 weeks because it is recommended to repeat the serology and gonorrhea culture tests at this stage of pregnancy. This timing allows for the detection and treatment of any potential infections before delivery. It is important to monitor for any changes in the woman's health status and ensure the well-being of both the mother and the baby.

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35. Outcome measures of patient safety include:

Explanation

Rates of maternal morbidity and mortality are considered outcome measures of patient safety because they reflect the effectiveness of healthcare in preventing harm and ensuring the well-being of pregnant women. These rates provide important information about the quality of care provided during pregnancy, delivery, and postpartum periods. Monitoring and reducing maternal morbidity and mortality rates are crucial in identifying areas for improvement in healthcare systems and implementing interventions to enhance patient safety and outcomes.

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36. Maternal weight gain during the first half of pregnancy is primarily due to changes in the weight of the:

Explanation

During the first half of pregnancy, the weight gain experienced by the mother is primarily due to changes in her own body weight. This includes an increase in blood volume, the growth of the uterus, and the development of breast tissue. The baby's weight gain during this period is relatively minimal compared to the mother's. Amniotic fluid, although it does contribute to the overall weight gain during pregnancy, is not the primary factor in the weight gain during the first half of pregnancy.

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37. Which of the following increases during pregnancy?

Explanation

During pregnancy, the glomerular filtration rate (GFR) increases. This is because the increased blood volume and cardiac output during pregnancy lead to increased renal blood flow. As a result, more blood is filtered through the glomerulus, leading to an increased GFR. This is a normal physiological adaptation to support the increased metabolic demands of the mother and the growing fetus.

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38. Professional nursing liability is most commonly increased by the absence of:

Explanation

Professional nursing liability is most commonly increased by the absence of adequate medical record documentation. This is because thorough and accurate documentation is essential for providing evidence of the care provided to patients. It helps in communication among healthcare professionals, ensures continuity of care, and serves as legal protection in case of any legal disputes or claims. Inadequate documentation can lead to errors, miscommunication, and misunderstandings, increasing the risk of adverse events and potential liability for nurses.

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39. What happens to maternal PaO2 and PaCO2 levels during pregnancy?

Explanation

During pregnancy, the maternal PaO2 (partial pressure of oxygen) levels increase while the PaCO2 (partial pressure of carbon dioxide) levels decrease. This is due to the increased oxygen demand by the growing fetus, which leads to a higher oxygen intake and improved oxygenation of the blood. Additionally, the increased respiratory rate and tidal volume during pregnancy help to eliminate carbon dioxide more efficiently, resulting in a decrease in PaCO2 levels.

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40. Wang Din Wah, A Laotian mother who is 24 hours postpartum, rejects the nurses' instructions to bring the newborn back to the clinic by the 7th day of life for a phenylketonuria test. Wang's reasons for this refusal are most likely based on:

Explanation

Wang Din Wah's refusal to bring the newborn back to the clinic for a phenylketonuria test is most likely based on the cultural belief that the first month after birth is a time for confinement and rest. In some cultures, it is believed that the mother and baby should stay at home and avoid going out or engaging in activities outside of the house during this time. Wang may be adhering to this cultural practice and therefore refusing to bring the baby to the clinic.

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41. An appropriate recommendation for weight gain for an underweight pregnant woman would be:

Explanation

An appropriate recommendation for weight gain for an underweight pregnant woman would be 30lb. This is because underweight pregnant women typically need to gain more weight to support the growth and development of the fetus. Adequate weight gain during pregnancy is important to ensure the health of both the mother and the baby. Gaining 30lb would help provide the necessary nutrients and energy for the baby's growth, as well as support the mother's overall health during this critical period.

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42. The greater increase in plasma volume than in red blood cell volume results in:

Explanation

The greater increase in plasma volume than in red blood cell volume results in hemodilution. Hemodilution occurs when the concentration of red blood cells decreases due to an increase in plasma volume. This can lead to a decrease in the viscosity of blood, which can affect blood flow and potentially increase the risk of blood clots during pregnancy. It can also result in increased blood pressure as the volume of fluid in the blood vessels increases.

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43. A woman whose discharge plan includes her mother-in-law caring for her and her newborn during the postpartum period by tradition is the most likely from which of the following cultures?

Explanation

The correct answer is Korean. In Korean culture, it is common for the mother-in-law to play a significant role in caring for the mother and newborn during the postpartum period. This tradition is known as "samchilil" and is believed to provide support and assistance to the new mother as she recovers and adjusts to motherhood. The mother-in-law typically takes on responsibilities such as cooking, cleaning, and taking care of the baby, allowing the new mother to rest and recover.

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44. A metabolic change characteristic of late pregnancy is decreased:

Explanation

In late pregnancy, there is a decrease in insulin sensitivity. This means that the body becomes less responsive to the effects of insulin, a hormone that helps regulate blood sugar levels. This decrease in insulin sensitivity is believed to be a protective mechanism to ensure an adequate supply of glucose to the growing fetus. As a result, blood glucose levels may increase, leading to gestational diabetes in some cases.

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45. Which anticoagulant drug is known as a teratogen?

Explanation

Coumadin, also known as warfarin, is a commonly used anticoagulant drug. It is known to be a teratogen, meaning it can cause harm to a developing fetus if taken during pregnancy. This is because Coumadin can cross the placenta and interfere with the normal development of the baby. Therefore, it is generally not recommended for use during pregnancy unless the benefits outweigh the potential risks. Fragmin and Heparin are also anticoagulant drugs, but they are not known to be teratogens.

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46. The monitoring of fetal kick counts begin at:

Explanation

The monitoring of fetal kick counts begins at 28 weeks gestation. This is because by this time, the baby's movements should be strong enough for the mother to feel them regularly. Monitoring fetal kick counts is important as it helps to ensure the baby's well-being and can indicate any potential problems or changes in the baby's activity level. Starting at 28 weeks allows for enough time to establish a pattern of movement and provides a baseline for comparison in case there are any changes in the baby's activity later on.

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47. Which of the following coagulation factors does not increase during pregnancy?

Explanation

During pregnancy, the levels of various coagulation factors increase to prevent excessive bleeding during childbirth. Fibrin is a protein that forms blood clots, and its levels increase during pregnancy. Fibrinogen is a precursor to fibrin and also increases during pregnancy. However, platelets, which are responsible for clot formation, do not increase in number during pregnancy. This is because the increase in fibrin and fibrinogen compensates for the lack of increase in platelets, ensuring proper clotting function.

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48. A nonreactive nonstress test at 39 weeks' gestation is an indication for:

Explanation

A nonreactive nonstress test at 39 weeks' gestation indicates that the baby's heart rate did not accelerate appropriately during the test. This could be a sign of fetal distress or a potential problem with the baby's oxygen supply. Further testing is necessary to evaluate the baby's well-being, such as a biophysical profile or a contraction stress test. This will help determine if there is a need for expedited birth or if reassurance about the fetal status is sufficient.

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49. Process measures of patient safety include:

Explanation

The correct answer is "how tachysystole is identified and treated." Process measures of patient safety refer to the specific steps or actions taken to ensure patient safety. In this case, tachysystole is a condition characterized by excessively frequent uterine contractions during labor. Identifying and treating tachysystole promptly is crucial to prevent complications for both the mother and the baby. Therefore, monitoring and addressing tachysystole effectively contribute to patient safety in the context of childbirth. The other options, such as the number of nurses certified in fetal monitoring and rates of cesarean birth for indeterminate fetal status, may also be relevant to patient safety but do not directly pertain to the process of identifying and treating tachysystole.

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50. Disruptive clinician behavior:

Explanation

Disruptive clinician behavior is often directly linked to clinical practice issues because it can stem from factors such as stress, burnout, or dissatisfaction with patient care. These issues can manifest as disruptive behavior towards colleagues, patients, or the healthcare system itself. Addressing the underlying clinical practice issues can help mitigate disruptive behavior and improve overall patient care and workplace dynamics.

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51. Between 2009 and 2011, for the first time in 30 years, the preterm birth rate in the United States has:

Explanation

The correct answer is "declined". This means that between 2009 and 2011, the preterm birth rate in the United States decreased. This is significant because it marks the first time in 30 years that there has been a decrease in preterm births. It suggests that efforts to improve prenatal care and reduce risk factors for preterm birth may have been successful during this time period.

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52. By term, blood flow to the uterus is approximately:

Explanation

The correct answer is 500ml/min. This is because during pregnancy, the uterus requires a significant amount of blood flow to provide oxygen and nutrients to the developing fetus. The increase in blood flow helps support the growth and development of the placenta, which is responsible for exchanging nutrients and waste products between the mother and the fetus. This increased blood flow is necessary to meet the metabolic demands of the uterus and the growing fetus.

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53. A normal finding during pregnancy is:

Explanation

Glycosuria is the presence of glucose in the urine, which is not normally found in a healthy individual. During pregnancy, it is common for the kidneys to excrete more glucose due to hormonal changes and increased blood sugar levels. This is considered a normal finding during pregnancy and does not necessarily indicate any underlying health issues. Hematuria refers to the presence of blood in the urine, which is not expected during pregnancy. Proteinuria, the presence of excess protein in the urine, can be a sign of kidney damage and is not considered a normal finding during pregnancy.

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54. Normally during pregnancy, maternal sitting and standing diastolic blood pressure readings:

Explanation

During pregnancy, maternal sitting and standing diastolic blood pressure readings initially decrease. This is because of the increased progesterone levels, which cause relaxation of the blood vessels, leading to lower blood pressure. However, as the pregnancy progresses and the blood volume increases, the diastolic blood pressure gradually increases. This is a normal physiological response to accommodate the increased demands of the growing fetus and placenta.

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55. Cardiac output is greatest during which period of the birth process?

Explanation

Immediately after birth, the cardiac output is at its greatest. This is because during the birthing process, the baby transitions from receiving oxygen and nutrients through the placenta to breathing on its own. As a result, there is a sudden increase in blood flow to the lungs, which leads to an increase in cardiac output. Additionally, the baby's heart undergoes changes in structure and function to adapt to the new postnatal circulation, further contributing to the increased cardiac output during this period.

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56. Ethnocentrism is the belief that:

Explanation

Ethnocentrism refers to the belief that the values and practices of one's own culture are superior to those of other cultures. This perspective often leads individuals to judge other cultures based on their own cultural standards, resulting in a biased and narrow-minded view. Ethnocentrism can hinder cultural understanding and appreciation, as it promotes the idea that one's own culture is the ultimate benchmark for evaluating others. This belief can lead to prejudice, discrimination, and a lack of respect for diversity.

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57. Both maternal metabolic rate and thyroid hormone levels:

Explanation

During pregnancy, the maternal metabolic rate increases to support the growing fetus and meet the increased energy demands. This increase in metabolic rate is necessary for various physiological processes such as fetal growth, increased blood volume, and hormone production. Additionally, thyroid hormone levels also increase during pregnancy to support the metabolic changes and ensure proper development of the fetus. Therefore, both maternal metabolic rate and thyroid hormone levels increase during pregnancy.

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58. Approximately what percentage of human malformations are caused by genetic factors alone?

Explanation

Genetic factors alone are responsible for approximately 10% of human malformations. This means that the majority of malformations are caused by a combination of genetic and environmental factors. It is important to consider both genetic and environmental influences when studying and understanding human malformations.

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59. The respiratory system parameter that decreases during pregnancy is the:

Explanation

During pregnancy, the functional residual capacity (FRC) decreases. FRC is the volume of air remaining in the lungs after a normal exhalation. This decrease is due to the upward displacement of the diaphragm caused by the growing uterus, which reduces the amount of space available for the lungs to expand. As a result, the pregnant woman may experience shortness of breath and increased effort in breathing. Minute ventilation, the total volume of air inhaled and exhaled per minute, and vital capacity, the maximum amount of air that can be exhaled after a maximum inhalation, are not significantly affected by pregnancy.

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60. A major cultural group of childbearing women at increased risk for alcoholism, heart disease, cirrhosis of the liver, and diabetes mellitus is the population of women who are:

Explanation

American Indian/ Alaskan native women are at increased risk for alcoholism, heart disease, cirrhosis of the liver, and diabetes mellitus. This may be due to a combination of genetic predisposition, lifestyle factors, and limited access to healthcare and resources. Historical trauma, social and economic disparities, and cultural factors also contribute to the higher risk among this population. It is important to provide targeted interventions and support to address these health disparities and improve the overall well-being of American Indian/ Alaskan native women.

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61. Inpatient obstetric care results in approximately what percentage of malpractice claims in the obstetrics and gynecology?

Explanation

Inpatient obstetric care results in approximately 50% of malpractice claims in obstetrics and gynecology. This suggests that half of the malpractice claims in this field are related to the care provided during inpatient obstetric procedures. It highlights the significance of ensuring proper care and safety measures are taken during inpatient obstetric care to prevent potential malpractice claims.

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62. The percentage of the U.S. population who are African American or black is nearly:

Explanation

According to the given information, the correct answer is 13%. This means that approximately 13% of the U.S. population consists of African Americans or black individuals.

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63. The time during pregnancy when blood pressure is lowest in the normotensive woman is the:

Explanation

During the second trimester of pregnancy, the woman's blood pressure is generally at its lowest. This is because during this period, the body has already adapted to the changes in blood volume and hormonal levels that occur in early pregnancy. The blood vessels have also undergone some expansion to accommodate the growing fetus. As a result, the woman's blood pressure tends to stabilize and decrease slightly during the second trimester.

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64. Planning culturally specific care includes:

Explanation

Planning culturally specific care involves considering the cultural context and values of the patient and their family. Noting patterns of decision making in the family is an important aspect of this, as it helps healthcare providers understand how decisions are made within the family unit. This information can guide the development of a care plan that respects and aligns with the family's cultural beliefs and practices. It allows for a more collaborative and patient-centered approach to care, ensuring that decisions are made in a way that is culturally appropriate and respectful.

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65. The slight increase in pH that occurs during pregnancy is due to:

Explanation

During pregnancy, there is an increase in the ventilator rate, which refers to an increase in the respiratory rate. This increased rate of breathing helps to meet the increased oxygen demand of the mother and the developing fetus. As a result of the increased ventilator rate, there is a slight decrease in the amount of carbon dioxide in the blood, leading to a slight increase in pH. This is because carbon dioxide is an acidic compound, and its removal from the blood leads to a more alkaline environment, causing the pH to increase.

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66. An expected white blood cell count during labor and early postpartum is:

Explanation

During labor and early postpartum, it is expected for the white blood cell count to increase as a normal physiological response to the stress of childbirth. This increase in white blood cell count helps the body fight off any potential infections that may occur during this time. A range of 20,000-22,000 mm3 is considered within the normal expected range for white blood cell count during labor and early postpartum.

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67. What percentage of nurses come from racial or ethnic minority backgrounds?

Explanation

The correct answer is 9%. This means that out of all the nurses, only 9% come from racial or ethnic minority backgrounds. This suggests that there is a lack of diversity in the nursing profession, with the majority of nurses being from non-minority backgrounds. Increasing diversity in the nursing workforce is important to ensure culturally competent care and representation for all patients.

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68. The hormone that is produced by the placenta that requires interaction of the mother, fetus, and placenta.

Explanation

Estriol is the correct answer because it is a hormone that is produced by the placenta during pregnancy. Its production requires interaction between the mother, fetus, and placenta. Estriol plays a crucial role in maintaining pregnancy and is used as an indicator of fetal well-being. Its levels increase throughout pregnancy and can be measured through blood or urine tests.

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69. During pregnancy serum urea and creatine levels:

Explanation

During pregnancy, the body undergoes various physiological changes to support the growing fetus. One of these changes is an increase in blood volume, which leads to an increase in kidney function. As a result, the kidneys are able to filter waste products more efficiently, leading to a decrease in serum urea and creatine levels. This decrease is considered normal during pregnancy and is not a cause for concern.

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70. The volume of the maternal autotransfusion immediately after birth is approximately:

Explanation

The volume of the maternal autotransfusion immediately after birth is approximately 1000ml. Autotransfusion refers to the process of the mother's blood being transferred back into her circulation after delivery. This blood is typically collected from the placenta and umbilical cord. The average volume of blood collected during autotransfusion is around 1000ml, which helps replenish the mother's blood volume and prevent postpartum hemorrhage.

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71. Compared to nonpregnant women, a pregnant woman's initial fasting blood glucose:

Explanation

During pregnancy, a woman's body goes through various hormonal changes that affect her blood glucose levels. The correct answer is that a pregnant woman's initial fasting blood glucose is lower compared to nonpregnant women. This is because the body increases insulin production during pregnancy to ensure proper glucose utilization by both the mother and the developing fetus. This helps to maintain stable blood sugar levels and prevent gestational diabetes.

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72. Nurse/ Physician difference of opinion about patient management should be:

Explanation

When nurses and physicians have a difference of opinion about patient management, it is important to discuss this with the patient's family. Involving the family in the discussion allows them to understand the different perspectives and make an informed decision about the best course of action for the patient. It promotes transparency and ensures that the patient's best interests are considered. By discussing the difference of opinion with the patient's family, healthcare professionals can work together to provide the highest quality of care.

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73. Qualitative measures of patient safety include:

Explanation

Focus groups are a qualitative measure of patient safety because they involve gathering opinions, experiences, and perceptions from a small group of patients or healthcare professionals. By conducting focus groups, healthcare organizations can gain valuable insights into patient safety issues, identify potential risks, and develop strategies for improvement. This qualitative approach allows for in-depth discussions and exploration of patient safety concerns, providing a more comprehensive understanding of the factors that contribute to safety incidents. Unlike the other options listed, focus groups provide subjective information that cannot be measured in numbers or policies and procedures.

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74. Despite repeated requests to a physician to come to the bedside to evaluate a deteriorating maternal condition, the physician has failed to respond. The nurse appropriately:

Explanation

In this scenario, the nurse is faced with a deteriorating maternal condition and has made repeated requests for the physician to come and evaluate the situation. However, the physician has failed to respond. The nurse's appropriate action would be to consult with another physician in the unit. This is necessary to ensure that the patient receives the necessary medical attention and intervention in a timely manner. By consulting another physician, the nurse can seek their expertise and guidance to address the deteriorating condition and provide the appropriate care for the patient.

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75. Goals each nurse can set to increase cultural competence while caring for culturally diverse childbearing women and their families are described as:

Explanation

The explanation for the correct answer, "self-generated," is that each nurse can individually take the initiative to set goals for themselves in order to increase their cultural competence while caring for culturally diverse childbearing women and their families. This means that the nurse is personally motivated and responsible for their own growth and development in this area, rather than relying on external factors or being driven by cultural influences. By setting self-generated goals, nurses can actively engage in learning and acquiring the necessary knowledge and skills to provide culturally competent care.

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An intravenous (IV) fluid bolus is given before epidural anesthesia to...
A 25 yr old Vietnamese woman admitted to the birthing unit requests...
During pregnancy, the pigmented line in the skin that traverses the...
During pregnancy, the position for optimum maternal cardiac output is:
Successful defense of malpractice claims is enhanced by following:
The purpose of the root-cause analysis process is to:
When a sentinel event occurs, according to the Joint Commission (TJC):
The time when measurement of fundal height in centimeters should...
An incident -management program will:
According to ACOG (2009) the preferred method of fetal assessment...
According to ACOG (2009) misoprostol is not recommended for women:
The best approach for addressing disruptive clinician behavior is:
Berta Wolf Creek is 4 hours postpartum and requests permission to take...
The hormone released from  the anterior pituitary that is...
 time to encourage a woman to stop smoking is:
The recommend weight for an obese woman to gain during pregnancy is:
By 28 to 34 weeks' gestation in a normal pregnancy, blood volume...
The average blood loss during vaginal birth is less than:
During pregnancy, cardiac output increases approximately:
Based on TJC criteria, which of the following clinical situations is a...
Elective labor induction should not occur prior to:
A physical finding that may occur during pregnancy in response to...
During labor, maternal cardiac output:
According to the hot/cold theory, pregnancy is thought to be which...
Guidance for ethical nursing care is provided by the:
The average blood loss during cesarean birth is less than:
A cardiovascular parameter which normally decreases during pregnancy...
Maria Ochoa, a 23 yr old Filipino American, is 18 weeks pregnant....
Which of the following is a change occurring in the respiratory system...
Structure measures of patient safety include:
Heartburn is common during pregnancy due primarily to:
Tay-Sachs disease is a recessive disorder common in families of what...
An African American/ black woman who believes she should not swallow...
It is recommended that every woman have an initial serology and...
Outcome measures of patient safety include:
Maternal weight gain during the first half of pregnancy is primarily...
Which of the following increases during pregnancy?
Professional nursing liability is most commonly increased by the...
What happens to maternal PaO2 and PaCO2 levels during pregnancy?
Wang Din Wah, A Laotian mother who is 24 hours postpartum, rejects the...
An appropriate recommendation for weight gain for an underweight...
The greater increase in plasma volume than in red blood cell...
A woman whose discharge plan includes her mother-in-law caring for her...
A metabolic change characteristic of late pregnancy is decreased:
Which anticoagulant drug is known as a teratogen?
The monitoring of fetal kick counts begin at:
Which of the following coagulation factors does not increase during...
A nonreactive nonstress test at 39 weeks' gestation is an...
Process measures of patient safety include:
Disruptive clinician behavior:
Between 2009 and 2011, for the first time in 30 years, the preterm...
By term, blood flow to the uterus is approximately:
A normal finding during pregnancy is:
Normally during pregnancy, maternal sitting and standing diastolic...
Cardiac output is greatest during which period of the birth process?
Ethnocentrism is the belief that:
Both maternal metabolic rate and thyroid hormone levels:
Approximately what percentage of human malformations are caused by...
The respiratory system parameter that decreases during pregnancy is...
A major cultural group of childbearing women at increased risk for...
Inpatient obstetric care results in approximately what percentage of...
The percentage of the U.S. population who are African American or...
The time during pregnancy when blood pressure is lowest in the...
Planning culturally specific care includes:
The slight increase in pH that occurs during pregnancy is due to:
An expected white blood cell count during labor and early postpartum...
What percentage of nurses come from racial or ethnic minority...
The hormone that is produced by the placenta that requires interaction...
During pregnancy serum urea and creatine levels:
The volume of the maternal autotransfusion immediately after birth is...
Compared to nonpregnant women, a pregnant woman's initial fasting...
Nurse/ Physician difference of opinion about patient management should...
Qualitative measures of patient safety include:
Despite repeated requests to a physician to come to the bedside to...
Goals each nurse can set to increase cultural competence while caring...
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