Jour 298: Exam 2 (Ch. 6-10)

The correct order of the steps of the basic problem solving procedure is to first define the problem, then research and analyze the problem, establish a checklist of criteria, list possible alternatives, evaluate each alternative, and finally select the best alternative. This order ensures that the problem is clearly understood and analyzed before considering possible solutions, and that each alternative is evaluated against the established criteria before making a final decision.

Democratic leadership can be time-consuming because it involves consulting and involving group members in decision-making processes. This approach requires gathering input from multiple individuals, considering different perspectives, and reaching a consensus. This can take a significant amount of time and may slow down the decision-making process compared to other leadership styles where the leader makes decisions on their own.

Martin Luther King is considered a transformational leader because he possessed the ability to inspire and motivate others. His charisma and ability to inspire exceptional performance, enthusiasm, and loyalty are key characteristics of a transformational leader. Transformational leaders are known for their ability to bring about positive change and inspire their followers to go above and beyond what is expected of them. Martin Luther King's leadership style and impact on the civil rights movement exemplify his transformational leadership qualities.

Access to detailed records is not an advantage of using Instant Messaging. While instant messaging allows for real-time communication and the ability to communicate with multiple people at once, it does not typically provide a record of the conversation. Unlike email or other forms of communication, instant messaging conversations are often not saved or archived, making it difficult to reference or retrieve information from previous conversations. Therefore, access to detailed records is not a benefit of using instant messaging.

The opening phase of an interview typically involves establishing rapport with the interviewee to create a comfortable and trusting environment. This is followed by providing orientation, which includes explaining the purpose and structure of the interview. Lastly, motivation is important to ensure that the interviewee is engaged and willing to participate fully in the interview process. Therefore, the correct answer is "rapport, orientation, and motivation".

A board interview is conducted when there are fewer interviewers than interviewees. In this type of interview, a small group of individuals from the organization's board of directors or senior management team interview the candidate. This format allows for a more personalized and focused interview experience, as the board members can ask specific questions and assess the candidate's fit for the organization's leadership positions.

The correct answer is "Unlawful" because the question is asking if the person owns their own car. If it were lawful, it would mean that owning a car is against the law, which does not make sense. Therefore, the correct answer is "Unlawful" as it implies that it is not against the law to own a car.

In an interview, the questioning phase is primarily the responsibility of the interviewer. The interviewer is responsible for asking relevant and probing questions to assess the interviewee's qualifications, skills, and fit for the position. However, the interviewee also has a partial responsibility in this phase as they need to actively participate by providing thoughtful and concise answers to the questions asked. Therefore, both the interviewer and interviewee play a role in the questioning phase of the interview.

Groupthink refers to the tendency of a group to make decisions without critically evaluating alternatives or considering potential risks. This occurs when group members prioritize maintaining harmony and consensus over the quality of the decision-making process. In this case, the group making a risky decision and feeling that their decision can't possibly be wrong is symptomatic of groupthink because they are overly confident and fail to consider potential flaws or alternative perspectives. This behavior is characteristic of groupthink as it demonstrates a lack of critical thinking and a tendency to prioritize consensus over thorough decision-making.

Preparing and practicing your presentation carefully is the best way to control situational anxiety. By thoroughly preparing and practicing your presentation, you will become more familiar and confident with the material, reducing anxiety. This allows you to anticipate potential challenges and develop strategies to overcome them, further enhancing your confidence. Additionally, practicing your presentation can help you identify areas that may need improvement, allowing you to make necessary adjustments before the actual presentation.

Small group communication works best when groups are no larger than eight persons, but the optimum group size is five. This means that a group of five individuals is considered to be the most effective and efficient for communication purposes. With a group size of five, there is a balance between having enough members to generate diverse ideas and perspectives, while also maintaining a manageable size for effective communication and decision-making. This size allows for active participation from each member and fosters better collaboration and engagement within the group.

An effectively worded group problem should be written in question form. This allows for a clear and concise presentation of the problem, and prompts participants to think critically and provide thoughtful responses. By posing the problem as a question, it also encourages active engagement and participation from group members, as they are prompted to actively consider and respond to the question at hand.

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Active listening involves fully engaging with the speaker by receiving their message, interpreting its meaning, and checking for understanding. This type of listening requires focus, attention, and involvement in the conversation. It goes beyond simply hearing the words and involves actively participating in the communication process. Active listening helps to establish rapport, understand the speaker's perspective, and facilitate effective communication.

People who experience a high level of communication anxiety are perceived as less competent, less likely to be offered an interview, and experience less job satisfaction. However, their status and pay is no different than that of less anxious people.

Systematic desensitization is a technique used to treat anxiety disorders, specifically phobias. It involves gradually exposing the individual to the feared object or situation while teaching them relaxation techniques, such as deep muscle relaxation and breathing. By learning to relax, the individual can reduce their anxiety response and gradually become desensitized to the feared stimulus. This answer accurately describes the process of systematic desensitization.

The correct answer is a dissident shareholder group. This group of shareholders discovered the fact that Yahoo's CEO, Scott Thompson, had lied about his academic credentials. This negative information about the CEO was brought to light by this particular group of shareholders who were dissatisfied with the company's leadership. The other options, such as members of the newspaper media, members of the board of directors, and irate customers, do not align with the given context and do not accurately describe who uncovered the fact about the CEO's academic credentials.

The funnel sequence of questioning is the best way to find out information about the respondent. This method involves starting with broad, open-ended questions and gradually narrowing down to more specific and focused questions. This allows the interviewer to gather a comprehensive understanding of the respondent's thoughts, feelings, and experiences. By starting with broad questions, the interviewer can create a comfortable and non-threatening environment, encouraging the respondent to share more information. As the questioning progresses, the interviewer can delve deeper into specific topics, gaining valuable insights from the respondent.

Email messages do not require careful choice of words. This statement is not true because email messages, like any form of written communication, require careful choice of words to ensure clarity, professionalism, and avoid misunderstandings.

When giving instructions, it is important to use a minimum number of words. This is because concise instructions are easier to understand and follow. Using unnecessary repetition or jargon can confuse the recipient and make the instructions less effective. Therefore, the best approach is to keep the instructions short and simple, using only the necessary words to convey the message clearly.

This statement might be made by an interviewer in the orientation part of the interview. During the orientation phase, the interviewer typically starts by discussing the candidate's resume, work experiences, interests, and educational background to get to know them better. This phase is usually followed by giving the candidate an opportunity to ask questions.

This question is an example of a closed question. Closed questions are those that have limited answer options and require the respondent to choose from a set of predetermined options. In this case, the question provides three specific areas of operations (fire supervision, fire prevention, or emergency medical services) and asks the respondent to select which one they feel deserves increased attention. This limits the possible answers and does not allow for open-ended responses or additional explanations.

Empathic listening, careful paraphrasing, and nonevaluative feedback are essential communication skills for the counseling interview. In a counseling setting, it is crucial for the interviewer to actively listen to the client's concerns, rephrase their statements to ensure understanding, and provide feedback that is non-judgmental and supportive. These skills help create a safe and trusting environment for the client, allowing them to express their thoughts and emotions freely. Therefore, counseling is the appropriate context for the application of these communication skills.

Chronological resumes present work experience in a chronological order, starting with the most recent job. This format allows employers to easily see the candidate's work history and progression. Therefore, highlighting work experience is the main purpose of a chronological resume.

The job-seeker in the case study made the mistake of difficulty being concise during his interview. This means that he had trouble expressing himself in a clear and concise manner, possibly rambling or going off on tangents. This can be seen as a negative trait in an interview, as it may indicate a lack of focus or the inability to effectively communicate ideas.

The given interview questions are organized in a funnel sequence. This is because the questions start with a broad and open-ended question ("Tell me about your last position") and gradually narrow down to more specific and detailed questions ("Did you save the company any money?" and "How much?"). This sequence allows the interviewer to gather general information first and then delve deeper into specific areas of interest.

The correct answer is that questions following the inverted funnel sequence begin with specific or closed questions and move to open or hypothetical open questions. This means that the questions start off with a narrow focus and gradually expand to allow for more exploration and creativity. This approach is often used in interviews or problem-solving discussions to gather detailed information before exploring broader concepts or possibilities.

The question asks if the person has ever been arrested. "Unlawful" means that the person has been arrested in violation of the law, indicating that their arrest was illegal or unjust. This suggests that the person may have been wrongfully arrested or that their rights may have been violated during the arrest process.

Research shows that successful applicants engage in impression management by using the controlling style, which involves actively shaping the impression they want to create. They also look directly at the interviewer, demonstrating confidence and engagement. Additionally, successful applicants take personal responsibility for successful past events, highlighting their competence and ability to achieve positive outcomes. Therefore, all of the given options - using the controlling style, looking directly at the interviewer, and claiming personal responsibility for successful past events - are behaviors that successful applicants exhibit during the interview process.

Groupthink is the most likely explanation for the behavior of this group. Groupthink occurs when a group values harmony and agreement over critical thinking and independent decision-making. In this case, the group always delivers quick decisions, agrees with the leader's opinions, and does not thoroughly consider the feasibility of the solutions. This suggests that the group is more focused on maintaining harmony and conformity within the group rather than critically evaluating the decisions. This can lead to poor decision-making and hinder the group's ability to consider alternative perspectives and potential risks.

The trait theory of group leadership suggests that certain qualities are necessary for a person to become a successful leader. This theory emphasizes that leadership is not solely based on skills or acquired knowledge, but also on inherent characteristics that individuals possess. These qualities may include intelligence, self-confidence, determination, and integrity, among others. According to the trait theory, individuals who possess these qualities are more likely to excel in leadership roles and achieve success in leading groups.

In this scenario, bypassing has occurred. Bypassing happens when the sender and receiver of a message have different interpretations or understandings of the same words or phrases. The manager intended to convey a positive endorsement of Sharon by saying she is a "good" employee. However, the inquirer interpreted "good" as meaning mediocre. This miscommunication occurred because the words used in the message were not clearly understood or interpreted differently by the sender and receiver.

Skills training is an anxiety reduction technique because it involves teaching individuals specific skills and strategies to manage and cope with their anxiety. This can include techniques such as deep breathing, relaxation exercises, cognitive restructuring, and problem-solving skills. By learning and practicing these skills, individuals can effectively reduce their anxiety levels and improve their overall well-being.

The given example is a closed question. A closed question is one that can be answered with a simple "yes" or "no" or with a specific piece of information. In this case, the question asks whether the person goes directly to the person they want to know something about or if they depend on others to answer their question. This can be answered with a simple "yes" or "no" or with a specific response indicating their preferred approach.

In this scenario, the group's behavior of ignoring Sam and speaking as though he had not said anything indicates the symptom of direct pressure in groupthink. Direct pressure refers to the exertion of influence or pressure on individuals within a group to conform to the majority opinion or consensus. By ignoring Sam's differing opinion, the group is trying to maintain a sense of unanimity and avoid any potential conflict or disruption to their discussions. This behavior demonstrates the influence of direct pressure on individual members to conform to the group's perspective.

Effective teams follow an organized procedure, but aren't overly rigid. This means that they have a structured approach to problem-solving, but they are flexible enough to adapt and make adjustments as needed. They understand the importance of having a plan and following a sequence of steps, but they also recognize that sometimes unexpected challenges or opportunities may arise that require them to deviate from the original plan. By striking a balance between structure and flexibility, effective teams are able to navigate the problem-solving process efficiently and effectively.

When member satisfaction is the top priority, selecting a democratic leadership style is the most appropriate choice. A democratic leader involves members in decision-making processes, values their opinions, and encourages collaboration and participation. This style promotes a sense of ownership, empowerment, and engagement among team members, which ultimately leads to higher member satisfaction.

The three-dimensional theory of leadership suggests that leaders can be classified into three categories: autocratic, democratic, and laissez-faire. This means that leaders can have different styles of leadership, with autocratic leaders being more authoritative and making decisions without input from others, democratic leaders involving group members in decision-making, and laissez-faire leaders giving group members a high degree of autonomy. This classification helps in understanding the different approaches to leadership and how they can impact group dynamics and success.

In the case of a customer accused of shoplifting, an interrogation might be conducted. This type of interview is typically used in situations where there is suspicion or evidence of wrongdoing. During an interrogation, the focus is on gathering information and obtaining a confession or evidence to support the accusation. It is a more intense and aggressive form of questioning, aimed at getting the truth out of the accused individual.

Group decisions can have several advantages, including reducing resistance to change, potentially resulting in superior decisions, and increasing personal satisfaction and job enjoyment. However, the statement "Decisions can be made more quickly" does not fit with the other advantages. Group decisions often take longer as they involve more people and require consensus-building. Therefore, this statement does not belong with the other advantages.

Videoconferences cause a high level of participant anxiety. This statement is not true because videoconferences actually tend to reduce participant anxiety. In a videoconference, individuals may feel more comfortable expressing their opinions and ideas compared to face-to-face meetings. The physical distance can create a sense of anonymity and reduce the fear of judgment or scrutiny. Additionally, participants can join the meeting from a familiar and comfortable environment, which can further alleviate anxiety.

The given answer "neither of the available choices" is correct because the provided options "funnel sequence" and "inverted funnel sequence" do not accurately describe the pattern or sequence of the interview questions. The questions are not arranged in a funnel-shaped or inverted funnel-shaped sequence. Therefore, neither of the given choices is a suitable explanation for the sequence of the interview questions.

The question "Do you think all employees should receive raises?" is not a leading question because it does not suggest or imply a particular answer. It is a neutral question that allows the respondent to express their own opinion without any influence or bias from the question itself.

Groupthink is defined as an uncritical way of thinking in which the desire to avoid conflict and reach agreement is more important than careful consideration of alternatives. This means that when groupthink occurs, individuals prioritize consensus and harmony within the group over critically evaluating different options or alternatives. Instead of thoroughly examining all the possibilities, group members may simply go along with the majority opinion or the first idea that is presented, potentially leading to poor decision-making.

Democratic leadership should be sought when tasks are fairly complicated because in such situations, it is important to involve the expertise and input of the group members. By allowing the group members to participate in the decision-making process, democratic leadership ensures that different perspectives and ideas are considered, leading to a more comprehensive and effective solution. This approach is particularly beneficial when dealing with complex tasks that require diverse skills and knowledge to be successfully accomplished.

Informational interviews are recommended before going on actual interviews. This is because informational interviews provide an opportunity for individuals to gather information about a specific field, company, or job role from someone who is already working in that field. It helps individuals gain insights, advice, and guidance, which can be beneficial in preparing for actual interviews. Therefore, conducting informational interviews before going on actual interviews is recommended.

Positive imagery is a successful method of managing trait anxiety. This means that using positive mental images or visualizations can help individuals cope with and reduce their trait anxiety. This technique can be effective in calming the mind, promoting relaxation, and reducing feelings of anxiety. By focusing on positive thoughts and images, individuals can shift their mindset and reduce the impact of trait anxiety on their daily lives.

Autocratic leadership style works best with a large group because it allows for quick decision-making and clear direction from a single leader. In a large group, it may be difficult to reach a consensus or involve everyone in the decision-making process, so having an autocratic leader who can make decisions efficiently can be beneficial. This style also ensures that tasks are completed efficiently and effectively, as the leader has full control over the group's actions.

When dealing with a group member exhibiting dysfunctional behaviors, it is suggested to seat the nonfunctional group member beside you. This seating arrangement allows for closer proximity and easier communication, which can help in addressing and managing the dysfunctional behavior more effectively. It also demonstrates a sense of support and involvement from the leader, potentially encouraging the group member to be more cooperative and receptive to feedback or guidance.

In a group interview, it is important for interviewees to make their answers direct and brief. This is because in a group setting, time is limited and there are multiple candidates who need to answer the questions. By providing concise and to-the-point answers, interviewees can ensure that they effectively communicate their thoughts without taking up too much time. This also shows that they are able to articulate their ideas clearly and concisely, which is a valuable skill in many professional settings.

The authoritarian style of leadership works best when the task is fairly simple, when an immediate decision is needed, and when group agreement is not required for implementation. However, when reduced resistance to change is needed, the authoritarian style may not be the most effective. This is because the authoritarian style tends to be top-down and does not involve the input or participation of others, which can lead to increased resistance to change. In situations where reduced resistance to change is needed, a more participative or democratic leadership style may be more appropriate.