Nutrition - Chapter 7 - Vitamins

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  • 1/95 Questions

    Hypervitaminosis is-

    • Without vitamins
    • Excess of one or more vitamins
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Vitamins Quizzes & Trivia
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- Chapter 7 - Vitamins


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  • 2. 

    Vitamins do not provide energy themselves; they help to release energy from carbs, proteins, & fats that are ingested

    • True

    • False

    Correct Answer
    A. True
    Explanation
    Vitamins are essential nutrients that the body needs in small amounts to function properly. While they do not directly provide energy, they play a crucial role in the process of releasing energy from the macronutrients (carbohydrates, proteins, and fats) that we consume. Vitamins act as coenzymes, which means they assist enzymes in the breakdown of these macronutrients, allowing the body to extract energy from them. Therefore, it is true that vitamins do not provide energy themselves but help in the energy release process.

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  • 3. 

    A blanced diet would provide for the nutritional needs of healthy people

    • True

    • False

    Correct Answer
    A. True
    Explanation
    A balanced diet includes a variety of foods from different food groups, providing all the necessary nutrients, vitamins, and minerals required for the body to function properly. It ensures that individuals receive adequate amounts of carbohydrates, proteins, fats, vitamins, and minerals, promoting overall health and well-being. Therefore, a balanced diet would indeed meet the nutritional needs of healthy individuals.

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  • 4. 

    An excess of one vitamin or mineral can negatively affect the absorption or utilization of other vitamins & minerals.

    • True

    • False

    Correct Answer
    A. True
    Explanation
    Excess intake of one vitamin or mineral can interfere with the absorption or utilization of other vitamins and minerals. This is because certain vitamins and minerals compete for the same transporters or binding sites in the body. For example, excessive intake of zinc can interfere with the absorption of copper, while excessive intake of calcium can inhibit the absorption of iron. Therefore, it is important to maintain a balanced intake of vitamins and minerals to ensure proper absorption and utilization by the body.

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  • 5. 

    The sunshine vitamin is vitamin ___.

    Correct Answer
    d
    D
    Explanation
    The correct answer is vitamin D. Vitamin D is often referred to as the "sunshine vitamin" because our bodies can produce it when our skin is exposed to sunlight. It plays a crucial role in maintaining strong bones and teeth, as well as supporting the immune system and overall health.

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  • 6. 

    Folic acid is also known as-

    • Folate

    • Vitamin B6

    • Niacin

    • Vitamin C

    Correct Answer
    A. Folate
    Explanation
    Folic acid is also known as folate. Folate is a B-vitamin that plays a crucial role in cell growth and development. It is especially important during pregnancy as it helps in the formation of the baby's neural tube and can prevent certain birth defects. Folate is also necessary for the production of red blood cells and DNA synthesis. It can be found naturally in foods such as leafy green vegetables, citrus fruits, and beans. Folic acid is the synthetic form of folate that is often used in dietary supplements and fortified foods.

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  • 7. 

    Vitamins taken in addition to those received in the diet. These are available in concentrated forms in a tablet, capsule, or liquid form.

    Correct Answer
    vitamin supplements
    Supplements
    Supplement
    vitamin supplement
    Explanation
    The given answer options all refer to the same concept - additional vitamins that are taken in addition to those received through the diet. These additional vitamins are available in concentrated forms such as tablets, capsules, or liquid form. Therefore, the correct answer is any of the options provided: vitamin supplements, Supplements, Supplement, or vitamin supplement.

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  • 8. 

    Research has shown that a regular consumption of foods rich in carotenoids decreases the risks of some cancers due to its antioxidant effect.

    • True

    • False

    Correct Answer
    A. True
    Explanation
    Regular consumption of foods rich in carotenoids has been shown through research to decrease the risks of some cancers. This is because carotenoids have antioxidant properties, which help to neutralize harmful free radicals in the body that can cause damage to cells and potentially lead to cancer development. Therefore, the statement that a regular consumption of foods rich in carotenoids decreases the risks of some cancers is true.

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  • 9. 

    Blindeness/xerophthalmia can occur due to having a deficiency in-

    Correct Answer
    Vitamin A
    Explanation
    Blindness or xerophthalmia can occur due to a deficiency in Vitamin A. Vitamin A is essential for maintaining healthy vision as it plays a crucial role in the functioning of the retina. A deficiency in Vitamin A can lead to a condition called night blindness, where individuals have difficulty seeing in low light conditions. If the deficiency persists, it can progress to xerophthalmia, a condition characterized by dryness, inflammation, and damage to the cornea, which can eventually lead to blindness. Therefore, ensuring an adequate intake of Vitamin A is crucial for maintaining good eye health.

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  • 10. 

    Greek word - pantothen means "from many places".

    • Pantothenic Acid

    • Biotin

    • Folate

    Correct Answer
    A. Pantothenic Acid
    Explanation
    Pantothenic Acid is the correct answer because it is derived from the Greek word "pantothen" which means "from many places". This suggests that Pantothenic Acid can be found in various food sources and is not limited to a specific origin.

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  • 11. 

    Avitaminosis is-

    • Without vitamins

    • Excess of one or more vitamins

    Correct Answer
    A. Without vitamins
    Explanation
    Avitaminosis refers to a condition characterized by a deficiency of one or more vitamins in the body. It occurs when an individual does not consume an adequate amount of vitamins through their diet, leading to various health problems. This can result in symptoms such as fatigue, weakness, impaired immune function, and even specific vitamin deficiency diseases like scurvy or rickets. Therefore, avitaminosis means "without vitamins" and signifies the absence or insufficiency of essential nutrients required for proper bodily functions.

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  • 12. 

    Part of hemoglobin molecule in animal foods.

    • Nonheme iron

    • Heme iron

    Correct Answer
    A. Heme iron
    Explanation
    Heme iron is a part of the hemoglobin molecule found in animal foods. Hemoglobin is responsible for carrying oxygen in the blood, and heme iron is the form of iron that is most easily absorbed by the body. Nonheme iron, on the other hand, is found in both animal and plant foods but is not as easily absorbed as heme iron. Therefore, the correct answer is heme iron.

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  • 13. 

    Scurvy – a deficiency disease caused by a lack of vitamin ___

    • B6

    • C

    • E

    • K

    Correct Answer
    A. C
    Explanation
    Scurvy is a deficiency disease caused by a lack of vitamin C. Vitamin C is essential for the synthesis of collagen, a protein that helps in the formation of connective tissues, skin, blood vessels, and bones. A deficiency of vitamin C leads to symptoms such as fatigue, weakness, gum disease, joint pain, and impaired wound healing. Therefore, the correct answer is C.

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  • 14. 

    Research showed that vitamins thought to be a single substance were actually  groups of substances doing similar work in the body. An example of this is Vitamin _ also referred to as the _ complex.

    Correct Answer
    B
    b
    Explanation
    Research has revealed that vitamins, which were initially believed to be single substances, are actually groups of substances that perform similar functions in the body. One example of this is Vitamin B, which is also referred to as the B complex. The B complex includes several different vitamins, such as B1, B2, B3, B5, B6, B7, B9, and B12, all of which play important roles in various bodily processes.

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  • 15. 

    Cobalamin can also be called-

    • Thiamine

    • Niacin

    • Riboflavin

    • Vitamin B12

    • Pyridoxine

    Correct Answer
    A. Vitamin B12
    Explanation
    Cobalamin is a water-soluble vitamin that belongs to the B-vitamin group. It is commonly known as Vitamin B12. Thiamine, niacin, riboflavin, and pyridoxine are also B-vitamins, but they have different chemical structures and functions. Therefore, the correct answer is Vitamin B12, as cobalamin is another name for it.

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  • 16. 

    Vitamin B1 is also known as-

    • Niacin

    • Pyridoxine

    • Vitamin B12

    • Thiamine

    • Riboflavin

    Correct Answer
    A. Thiamine
    Explanation
    Thiamine is also known as Vitamin B1. It is an essential nutrient that plays a key role in energy metabolism and the functioning of the nervous system. Thiamine is necessary for the conversion of carbohydrates into energy and is involved in the synthesis of neurotransmitters. A deficiency in thiamine can lead to a condition called beriberi, which affects the cardiovascular and nervous systems. Therefore, Thiamine is the correct answer for the given question.

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  • 17. 

    Condition characterized by sores on the lips & cracks at the corner of the mouth

    • Cheilosis

    • Glossitis

    Correct Answer
    A. Cheilosis
    Explanation
    Cheilosis is a condition characterized by the presence of sores on the lips and cracks at the corners of the mouth. This condition is often caused by a deficiency of certain vitamins, such as vitamin B2 (riboflavin) or iron. Cheilosis can also be associated with other underlying factors, such as malnutrition or anemia. Glossitis, on the other hand, refers to inflammation of the tongue and is not directly related to the symptoms described in the question. Therefore, the correct answer is Cheilosis.

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  • 18. 

    Pyridoxine is also know as-

    • B2

    • B6

    • B12

    • B1

    Correct Answer
    A. B6
    Explanation
    Pyridoxine is commonly known as B6. It is one of the B vitamins and plays a crucial role in various bodily functions. B6 is involved in metabolism, nervous system function, and the production of red blood cells. It is also important for brain development and function. Therefore, B6 is the correct answer for the given question.

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  • 19. 

    Which vitamin plays an important role in clotting?

    • A

    • C

    • D

    • E

    • K

    Correct Answer
    A. K
    Explanation
    Vitamin K plays an important role in clotting. It is essential for the production of several proteins that are involved in the blood clotting process. These proteins help in the formation of blood clots to stop bleeding when there is an injury. Without sufficient vitamin K, the blood clotting process may be impaired, leading to excessive bleeding or difficulty in clot formation.

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  • 20. 

    Ascorbic acid is also known as-

    • Folate

    • Vitamin C

    • Vitamin A

    Correct Answer
    A. Vitamin C
    Explanation
    Ascorbic acid is commonly known as Vitamin C. It is an essential nutrient that plays a crucial role in the growth, development, and repair of body tissues. It is also a powerful antioxidant that helps protect cells from damage caused by free radicals. Vitamin C is found in various fruits and vegetables, particularly citrus fruits like oranges and lemons. It is important for maintaining a healthy immune system, promoting collagen production, and aiding in the absorption of iron.

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  • 21. 

    Riboflavin is also know as-

    • B2

    • B6

    • B12

    • B1

    Correct Answer
    A. B2
    Explanation
    Riboflavin is commonly known as B2 because it is one of the eight B vitamins. B vitamins play a crucial role in maintaining a healthy metabolism and are involved in various cellular processes. Riboflavin is essential for the production of energy, the metabolism of fats, proteins, and carbohydrates, and the maintenance of healthy skin, eyes, and nervous system. Therefore, B2 is the correct answer to the question.

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  • 22. 

    Vitamin _____ promotes the absoption of calcium & phosphorus in the body.

    • A

    • B2

    • C

    • D

    • K

    Correct Answer
    A. D
    Explanation
    Vitamin D promotes the absorption of calcium and phosphorus in the body.

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  • 23. 

    Vitamin B2 is also known as-

    • Pyridoxine

    • Riboflavin

    • Thiamine

    • Niacin

    • Vitamin B12

    Correct Answer
    A. Riboflavin
    Explanation
    Vitamin B2 is also known as Riboflavin.

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  • 24. 

    Inflamation of the tongue

    • Cheilosis

    • Glossitis

    Correct Answer
    A. Glossitis
    Explanation
    Glossitis refers to the inflammation of the tongue, which can be caused by various factors such as infections, nutritional deficiencies, allergies, or autoimmune disorders. Symptoms of glossitis include tongue swelling, redness, pain, and changes in the surface texture of the tongue. Cheilosis, on the other hand, is a condition characterized by dry, cracked, and inflamed lips. While both conditions involve inflammation, the question specifically mentions inflammation of the tongue, making glossitis the correct answer.

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  • 25. 

    Which of these vitamins are Water-Soluble?(Select all that apply)

    • A

    • Riboflavin B2

    • K

    • Folate

    • Pantothenic Acid

    Correct Answer(s)
    A. Riboflavin B2
    A. Folate
    A. Pantothenic Acid
    Explanation
    Riboflavin B2, Folate, and Pantothenic Acid are water-soluble vitamins. Water-soluble vitamins are those that dissolve in water and are easily absorbed by the body. They are not stored in large amounts in the body and any excess is usually excreted through urine. Riboflavin B2 is important for energy production, Folate is essential for cell growth and development, and Pantothenic Acid is involved in the metabolism of carbohydrates, proteins, and fats.

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  • 26. 

    Thiamine is also know as-

    • B2

    • B6

    • B12

    • B1

    Correct Answer
    A. B1
    Explanation
    Thiamine is also known as B1.

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  • 27. 

    Deficiency disease caused by lack of vitamin D; causes malformed bones in infants

    • Osteomalacia

    • Osteoporosis

    • Rickets

    Correct Answer
    A. Rickets
    Explanation
    Rickets is a deficiency disease caused by a lack of vitamin D. It primarily affects infants and leads to the formation of malformed bones. This condition occurs when the body is unable to absorb enough calcium and phosphorus, which are essential for bone development. As a result, the bones become weak and soft, leading to deformities. Osteomalacia is a similar condition that affects adults, causing weak and brittle bones. Osteoporosis, on the other hand, is a condition characterized by low bone density and increased risk of fractures, but it is not caused by a lack of vitamin D.

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  • 28. 

     Severe, chronic anemia caused by a deficiency in B12, usually due to the body’s inability to absorb B12.

    • Pernicious anemia

    • Megoblastic anemia

    Correct Answer
    A. Pernicious anemia
    Explanation
    Pernicious anemia is a type of severe, chronic anemia caused by a deficiency in vitamin B12. It is usually due to the body's inability to absorb B12 properly. This can occur when the stomach does not produce enough intrinsic factor, a protein that helps with B12 absorption. Without enough B12, the body is unable to produce enough healthy red blood cells, leading to symptoms such as fatigue, weakness, and shortness of breath. Megoblastic anemia is also a type of anemia, but it is not specifically associated with a deficiency in B12.

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  • 29. 

    Which of these vitamins are Fat Soluble?(Select all that apply)

    • C

    • B6

    • D

    • K

    • Folate

    Correct Answer(s)
    A. D
    A. K
    Explanation
    Vitamin D and vitamin K are fat-soluble vitamins. Fat-soluble vitamins are absorbed and stored in the body's fat tissues and liver. They require dietary fat for absorption and can be stored in the body for longer periods of time. Vitamin D helps in the absorption of calcium and phosphate, while vitamin K is important for blood clotting and bone health.

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  • 30. 

    Colbalamin is also know as-

    • B2

    • B6

    • B12

    • B1

    Correct Answer
    A. B12
    Explanation
    Cobalamin is another term for vitamin B12. It is a water-soluble vitamin that plays a crucial role in the formation of red blood cells, DNA synthesis, and proper functioning of the nervous system. It is primarily found in animal-based foods such as meat, fish, eggs, and dairy products. Vitamin B12 deficiency can lead to anemia, fatigue, and neurological problems. Therefore, the correct answer is B12.

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  • 31. 

    Plant pigment; some of which yield Vitamin A

    • Vitamers

    • Catalyst

    • Cartenoids

    • Precursor

    Correct Answer
    A. Cartenoids
    Explanation
    Carotenoids are plant pigments that are responsible for the bright colors in fruits and vegetables. They are also known to have antioxidant properties and play a crucial role in human health. Some carotenoids, such as beta-carotene, can be converted into Vitamin A in the body. Vitamin A is essential for maintaining healthy vision, immune function, and cell growth. Therefore, carotenoids are important for providing the precursor molecules needed for the synthesis of Vitamin A.

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  • 32. 

    Which of these vitamins are Fat Soluble?(Select all that apply)

    • A

    • C

    • Thiamine B1

    • E

    • Biotin

    Correct Answer(s)
    A. A
    A. E
    Explanation
    Vitamins A and E are fat-soluble, meaning they can dissolve in fats and oils. This allows them to be stored in the body's fatty tissues and liver. Fat-soluble vitamins are absorbed along with dietary fats and are best absorbed when consumed with a meal that contains fat. Thiamine B1 and biotin, on the other hand, are water-soluble vitamins, which means they dissolve in water and are not stored in the body. They need to be consumed regularly as any excess is excreted in urine.

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  • 33. 

    Which of these vitamins are Water-Soluble?(Select all that apply)

    • Thiamine B1

    • C

    • D

    • E

    • Niacin

    Correct Answer(s)
    A. Thiamine B1
    A. C
    A. Niacin
    Explanation
    Thiamine B1, vitamin C, and niacin are water-soluble vitamins. Water-soluble vitamins are those that dissolve in water and are easily absorbed by the body. They are not stored in large amounts and any excess is usually excreted through urine. Thiamine B1, vitamin C, and niacin are all essential for various bodily functions and must be obtained through diet or supplements since the body cannot produce them in sufficient amounts. Vitamin D and vitamin E, on the other hand, are fat-soluble vitamins, meaning they dissolve in fat and are stored in the body's fatty tissues.

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  • 34. 

    Only certain diseases caused by vitamin deficiencies can be cured with the help of vitamin supplements

    • True

    • False

    Correct Answer
    A. True
    Explanation
    Certain diseases caused by vitamin deficiencies can be cured with the help of vitamin supplements. This is because when the body lacks certain essential vitamins, it can lead to specific health conditions. By providing the body with the necessary vitamins through supplements, the deficiencies can be addressed, and the related diseases can be cured. However, it is important to note that not all diseases can be cured with vitamin supplements, as some conditions may require other forms of treatment.

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  • 35. 

    A deficiency disease caused by a lack of niacin

    Correct Answer
    pellagra
    Explanation
    Pellagra is a deficiency disease caused by a lack of niacin, also known as vitamin B3. It is characterized by symptoms such as dermatitis, diarrhea, dementia, and death if left untreated. Niacin is essential for the body to convert food into energy and to maintain healthy skin, nerves, and digestion. Without enough niacin, the body is unable to function properly, leading to the development of pellagra.

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  • 36. 

    Excess/Toxicity of Vitamin ___ causes deposits of calcium & phosphorus in soft tissues.

    • B6

    • B12

    • C

    • D

    • E

    Correct Answer
    A. D
    Explanation
    Excess or toxicity of Vitamin D causes deposits of calcium and phosphorus in soft tissues. Vitamin D is responsible for regulating the absorption of calcium and phosphorus in the body. When there is an excessive amount of Vitamin D, it leads to an increase in the levels of calcium and phosphorus in the blood. This can result in the deposition of these minerals in soft tissues, such as the kidneys, arteries, and heart, causing damage and impairing their normal function.

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  • 37. 

    Which vitmin helps build & maintain bones & teeth?

    • A

    • C

    • D

    • E

    • K

    Correct Answer
    A. D
    Explanation
    Vitamin D helps build and maintain bones and teeth. It aids in the absorption of calcium and phosphorus, which are essential for bone health. Vitamin D also regulates the levels of calcium and phosphorus in the blood, ensuring that they are available for bone formation and maintenance. Deficiency in vitamin D can lead to weakened bones, increased risk of fractures, and dental problems such as tooth decay. Therefore, vitamin D is crucial for the development and maintenance of strong and healthy bones and teeth.

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  • 38. 

    Nicotinic acid can also be called-

    • Thiamine

    • Riboflavin

    • Pyridoxine

    • Ascorbic acid

    • Niacin

    Correct Answer
    A. Niacin
    Explanation
    Nicotinic acid is another name for niacin. Niacin is a form of vitamin B3 that plays a crucial role in energy metabolism and the maintenance of healthy skin, nerves, and digestive system. It is commonly found in foods such as meat, fish, poultry, and whole grains. Thiamine, riboflavin, pyridoxine, and ascorbic acid are all different forms of vitamins, but they are not synonymous with nicotinic acid. Therefore, the correct answer is niacin.

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  • 39. 

    Vitamin B6 is also known as-

    • Thiamine

    • Riboflavin

    • Pyridoxine

    • Niacin

    • Vitamin B12

    Correct Answer
    A. Pyridoxine
    Explanation
    Vitamin B6 is also known as pyridoxine. Thiamine, riboflavin, niacin, and vitamin B12 are all different types of B vitamins, but they are not the same as vitamin B6. Pyridoxine is the correct answer because it is the specific name for vitamin B6.

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  • 40. 

    A deficiency in ______ has been linked to spina bifida.

    • Folate

    • Biotin

    • Niacin

    Correct Answer
    A. Folate
    Explanation
    Folate deficiency has been linked to spina bifida. Folate, also known as vitamin B9, is essential for the proper development of the neural tube in early pregnancy. Spina bifida is a birth defect where the spinal cord does not develop properly, and studies have shown that inadequate folate levels during pregnancy increase the risk of this condition. Therefore, ensuring sufficient folate intake is crucial for preventing spina bifida.

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  • 41. 

    When a vitamin/mineral is added to a product that never had it to begin with.

    • Enriched

    • Fortified

    • Restored foods

    Correct Answer
    A. Fortified
    Explanation
    Fortified foods refer to products that have had a vitamin or mineral added to them, even though they did not originally contain it. This process is done to enhance the nutritional value of the food. The term "fortified" is used specifically for products that have been enriched with additional nutrients. Therefore, the correct answer for this question is "Fortified".

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  • 42. 

    A substance preventing damage from oxygen.

    Correct Answer
    Antioxidant
    Explanation
    An antioxidant is a substance that prevents damage caused by oxygen. Oxygen can create free radicals in the body, which are highly reactive molecules that can cause cell damage and contribute to various health issues. Antioxidants neutralize these free radicals, protecting cells and reducing the risk of oxidative stress. This helps to maintain overall health and prevent diseases such as cancer, heart disease, and aging-related conditions. Antioxidants are commonly found in fruits, vegetables, nuts, and seeds.

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  • 43. 

    Deficiency disease caused by lack of vitamin D; condition in which bones become brittle & porus.

    • Osteomalacia

    • Osteoporosis

    • Rickets

    Correct Answer
    A. Osteoporosis
    Explanation
    Osteoporosis is the correct answer because it is a deficiency disease caused by a lack of vitamin D, resulting in the condition where bones become brittle and porous. Osteoporosis is characterized by a decrease in bone density and strength, making the bones more susceptible to fractures. This condition is commonly seen in older individuals, particularly postmenopausal women, and can lead to significant health issues if left untreated. Osteomalacia is a similar condition, but it specifically refers to softening of the bones in adults, whereas rickets is the softening of bones in children due to vitamin D deficiency.

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  • 44. 

    The name “Vitamin” implies their important. Vita in latin means ____.

    Correct Answer
    life
    Explanation
    The name "Vitamin" implies their importance because "Vita" in Latin means life. This suggests that vitamins are essential for sustaining and promoting life.

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  • 45. 

    Atoms or group of atoms with an odd (unpaired) number of electrons and can be found when oxygen interacts with certain molecules.

    Correct Answer
    Free radicals
    Free radical
    Explanation
    Free radicals are atoms or groups of atoms that have an odd number of electrons, making them highly reactive. They can be formed when oxygen interacts with certain molecules. Free radicals are unstable and seek to stabilize themselves by stealing electrons from other molecules, causing damage to cells and tissues. Therefore, the given answer "Free radicals, Free radical" is correct as it accurately describes the atoms or groups of atoms with an unpaired electron and their formation through interaction with oxygen.

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  • 46. 

    Herbal products are also included under the heading of dietary supplements.

    • True

    • False

    Correct Answer
    A. True
    Explanation
    Herbal products, which are derived from plants and their extracts, are commonly used as dietary supplements. They are often marketed and consumed for their potential health benefits. Since dietary supplements encompass a wide range of products that are intended to supplement the diet, it is accurate to include herbal products under this category. Therefore, the statement is true.

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  • 47. 

    Units of measurement of some vitamins.

    • Metric Units

    • International Units

    • Drug Units

    Correct Answer
    A. International Units
    Explanation
    The correct answer is International Units because International Units (IU) are a standardized unit of measurement used for certain vitamins and other biologically active substances. The use of IU allows for consistency in measuring the potency or activity of these substances across different products and manufacturers. Metric units are a general system of measurement used for various quantities, while drug units may refer to specific measurements used in the pharmaceutical industry.

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  • 48. 

    Intrinsic factor – secretion of stomach mucosa essential for ____ absorption

    • B2

    • B1

    • B12

    Correct Answer
    A. B12
    Explanation
    Intrinsic factor is a substance secreted by the stomach mucosa that is essential for the absorption of vitamin B12. Vitamin B12 is a crucial nutrient that plays a role in the formation of red blood cells, DNA synthesis, and proper functioning of the nervous system. Without intrinsic factor, the body would not be able to effectively absorb vitamin B12 from the diet, leading to a deficiency in this important vitamin.

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  • 49. 

    No natural deficiencies are known.

    • Niacin

    • Pantothenic Acid

    • Folate

    Correct Answer
    A. Pantothenic Acid
    Explanation
    Pantothenic acid is the correct answer because it is a water-soluble vitamin that is found in a wide variety of foods, so natural deficiencies are rare. It plays a crucial role in energy metabolism and the synthesis of fatty acids, cholesterol, and certain amino acids. While deficiencies can occur in certain medical conditions or due to poor diet, it is generally uncommon to have a natural deficiency of pantothenic acid. Niacin and folate, on the other hand, can have natural deficiencies if not obtained through diet or supplementation.

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