Toughest MCQ On Nervous System: Quiz!

The brain and spinal cord are completely surrounded and protected by a membrane called meninges. The meninges consist of three layers: the dura mater, arachnoid mater, and pia mater. These layers provide cushioning and support for the delicate neural tissue, preventing it from being damaged by external forces or friction. Additionally, the meninges help regulate the flow of cerebrospinal fluid, which further protects the brain and spinal cord by providing nourishment and removing waste products.

The question is asking what A is pointing at. The correct answer is "Spinal cord". This suggests that A is indicating the location of the spinal cord.

Monopegia refers to the medical condition in which a patient experiences paralysis in only one limb. This term is derived from the Greek words "mono," meaning one, and "pegia," meaning paralysis. Paraplegia refers to paralysis of both lower limbs, tetraplegia refers to paralysis of all four limbs, hemiplegia refers to paralysis on one side of the body, and meningitis is an inflammation of the membranes surrounding the brain and spinal cord.

The correct answer is nucleus. The question is asking for the structure that G is pointing to in the anatomy of a nerve cell. Among the given options, the nucleus is the most likely structure that G is pointing to. The nucleus is typically located in the cell body of a nerve cell and contains the genetic material of the cell. It plays a crucial role in controlling the cell's activities and functions.

The medulla oblongata is a vital center for the cardiac and respiratory system. It controls and regulates functions such as heart rate, blood pressure, and breathing. It receives sensory information from the body and sends motor signals to the muscles involved in respiration and heart function. Damage to the medulla oblongata can result in life-threatening complications, as it is responsible for maintaining the basic functions necessary for survival.

There are 12 cranial nerves in the human body. These nerves originate from the brain and are responsible for various functions such as sensory perception, motor control, and autonomic regulation of the head, neck, and facial regions. Each cranial nerve has a specific role and innervates different areas of the body, including the eyes, ears, tongue, and facial muscles.

C is pointing at the sciatic nerve. The sciatic nerve is the largest nerve in the body and runs from the lower back down the back of the leg. It is responsible for providing sensation and motor function to the leg and foot. In the given options, the sciatic nerve is the most relevant structure that C could be pointing at, as both the spinal cord and cauda equina are located higher up in the body and do not extend down the leg.

The correct answer is Dura mater. The dura mater is the tough fibrous membrane that forms the outermost layer of the meninges, which are the protective coverings that surround the brain and spinal cord. It is the thickest and strongest layer of the meninges and provides support and protection to the underlying structures.

The ventricles of the brain produce and contain cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). CSF is a clear, colorless fluid that surrounds the brain and spinal cord, providing cushioning and protection. It is produced by specialized cells in the ventricles called choroid plexus. CSF helps to regulate the chemical environment of the brain, remove waste products, and deliver nutrients to the brain cells. It also acts as a shock absorber, protecting the brain from injury.

Patients that are at high risk of this condition are patients with diabetes it can mask pain they are having e.g chest pain.

The vagus nerve is the correct answer because it is the longest cranial nerve in the body and it connects the brain to various organs in the body, including the heart. It plays a crucial role in regulating heart rate, blood pressure, and other autonomic functions. The phrenic nerve, on the other hand, connects the diaphragm to the brain and is responsible for controlling breathing.

The cerebrum consists of two hemispheres. Each hemisphere is responsible for controlling the opposite side of the body and has specialized functions. The left hemisphere is typically associated with language, logic, and analytical thinking, while the right hemisphere is more involved in creativity, intuition, and spatial awareness. The two hemispheres are connected by a bundle of nerve fibers called the corpus callosum, allowing them to communicate and work together.

The middle layer of the meninges is called the arachnoid mater. The meninges are three protective layers that surround the brain and spinal cord. The arachnoid mater is located between the dura mater (outer layer) and the pia mater (inner layer). It is a thin, web-like membrane that helps cushion and protect the brain and spinal cord from injury.

Paraplegia is the correct answer because it refers to the medical condition where a patient experiences paralysis of the lower limbs, which can also affect the bladder and rectum. Paraplegia typically occurs due to spinal cord injuries or diseases that affect the lower part of the spinal cord. This condition results in a loss of sensation and motor function in the lower body, while the upper body remains unaffected.

The correct answer is mitochondria. Mitochondria are often referred to as the "powerhouses" of the cell because they generate most of the cell's supply of adenosine triphosphate (ATP), which is used as a source of energy. In nerve cells, mitochondria are particularly important because they require a lot of energy to function properly. They are involved in various cellular processes, including the production of neurotransmitters, maintenance of ion gradients, and overall cellular metabolism.

The phrenic nerve connects the diaphragm and the brain. It is responsible for controlling the movement of the diaphragm, which is the main muscle involved in breathing. The phrenic nerve originates from the cervical spine in the neck and travels down to the diaphragm. It carries signals from the brain to the diaphragm, allowing it to contract and relax, which enables us to breathe. The vagus nerve, on the other hand, is responsible for regulating various bodily functions, such as heart rate and digestion, but it does not directly connect the diaphragm and the brain.

The statement is false because sensory impulses are conducted towards the brain, not away from it. Sensory neurons are responsible for transmitting information from sensory receptors in the body to the brain, allowing us to perceive and interpret various stimuli such as touch, taste, smell, sight, and hearing. These impulses travel along the sensory pathways towards the brain, where they are processed and integrated to create our sensory experiences.

A is pointing to the dendrite. The dendrite is a branch-like structure that extends from the cell body of a nerve cell. It receives signals from other nerve cells and carries them towards the cell body. The dendrite plays a crucial role in transmitting information within the nervous system.

Tetraplegia is the correct answer because it refers to the paralysis of all four limbs. This condition is also known as quadriplegia and is typically caused by a spinal cord injury. Paraplegia, on the other hand, refers to the paralysis of the lower half of the body, while hemiplegia refers to paralysis on one side of the body. Monopegia is not a recognized medical term, and meningitis is an infection that causes inflammation of the membranes surrounding the brain and spinal cord.

Irreversible brain damage will begin within 3 to 4 minutes. This is because the brain requires a constant supply of oxygen and nutrients to function properly. If the brain is deprived of oxygen for an extended period of time, it can lead to irreversible damage to the brain cells. The longer the brain is without oxygen, the higher the chances of permanent brain damage. Therefore, it is crucial to provide immediate medical attention in cases of oxygen deprivation to prevent irreversible brain damage.

The inner membrane of the meninges is called the pia mater. The meninges is a protective layer that surrounds the brain and spinal cord. The pia mater is the innermost layer of the meninges and is in direct contact with the brain and spinal cord. It is a thin, delicate membrane that closely adheres to the surface of the brain and spinal cord, providing support and protection.

D is pointing to the axon terminal. The axon terminal is the end of the axon where it forms a synapse with another neuron or a target cell. It is responsible for transmitting the electrical signals from the neuron to the target cell.

Hemiplegia is the correct answer because it refers to the medical condition where a patient experiences paralysis on one side of their body. This condition can be caused by various factors such as stroke, brain injury, or nerve damage. Paraplegia refers to paralysis of the lower body, tetraplegia refers to paralysis of all four limbs, monopegia is not a recognized medical term, and meningitis is an inflammation of the membranes surrounding the brain and spinal cord, which is not directly related to paralysis on one side of the body.

The average weight of the human brain is approximately 3 pounds.

The brain has four ventricles. Ventricles are fluid-filled spaces within the brain that produce and circulate cerebrospinal fluid. They are responsible for providing cushioning and support to the brain, as well as removing waste products. The four ventricles are called the lateral ventricles (two in each hemisphere), the third ventricle (located in the midline of the brain), and the fourth ventricle (located between the brainstem and the cerebellum).

Node of Ranvier is the correct answer because it is the small gap in the myelin sheath of a nerve cell where the axon is exposed. These nodes are important for the conduction of nerve impulses as they allow for the saltatory conduction, which means that the electrical signal jumps from one node to another, speeding up the transmission of the signal along the axon.

Answer on page 501

B is pointing at the cauda equina. The cauda equina is a bundle of nerves located at the lower end of the spinal cord. It resembles a horse's tail, hence the name "cauda equina" which means "horse's tail" in Latin. The cauda equina is responsible for transmitting nerve signals to and from the lower limbs and pelvic organs. It is formed by the spinal nerves that continue beyond the end of the spinal cord, branching out to innervate the lower body.

The brain stem comprises the midbrain, pons varolii, and medulla oblongata. These three structures are located at the base of the brain and are responsible for vital functions such as controlling breathing, heart rate, and blood pressure. The midbrain is involved in sensory and motor functions, while the pons varolii serves as a bridge between different parts of the brain. The medulla oblongata controls involuntary actions such as swallowing and vomiting. Therefore, all three options are correct and together make up the brain stem.

The correct answer is the cell body. The cell body, also known as the soma, is the main part of a nerve cell that contains the nucleus and other organelles. It is responsible for maintaining the overall function and metabolism of the cell, including protein synthesis and energy production. The cell body also receives signals from the dendrites and integrates them before sending out signals through the axon to other neurons or effector cells.

The cerebellum is responsible for controlling and maintaining balance, muscle coordination, and muscle tone. It plays a crucial role in coordinating voluntary movements, ensuring smooth and coordinated muscle contractions, and maintaining posture and balance. It receives information from various sensory systems and integrates this information to fine-tune movements and maintain equilibrium. Dysfunction of the cerebellum can lead to problems with coordination, balance, and muscle control.

F is pointing to the myelin sheath. The myelin sheath is a protective covering that surrounds the axon of a nerve cell. It is made up of Schwann cells, which wrap around the axon multiple times, forming a layered structure. The myelin sheath acts as an insulator, allowing for faster transmission of electrical signals along the axon. It helps to protect the axon and maintain the integrity of the nerve cell.

Nerve cells, also known as neurons, do not have the ability to regenerate in most cases. Unlike other cells in the body, such as skin cells or blood cells, nerve cells have limited regenerative capabilities. Once damaged or destroyed, nerve cells typically do not regenerate or replace themselves. This is why injuries or diseases that affect the nervous system, such as spinal cord injuries or neurodegenerative disorders, can result in permanent damage or loss of function.

Sensory and motor.

The correct answer is Schwann cell. Schwann cells are a type of glial cell that wrap around the axon of a nerve cell to form the myelin sheath, which acts as an insulating layer. They play a crucial role in the functioning of the nervous system by providing support and protection to nerve fibers. In the given anatomy of a nerve cell, E is pointing to the Schwann cell.

The hypothalamus is responsible for regulating body temperature. It acts as the heat-regulating center in the brain, helping to maintain a stable internal body temperature. It receives information from temperature receptors throughout the body and responds by initiating appropriate heat loss or heat conservation mechanisms. The hypothalamus also plays a role in other physiological processes such as hunger, thirst, and sleep.

Hypoxia refers to a condition where there is a decrease in the supply of oxygen to the brain and spinal cord. This lack of oxygen can cause significant damage to these vital organs. Hypoxia can occur due to various reasons such as respiratory failure, cardiac arrest, or severe blood loss. The brain and spinal cord are highly dependent on oxygen for their proper functioning, and any insult to their oxygen supply can result in serious consequences, including cell death and permanent neurological damage. Therefore, hypoxia is considered the most common and significant insult to the brain and spinal cord.

The statement is true because nerves in the spine can indeed be described as having a similar consistency to toothpaste. This comparison is often used to illustrate the soft and pliable nature of spinal nerves, which allows them to transmit electrical signals and facilitate communication between the brain and the rest of the body. Just like toothpaste can be squeezed and molded, spinal nerves can be compressed or stretched, which can result in various neurological symptoms if they are damaged or impinged upon.

Neurotransmitters are chemicals that transmit signals between nerve cells in the synapse. They are released from the presynaptic neuron and bind to receptors on the postsynaptic neuron, allowing the transmission of signals. This process involves a chemical reaction, as the neurotransmitters are released into the synapse and interact with the receptors on the postsynaptic neuron. Electrical impulses, on the other hand, are involved in the generation and propagation of signals within individual neurons, but they are not directly responsible for the transmission of neurotransmitters between synapses.

Ependymal cells are the cells that cover the choroid plexuses. The choroid plexuses are specialized structures in the brain that produce cerebrospinal fluid. Ependymal cells are responsible for regulating the production and flow of cerebrospinal fluid. They have cilia on their surface that help in the movement of the fluid. Blood capillaries, on the other hand, are not directly involved in covering the choroid plexuses.

The correct answer is "Synaptic cleft." In this picture, the number 4 is pointing to the space between the two nerve cells, which is known as the synaptic cleft. The synaptic cleft is the gap between the presynaptic and postsynaptic neurons, where neurotransmitters are released and received to transmit signals between the cells.

Answer on page 500

The brain is made up of three main parts: the cerebrum, cerebellum, and brain stem. The cerebrum is responsible for higher cognitive functions such as thinking, memory, and perception. The cerebellum controls coordination and balance. The brain stem is involved in basic functions like breathing and heart rate. The other options listed, such as the spinal nerves, cranial nerves, spinal cord, and autonomic nervous system, are not parts of the brain but are related to the nervous system.

The central nervous system consists of the brain and the spinal cord. These two structures are responsible for coordinating and controlling the activities of the body. The brain is the command center of the nervous system, controlling all bodily functions, thoughts, and emotions. The spinal cord acts as a pathway for transmitting signals between the brain and the rest of the body. Together, the brain and spinal cord make up the central nervous system, playing a vital role in regulating and maintaining bodily functions.

The meninges have three main functions. Firstly, they protect the brain and spinal cord by acting as a barrier against physical trauma and infections. Secondly, they help to maintain the stability of the brain within the skull by providing support and cushioning. Lastly, the meninges also play a role in the circulation of cerebrospinal fluid, which helps to nourish and remove waste from the brain and spinal cord.

Answer on page 500

The correct answer is 2 lumbar vertebra. The spinal cord extends to the second lumbar vertebra.

The nervous system has three main functions: sensory function, integrative function, and motor function. The sensory function involves receiving information from the senses and transmitting it to the brain. The integrative function involves processing and interpreting the sensory information. The motor function involves responding to the sensory information by initiating appropriate actions or movements. Therefore, the correct answer is 3.

Answer on page 500