Cp Bio 2 Final Exam Review 3 (2013)

In natural selection, the selective agent refers to the factor or condition in the environment that determines which individuals are more likely to survive and reproduce. The environment plays a crucial role in selecting the individuals with favorable traits that are better adapted to their surroundings. This selection process helps to drive the evolution of species over time. The environment acts as the selective agent by influencing the survival and reproductive success of different individuals, leading to the preservation of advantageous traits in a population.

Artificial selection refers to the process in which humans deliberately choose certain traits in plants or animals and selectively breed them to enhance those traits. In the given scenario, scientists developing a new color in a rose implies that they have intentionally selected specific rose plants with desired color traits and bred them together to create a new color variation. This process is a clear example of artificial selection, as it involves human intervention and deliberate breeding choices to achieve the desired outcome.

Yeast is a type of true fungus that is used in making bread. It is a single-celled organism that belongs to the kingdom Fungi. Yeast plays a crucial role in bread-making as it ferments the dough, producing carbon dioxide gas, which causes the bread to rise. This process is known as fermentation. Yeast is commonly used in baking due to its ability to convert sugars into carbon dioxide and alcohol, giving bread its fluffy texture and distinct flavor.

Bipedalism is an important adaptive advantage for several reasons, including freeing the hands to use tools, carry food, and carry young. However, it does not directly contribute to walking faster. While bipedalism may allow for increased speed in certain situations, such as running, the primary advantage of bipedalism is the ability to free the hands for other tasks.

Two organisms that are closely related would have very similar DNA sequences because they share a common ancestor. Over time, genetic mutations may occur and result in slight differences in their DNA sequences, but overall, the sequences would still be highly similar. This similarity in DNA sequences is a reflection of their shared evolutionary history and indicates their close relationship.

The cuticle on plant leaves is an important adaptation because it helps prevent water loss. This waxy layer acts as a barrier, reducing the amount of water that evaporates from the leaf surface. By reducing water loss, the cuticle helps plants conserve water and maintain their hydration levels, especially in dry environments. This adaptation is crucial for plant survival, as water is essential for various physiological processes, including photosynthesis and nutrient uptake.

The word "Panthera" indicates the genus of the organism.

Lignin is responsible for helping plants "stand up" because it is a complex polymer that provides structural support to plant cell walls. It is a rigid substance that gives strength and rigidity to the plant, allowing it to maintain an upright position. Lignin also helps in water transport and protection against pathogens and pests. Melanin, carotene, and chlorophyll are not involved in providing structural support to plants.

Radiometric dating is the correct answer because it refers to the method of dating fossils by analyzing the radioactive isotopes present in them. This technique relies on the fact that radioactive isotopes decay at a known rate over time, allowing scientists to determine the age of the fossils. Relative dating is a different method that compares the age of fossils to determine their relative order, while speed dating and geologic time scaling are unrelated to the dating of fossils.

A dead tree is not a type of fossil because it does not meet the criteria for fossilization. Fossilization occurs when the remains or traces of organisms are preserved in sedimentary rock over long periods of time. In the case of a dead tree, it decomposes and does not leave behind any recognizable remains or traces. Therefore, it cannot be classified as a type of fossil.

Xylem is the correct answer because it is a specialized vascular tissue in plants that is responsible for transporting water and minerals from the roots to the rest of the plant. It consists of hollow, tube-like structures called vessels that allow for efficient water movement. Phloem, on the other hand, is another type of vascular tissue that transports sugars and organic molecules from the leaves to other parts of the plant. Parenchyma and sclerenchyma are types of ground tissues in plants that provide support and storage, but they do not have a role in water transport.

Homo sapiens, or modern humans, have been on Earth for approximately 200,000 years. This is supported by scientific evidence such as fossil records and genetic studies. It is important to note that the other options provided (2000 years, 6 million years, and 6000 years) are incorrect and do not align with the established timeline of human evolution and migration.

The correct answer is six because the question is asking for the number of kingdoms in the current tree of life. In biology, the tree of life is a diagram that represents the evolutionary relationships between different organisms. The current understanding of the tree of life includes six main kingdoms: Animalia, Plantae, Fungi, Protista, Archaea, and Bacteria. Each of these kingdoms represents a distinct group of organisms with shared characteristics and evolutionary history. Therefore, the correct answer is six.

The scientific name of the organism on the right is Amoeba proteus.

The correct answer is "Eukaryotes have a nucleus." This is because eukaryotes are characterized by having a membrane-bound nucleus, which contains their genetic material. Prokaryotes, on the other hand, do not have a nucleus and their genetic material is located in the cytoplasm. The presence of a nucleus is a key feature that distinguishes eukaryotes from prokaryotes.

Hybridization refers to the crossing of two different species that share common genes. It involves the combination of genetic material from two distinct species, resulting in offspring with a mixture of traits from both parent species. This process can occur naturally or be induced by humans for various purposes, such as creating new plant varieties or studying genetic inheritance. Hybridization plays a crucial role in the diversification and evolution of species by introducing new genetic variations into populations.

A specialized structure in many protists that removes excess water is called a contractile vacuole. This vacuole acts like a pump, collecting and expelling water from the cell to maintain osmotic balance. It helps prevent the cell from bursting due to the influx of water. The other options, such as flagellum, pellicle, and pseudopod, are not involved in removing excess water from the cell.

Heritability refers to the ability of traits to be passed down from one generation to the next. In the context of natural selection, heritability is an important principle because it allows advantageous traits to be inherited and passed on, leading to the evolution of a population over time. Without heritability, natural selection would not be able to act on traits and drive evolutionary change.

Genetic variation can occur when there is a random change in the DNA sequence of a gene, which is known as a mutation. Mutations can lead to the creation of new alleles, resulting in genetic diversity within a population. Gene flow refers to the movement of genes between populations, while the gene pool represents the total collection of genes in a population. Therefore, the correct answer is mutation.

Both fungus-like protists and true fungi are decomposers, meaning they obtain nutrients by breaking down dead organic matter. They play a crucial role in the ecosystem by recycling nutrients and aiding in the decomposition process. While the other statements in the question may be true for certain types of fungus-like protists or true fungi, the key similarity mentioned in the answer is that both are decomposers.

Temporal isolation is a form of reproductive isolation in which two populations reproduce during different times of the year. This means that even if the two populations are physically capable of mating, they are unable to do so because their mating seasons or reproductive cycles do not align. This can result in the prevention of gene flow between the populations, leading to the development of distinct species over time.

Flagella are long, whip-like structures that help some protists swim. They are typically found in single or multiple numbers and are used for locomotion. Cilia, on the other hand, are shorter and more numerous hair-like structures that also aid in movement. Pseudopods are temporary protrusions of the cell membrane that assist in amoeboid movement. Pellicles are flexible, proteinaceous layers that provide support and shape to certain protists. Therefore, the correct answer is flagella.

Mosses lack a vascular system. Vascular plants have specialized tissues that transport water, nutrients, and sugars throughout the plant. However, mosses are non-vascular plants, meaning they do not have these specialized tissues. Instead, they rely on osmosis and diffusion to absorb water and nutrients directly into their cells. This lack of a vascular system also means that mosses are typically small in size and have a limited ability to grow tall or spread widely.

A plant-like protist is called an alga.

Angiosperms are plants that have a covering over their seeds, which is called a fruit. This covering helps protect the seeds and aids in their dispersal. Angiosperms are the most diverse and dominant group of plants on Earth, and include flowering plants such as roses, sunflowers, and oak trees. They have a wide range of adaptations and are found in various habitats around the world.

Natural selection is the correct answer because it refers to the process in which individuals with advantageous traits that are better suited to their environment have a higher chance of surviving and reproducing, passing on those traits to future generations. This process leads to the gradual evolution and adaptation of species over time. Sexual selection, genetic drift, and gene flow are all related concepts but do not specifically describe the process mentioned in the question.

Allele frequency refers to the proportion or percentage of a specific allele within a population. It is a measure of how commonly that particular allele occurs in the population. This frequency can be influenced by various factors such as genetic drift, natural selection, migration, and mutation. By studying allele frequencies, scientists can gain insights into population genetics, evolutionary patterns, and the inheritance of traits within a population.

The name of the organism on the right is Paramecium caudatum.

Both plants and green algae have cell walls made of cellulose. Cellulose is a complex carbohydrate that provides structural support and rigidity to the cell walls. It is a major component of plant cell walls and is also found in the cell walls of green algae. Cellulose is composed of long chains of glucose molecules linked together, forming a strong and stable structure. This similarity in cell wall composition between plants and green algae suggests a close evolutionary relationship between the two groups.

Diatoms are a type of algae that are commonly found in beach sand. These organisms have unique cell walls made of silica, which is a hard and durable mineral. This silica cell wall provides diatoms with protection and helps maintain their structure. The presence of silica in their cell walls allows diatoms to withstand harsh environmental conditions and also contributes to their distinctive appearance under a microscope.

In the Linnaean system of classification, a species is most commonly defined as a group of organisms that can breed and produce offspring. This is because a species is the fundamental unit of classification and represents a group of individuals that share similar characteristics and can interbreed to produce fertile offspring. The other options, such as phylum, genus, and order, are higher taxonomic ranks that encompass larger groups of organisms and do not specifically refer to the ability to breed and produce offspring.

A pseudopod is a temporary extension of cytoplasm and plasma membrane that helps an amoeba move. It is a protrusion of the cell membrane that allows the amoeba to change its shape and move by extending and retracting the pseudopod. This structure is commonly observed in amoebas and is essential for their locomotion.

The current tree of life consists of three main domains: Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya. These domains represent the highest level of classification for organisms based on their cellular structure, genetic makeup, and evolutionary history. Bacteria and Archaea are prokaryotic domains, while Eukarya includes all eukaryotic organisms such as animals, plants, fungi, and protists. Therefore, the correct answer is three.

Cilia are short, hair-like projections that cover the surface of a protist cell. These structures help the protist to swim by beating in coordinated waves. Additionally, cilia also aid in capturing food by creating currents that bring in particles towards the protist. Therefore, cilia are the correct answer for the given question.

If two organisms belong to the same order, they must have the phylum in common. The order is a taxonomic rank that groups organisms based on shared characteristics, and it is nested within the phylum. Organisms in the same order share more similarities than those in different orders, but they also share a common ancestry and belong to the same phylum. Therefore, if two organisms belong to the same order, they must also belong to the same phylum.

An eukaryote that is not a true animal, plant, or fungus would be classified in the kingdom Protista. Protista is a kingdom that includes diverse organisms that do not fit into the other kingdoms. These organisms are typically unicellular or simple multicellular organisms, such as algae, protozoa, and slime molds. They have eukaryotic cells, meaning their cells have a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles. Protista is a catch-all kingdom for eukaryotes that do not belong to the animal, plant, or fungus kingdoms.

The correct answer is Euglena gracilis. This is because Euglena gracilis is the only organism listed that is a single-celled organism and belongs to the group of euglenoids. Amoeba proteus is also a single-celled organism, but it belongs to the group of amoeboids. Paramecium caudatum is also a single-celled organism, but it belongs to the group of ciliates. Panthera leo is not an organism, but rather the scientific name for a lion, which is a multicellular organism. Therefore, Euglena gracilis is the only option that fits the description of a single-celled organism and belongs to the group of euglenoids.

Protists are classified in the domain Eukarya because they are eukaryotic organisms. Eukarya is one of the three domains of life, along with Archaea and Bacteria. Eukaryotes are characterized by having cells with a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles, which protists possess. Archaea and Bacteria, on the other hand, are both domains that include prokaryotic organisms, which lack a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles. Mammalia is a class within the domain Eukarya, but it is not the correct answer for the classification of protists.

Gymnosperms are plants that do not have a covering over their seeds. Unlike angiosperms, which have seeds enclosed in fruits or flowers, gymnosperms have naked seeds that are not protected by any type of covering. Cycads are a specific type of gymnosperm, but not all gymnosperms are cycads. Vegetables, on the other hand, are a broad category of edible plants and do not specifically refer to plants without seed coverings.

Phloem is the correct answer because it is the vascular tissue responsible for transporting sugars, including glucose, in plants. Phloem consists of sieve tubes and companion cells, which work together to transport sugars from the leaves, where they are produced during photosynthesis, to other parts of the plant. Xylem, on the other hand, is responsible for transporting water and minerals. Parenchyma and sclerenchyma are types of ground tissue and do not play a direct role in transporting glucose.

The kingdom that is not included in domain Eukarya is Bacteria. Bacteria belong to the domain Bacteria, which is separate from the domain Eukarya. Domain Eukarya includes the kingdoms Plantae, Protista, and Animalia, which consist of organisms with eukaryotic cells. Bacteria, on the other hand, are prokaryotic organisms and belong to a different domain altogether.

An animal-like protist is called a protozoa because protozoa are single-celled organisms that exhibit animal-like characteristics such as heterotrophic nutrition and motility. They are typically found in aquatic environments and can be classified into different groups based on their method of movement, such as cilia, flagella, or pseudopodia. Protozoa play important roles in various ecosystems as predators or decomposers, and some species can cause diseases in humans and animals.

Homo erectus is considered to be the most successful hominid species ever because it survived for 2 million years. This is an exceptionally long period of time compared to other hominid species. Their ability to adapt to various environments, develop tools, and migrate to different regions contributed to their success and longevity. Additionally, Homo erectus showed advancements in their cognitive abilities and social behaviors, which further enhanced their survival and dominance.

A population that is not undergoing natural selection displays a normal distribution. In a normal distribution, the majority of individuals have average traits, while fewer individuals have extreme traits. This suggests that there is no selective pressure favoring any particular trait, resulting in a balanced distribution of traits within the population.

Homo neanderthalensis is the correct answer because it is the youngest species among the given options. Australopithecus aferensis and Australopithecus africanus are both older hominin species, while Homo erectus is also older than Homo neanderthalensis. Therefore, Homo neanderthalensis is the youngest species in this group.

Australopithecus aferensis is considered the oldest of this group because it is the earliest known species in the genus Australopithecus. It lived between 3.9 and 2.9 million years ago. Australopithecus africanus lived between 3 and 2 million years ago, Homo erectus lived between 1.9 million and 143,000 years ago, and Homo neanderthalensis lived between 400,000 and 40,000 years ago. Therefore, Australopithecus aferensis predates the other three species and is the oldest among them.

Archaea are single-celled prokaryotes that are known for their ability to survive in extreme conditions. They can be found in environments such as hot springs, deep-sea hydrothermal vents, and salt flats. These organisms have unique cell walls and membranes that allow them to withstand high temperatures, acidity, salinity, and other harsh conditions. Unlike bacteria, archaea have distinct genetic and biochemical characteristics that set them apart. Therefore, archaea are the correct answer for this question.

Fungi have cell walls made of chitin. Chitin is a tough and flexible polysaccharide that provides structural support to the fungal cell. It is similar in composition to the exoskeleton of insects and crustaceans. The presence of chitin in the cell walls of fungi helps protect the cells from mechanical stress and provides rigidity to the fungal structure.