Ankle/ Foot (Therex Test 4)

The statement is true because the human body can be divided into four compartments: anterior (front), lateral (side), superficial posterior (back), and deep posterior (back). These compartments help in organizing and understanding the different structures and systems within the body.

Plantar Fasciitis is a condition characterized by inflammation of the plantar fascia, a thick band of tissue that connects the heel bone to the toes. The symptoms of Plantar Fasciitis typically include pain in the medial border of the foot or heel, as well as pain that is usually more pronounced in the morning. This is because the plantar fascia tightens up overnight and becomes stretched and painful when weight is put on it in the morning. Therefore, the statement that symptoms of Plantar Fasciitis include pain in the medial border of the foot or heel, and pain greater in the morning is true.

Achilles tendinitis/tendinosis often occurs as a result of frequent eccentric use of the gastrocnemius and soleus muscles. Eccentric exercises involve lengthening the muscles while they are under tension, such as when the foot is flexed downward (plantar flexion) and the calf muscles are slowly lengthening. This repetitive eccentric loading can lead to inflammation and degeneration of the Achilles tendon, causing pain and discomfort.

A fasciotomy is a surgical procedure that involves making an incision in the skin and fascia to release pressure. This procedure is typically done to relieve compartment syndrome, a condition where increased pressure within a muscle compartment can lead to tissue and nerve damage. By making an incision, the pressure is released, allowing for improved blood flow and preventing further damage. Fasciitis refers to inflammation of the fascia, while fascial release and fasciectomy are not specifically related to releasing pressure.

The statement is true because the talocrural joint is the joint between the talus bone and the tibia and fibula bones of the lower leg, and it allows for dorsiflexion and plantarflexion of the foot. The navicular, cuboid, metatarsals, and phalanges are all bones of the foot that are connected to the talus bone and can be moved or mobilized along with the talocrural joint. Therefore, the statement is correct.

Closed chain supination refers to a movement where the foot is fixed on the ground and the rest of the body rotates around it. In this movement, the calcaneus (heel bone) inverts, meaning it turns inward, and the talus (a bone in the ankle joint) adducts (moves toward the midline of the body) and plantarflexes (points downward). This is a correct statement, as these are the movements that occur during closed chain supination.

The ankle has more stability in pronation.

The statement is true because talocrural mobility refers to the ability to move the ankle joint in dorsiflexion (DF), which is the movement of bringing the foot towards the shin. If there is limited or no DF available at the ankle joint, stretching the gastroc (gastrocnemius muscle) may cause other structures, such as ligaments or tendons, to be stretched instead. Therefore, it is important to ensure that talocrural mobility exists before stretching the gastroc to avoid potential injury or strain on other structures.

A full sole insert is used to help with LLD (Leg Length Discrepancy). This means that the statement is true. A full sole insert is a type of orthotic device that is placed inside the shoe to help correct any discrepancies in leg length. It provides support and helps to equalize the length of the legs, promoting better alignment and reducing any associated pain or discomfort.

Inversion sprains are more than eversion sprains due to the structure of the deltoid ligaments in the ankle

In closed chain pronation, the foot undergoes a triplane motion involving calcaneal eversion (the heel bone moves outward), talar abduction (the talus bone moves away from the midline), and dorsiflexion (the top of the foot moves towards the shin). This motion occurs when the foot is fixed on the ground and the body moves over it, such as during walking or running. Therefore, the statement is true.

Chronic irritation of the plantar fascia is called plantar fasciitis. The plantar fascia is a thick band of tissue that runs along the bottom of the foot, connecting the heel bone to the toes. When this tissue becomes inflamed or irritated, it can cause pain and discomfort in the heel or arch of the foot. This condition is commonly seen in runners, individuals who are overweight, or those who spend long periods of time on their feet. Treatment for plantar fasciitis may include stretching exercises, orthotics, physical therapy, or in severe cases, surgery.

The capsular pattern of the ankle refers to the characteristic pattern of restriction in joint movement that is observed in certain conditions. In the case of the ankle, the capsular pattern suggests that plantar flexion (pointing the foot downwards) is lost before dorsiflexion (bringing the foot upwards). This means that when there is a restriction in ankle movement, the ability to point the foot downwards is affected before the ability to bring the foot upwards. Therefore, the statement "The capsular pattern of the ankle is that which loses plantar flexion before dorsiflexion" is true.

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Compartment syndrome is the correct answer because it refers to the increased pressure within a closed fascial space. This condition occurs when the pressure within a muscle compartment becomes too high, leading to reduced blood flow and potential damage to the nerves and muscles in that area. It is often caused by trauma or excessive exercise and can be a medical emergency if left untreated. Plantar fasciitis, talipes equinovarus, and Achilles rupture do not involve increased pressure within a closed fascial space.

Talipes Equinovarus, also known as club foot, can be caused by either postural or structural developments. This means that the condition can be a result of either the position of the fetus in the womb or due to abnormalities in the structure of the foot. Therefore, the statement "Talipes Equinovarus can be caused from either postural or structural developments" is true.

The subtalar joint is responsible for pronation and supination movements of the foot. In the first closed chain scenario, when the calcaneus everts, the foot undergoes pronation, and the talus abducts and dorsiflexes. In the second closed chain scenario, when the calcaneus inverts, the foot undergoes supination, and the talus adducts and plantarflexes.

Plantar Fasciitis is a condition characterized by inflammation and pain in the plantar fascia, a thick band of tissue that runs along the bottom of the foot. The causative factors of Plantar Fasciitis include PF/intrinsic foot muscle weakness, which refers to weak muscles in the foot that are responsible for supporting the arch and absorbing shock. Poor alignment, such as subtalar pronation (inward rolling of the foot) and pes cavus (high arches), can also contribute to the development of Plantar Fasciitis. Additionally, obesity or sudden weight gain puts excessive pressure on the plantar fascia, leading to inflammation and pain.

The treatment for Plantar Fasciitis includes decreasing pain and inflammation, reducing stress through modifying activity and alignment, and strengthening and increasing flexibility. These measures aim to alleviate symptoms, improve function, and promote healing of the plantar fascia.

Sprains are injuries to ligaments, which are tough bands of tissue that connect bones to each other and provide stability to joints. The ligaments commonly involved in sprains are the anterior talofibular (ATFL), posterior talofibular (PTFL), and calcaneal fibular (CFL) ligaments. These ligaments are located in the ankle joint and can be stretched or torn when the joint is forced into an unnatural position, such as during a sudden twisting or turning motion. In the given options, the ATFL, PTFL, and CFL ligaments are all involved in sprains, making them the correct answer.

An Achilles rupture is a serious injury where the Achilles tendon, which connects the calf muscles to the heel bone, tears partially or completely. Surgery is often required to repair the rupture and restore the function of the tendon. After surgery, a cast is typically applied to immobilize the foot and ankle, allowing the tendon to heal properly. This cast is usually worn for a period of 8-12 weeks to ensure adequate healing. During this time, the patient should avoid weight-bearing activities to prevent further damage to the healing tendon.

The correct answer is a combination of three statements: Begin with ROM (careful not to stress Achilles) (post-op), Progress to weight-bearing activities (post-op), and Regain ROM-slow progress (post-cast). This suggests that the treatment for Achilles rupture PT involves starting with range of motion exercises after the surgery, then gradually incorporating weight-bearing activities, and finally focusing on regaining range of motion at a slow pace after the cast is removed.

plum line bisects the calcaneus and the talus

Adjunctive interventions for the lower extremities (LE) include tape/strapping, wedges & pads, biomechanical foot orthotics, and heel and sole lifts. These interventions are used to provide support, stability, and correct biomechanical imbalances in the LE. Tape/strapping can be used to provide temporary support and stability to the affected area. Wedges & pads are used to correct alignment issues and provide cushioning. Biomechanical foot orthotics are custom-made devices that provide support and correct abnormal foot function. Heel and sole lifts are used to address leg length discrepancies and provide balance and stability.

When assessing the alignment of the ankle, it is important to consider the subtalar joint in its neutral position, without any pronation or supination. This allows for a more accurate evaluation of the alignment. Additionally, the subtalar joint should be assessed in both prone (lying face down) and weight-bearing positions to fully understand the alignment. Lastly, when evaluating the alignment of the ankle, it is necessary to assess the forefoot and rearfoot separately as they may have different alignment issues.

Ankle fractures can be classified by the Lauge-Hansen classification system based on the mechanism of injury. The Lauge-Hansen classification system describes the combination of foot position (pronation or supination) and the direction of the force applied (external rotation, abduction, or adduction) that leads to the fracture. In this case, the correct answers are Pronation/ External rotation, Supination/ External rotation, Pronation/ Abduction, and Supination/ adduction, as these combinations are recognized by the Lauge-Hansen classification system as types of ankle fractures.

Achilles tendonitis/tendinosis is characterized by pain and swelling 2-6 cm above the calcaneal insertion, which is the correct answer. This condition occurs due to the degeneration and poor vascularization of the Achilles tendon. It is often a result of frequent concentric use of the gastrocnemius and soleus muscles.

The correct answer includes options that are commonly used in the treatment of sprains. "Progress weight bearing as tolerated" means gradually increasing the amount of weight put on the injured limb as the person feels comfortable. "Immobilize (may allow DF/PF)" refers to using a brace or splint to restrict movement and promote healing, while still allowing some limited range of motion. "Proprioception activities" involve exercises that improve balance and coordination to prevent future injuries. "Surgery for Grade III-" indicates that surgery is a potential treatment option for severe sprains, but it is a controversial decision that may not be necessary in all cases.

The capsular pattern of the ankle indicates the pattern of restriction in range of motion that is typically seen in certain joint conditions. In the case of the ankle (talocrural joint), the capsular pattern suggests that the limitation in range of motion is more pronounced in plantar flexion (pointing the foot downwards) compared to dorsiflexion (lifting the foot upwards). This means that individuals with ankle joint conditions are more likely to experience greater restriction and difficulty in performing plantar flexion movements than dorsiflexion movements.