Neurologic And Neuromuscular Disorders

1.

Which of the following is not one of the characteristic three symptoms of Parkinson's Disease?

A.

Bradykinesia
B.

Diplopia
C.

Tremors
D.

Rigidity

Correct Answer
B. Diplopia

Explanation
Diplopia, or double vision, is not one of the characteristic three symptoms of Parkinson's Disease. The three characteristic symptoms of Parkinson's Disease are bradykinesia (slowness of movement), tremors (involuntary shaking), and rigidity (stiffness of muscles). Diplopia is a symptom that is not typically associated with Parkinson's Disease.

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2.

Which two neurotransmitters play a role in the etiology of Parkison's Disease?

A.

Dopamine, Serotonin
B.

Dopamine, Acetylcholine
C.

Dopamine, Norepinephrine

Correct Answer
B. Dopamine, Acetylcholine

Explanation
Parkinson's Disease is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by the loss of dopamine-producing cells in the brain. Dopamine is a neurotransmitter that plays a key role in movement control and coordination. The loss of dopamine leads to the motor symptoms seen in Parkinson's Disease, such as tremors, rigidity, and bradykinesia. Acetylcholine is another neurotransmitter that is involved in various functions in the brain, including movement. In Parkinson's Disease, there is an imbalance between dopamine and acetylcholine, with a decrease in dopamine and an increase in acetylcholine activity. Therefore, both dopamine and acetylcholine are implicated in the etiology of Parkinson's Disease.

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3.

Which of the following is not a part of the etiology of Alzheimer's Disease?

A.

Degeneration of the cholinergic neuron
B.

Excessive Acetylcholine
C.

Presence of neurofibrillary tangles in neurons

Correct Answer
B. Excessive Acetylcholine

Explanation
Excessive Acetylcholine is not a part of the etiology of Alzheimer's Disease. Alzheimer's Disease is characterized by degeneration of the cholinergic neuron, which leads to a decrease in acetylcholine levels in the brain. The presence of neurofibrillary tangles in neurons is also a hallmark of Alzheimer's Disease. However, excessive acetylcholine is not a known cause or contributing factor to the development of the disease.

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4.

Which of the following is an autoimmune disease caused by lack of acetylcholine receptor sites?

A.

Myasthenia Gravis
B.

Multiple Sclerosis
C.

Schizophrenia

Correct Answer
A. Myasthenia Gravis

Explanation
Myasthenia Gravis is an autoimmune disease that occurs when the body's immune system mistakenly attacks the acetylcholine receptor sites, leading to muscle weakness and fatigue. This autoimmune response causes a decrease in the number of available acetylcholine receptor sites, which are necessary for proper muscle contractions. As a result, individuals with Myasthenia Gravis experience muscle weakness, particularly in the muscles that control eye movement, facial expression, swallowing, and breathing. Multiple Sclerosis is another autoimmune disease, but it affects the central nervous system, not the acetylcholine receptor sites. Schizophrenia is a mental disorder and is not related to the lack of acetylcholine receptor sites.

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5.

What is the primary characteristic of Myasthenia Gravis?

A.

Dysphagia
B.

Weak respiratory muscles
C.

Weak skeletal muscles

Correct Answer
C. Weak skeletal muscles

Explanation
Myasthenia Gravis is a neuromuscular disorder characterized by weakness and fatigue of skeletal muscles. This weakness primarily affects voluntary muscles, including those used for movement and posture. Symptoms can vary, but commonly include muscle weakness in the arms and legs, difficulty with speech and swallowing (dysphagia), and impaired breathing due to weak respiratory muscles. Therefore, the primary characteristic of Myasthenia Gravis is weak skeletal muscles.

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6.

What is a myasthenic crisis in patients with Myasthenia Gravis?

A.

Generalized muscular weakness
B.

Overdosing of acetylcholinesterase inhibitors
C.

Involuntary muscle twitching

Correct Answer
A. Generalized muscular weakness

Explanation
A myasthenic crisis in patients with Myasthenia Gravis refers to a condition characterized by severe generalized muscular weakness. This occurs when the muscles responsible for breathing and swallowing are significantly weakened, leading to respiratory failure and difficulty in performing basic tasks. It is important to differentiate a myasthenic crisis from a cholinergic crisis, which is caused by overdosing of acetylcholinesterase inhibitors and presents with symptoms such as involuntary muscle twitching.

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7.

What is the pathophysiology of Multiple Sclerosis?

A.

Attacks myelin sheath of nerve fibers leaving neuritic plaques
B.

Lack of nerve impulses at the myoneural junction
C.

Neurotrasmitter imbalance leads to decreased nerve impulses

Correct Answer
A. Attacks myelin sheath of nerve fibers leaving neuritic plaques

Explanation
Multiple Sclerosis is a neurological disorder characterized by the immune system attacking the myelin sheath, which is the protective covering of nerve fibers. This attack leads to the formation of neuritic plaques, which disrupt the normal functioning of nerve impulses. As a result, there is a lack of nerve impulses being transmitted along the affected nerve fibers. This explanation suggests that the pathophysiology of Multiple Sclerosis involves the immune system attacking the myelin sheath, leading to the formation of neuritic plaques and subsequent impairment of nerve impulse transmission.

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8.

Which of the following is not a stage of Multiple Sclerosis?

A.

Acute Attack
B.

Remission-Exacerbation
C.

Chronic progressive
D.

Chronic Attack

Correct Answer
D. Chronic Attack

Explanation
Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is a chronic autoimmune disease that affects the central nervous system. It is characterized by periods of relapse and remission. The stages of MS include Acute Attack, which refers to the sudden onset of symptoms; Remission-Exacerbation, which involves periods of symptom improvement followed by flare-ups; and Chronic Progressive, which is a gradual worsening of symptoms over time. However, there is no stage called Chronic Attack in MS.

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