Dental Hygienist Competency Exam! Quiz

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  • 1/96 Questions

    Which of the following functions are conducted in the dorsal columns of the spinal cord, that is, in the fasciculus graciles and cuneatus?

    • High degree of location
    • Vibratory sense
    • Fine gradations of pressure
    • Kinesthesia
    • All of the above
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About This Quiz

The Dental Hygienist Competency Exam! Quiz assesses key physiological and biological concepts crucial for dental hygiene. It covers topics like homeostasis, cellular functions, and fluid balance, essential for aspiring dental hygienists.

Dental Hygienist Competency Exam! Quiz - Quiz

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  • 2. 

    Gingiva and buccal mucosa

    • Simple squamous epithelium

    • Stratified squamous epithelium

    • Cuboidal epithelium

    • Stratified columnar epithelium

    • None of the above

    Correct Answer
    A. Stratified squamous epithelium
    Explanation
    The gingiva and buccal mucosa are both areas in the oral cavity that are constantly exposed to mechanical stress and abrasion. Stratified squamous epithelium is the ideal tissue type for these areas as it provides protection against wear and tear. This type of epithelium consists of multiple layers of flattened cells that can withstand the constant friction and mechanical forces exerted during activities such as chewing and speaking. Simple squamous epithelium, cuboidal epithelium, and stratified columnar epithelium are not suitable for these areas as they do not possess the same level of durability and resilience. Therefore, the correct answer is stratified squamous epithelium.

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  • 3. 

    An increase in parasympathetic activity

    • Increase salivation

    • Increases gastrointestinal activity

    • Decreases heart rate

    • All of the above

    Correct Answer
    A. All of the above
    Explanation
    An increase in parasympathetic activity can lead to various physiological changes in the body. It stimulates the salivary glands, resulting in increased salivation. It also enhances gastrointestinal activity, leading to increased digestion and absorption of nutrients. Additionally, parasympathetic activity slows down the heart rate, promoting relaxation and rest. Therefore, all of the given options are correct as they represent the effects of increased parasympathetic activity.

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  • 4. 

    A patient has accidentally been given an intravenous solution that is extremely hypertonic. Which of the following well occur?

    • Fluid moves from cell to plasma

    • The cell shrink

    • Crenation is the term to describe the changes that occur

    • All of the above are true statements about the events that occur

    Correct Answer
    A. All of the above are true statements about the events that occur
    Explanation
    When a patient is given an extremely hypertonic intravenous solution, the concentration of solutes in the solution is higher than that inside the cells. As a result, fluid moves from the cells to the plasma in an attempt to balance the concentration. This causes the cells to shrink, a process known as crenation. Therefore, all of the above statements about the events that occur are true.

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  • 5. 

    The direction and rate of diffusion of an ion is influenced by the:

    • Concentration gradient

    • Hydrostatic pressure gradient

    • Electrical gradient

    • All of the above

    Correct Answer
    A. All of the above
    Explanation
    The direction and rate of diffusion of an ion is influenced by the concentration gradient, which refers to the difference in concentration between two areas. This gradient determines the direction in which the ion will move. Additionally, the hydrostatic pressure gradient, which is the difference in pressure between two areas, can also affect the ion's diffusion. Finally, the electrical gradient, which is the difference in charge between two areas, plays a role in determining the ion's movement. Therefore, all of the mentioned factors - concentration gradient, hydrostatic pressure gradient, and electrical gradient - influence the direction and rate of ion diffusion.

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  • 6. 

    The pressoreceptor system

    • Responds to an increase in blood pressure at the area of the aortic arch and carotid bodies

    • Operates through the vasomotor center

    • Responds by decreasing the heart rate, strength of contraction, and peripheral resistance

    • All of the above

    Correct Answer
    A. All of the above
    Explanation
    The pressoreceptor system responds to an increase in blood pressure at the area of the aortic arch and carotid bodies. It operates through the vasomotor center and responds by decreasing the heart rate, strength of contraction, and peripheral resistance. This means that all of the given statements are correct and contribute to the overall function of the pressoreceptor system.

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  • 7. 

    Identify the correct sequence of the blood flow through the heart, to the lungs, its return to the heart and out of the heart to systemic circulation

    • Inferior vena cave, left atrium, bicuspid valves, left ventricle, pulmonary trunk to pulmonary circulation, return via pulmonary veins to right atrium, tricuspid valve, right ventricle, and out through the ascending aorta

    • Inferior vena cava, right atrium, triscupid valves, right ventricle, pulmonary trunk to pulmonary circulation, return via pulmonary veins to left atrium, bicuspid valves, left ventricle and outh through the ascending aorta

    Correct Answer
    A. Inferior vena cava, right atrium, triscupid valves, right ventricle, pulmonary trunk to pulmonary circulation, return via pulmonary veins to left atrium, bicuspid valves, left ventricle and outh through the ascending aorta
    Explanation
    The correct answer describes the correct sequence of blood flow through the heart and the circulatory system. It starts with the blood entering the heart through the inferior vena cava, then flowing into the right atrium. From there, it passes through the tricuspid valves into the right ventricle. The blood is then pumped into the pulmonary trunk, which leads to the pulmonary circulation. After oxygenation in the lungs, the blood returns to the heart through the pulmonary veins, specifically the left atrium. It then passes through the bicuspid valves into the left ventricle. Finally, the blood is pumped out of the heart through the ascending aorta, entering the systemic circulation.

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  • 8. 

    Select the correct pressure point statement:

    • Inferior to the angle of the mandible for carotid arteries to the head

    • Inferior border of the angle of the mandible at the junction of the medial and lateral thirds for the facial artery to the face

    • Superior and deep to the clavicle for the subclavian artery to the arm

    • Medial side of the humerus for the branchial artery to the lower arm

    • All statements correctly describe pressure points

    Correct Answer
    A. All statements correctly describe pressure points
  • 9. 

    An enzyme that hydrolyzes polysaccharides is

    • Lipase

    • Amylase

    • Protease

    • Trypsin

    • Pepsin

    Correct Answer
    A. Amylase
    Explanation
    Amylase is the correct answer because it is an enzyme that specifically hydrolyzes polysaccharides. Polysaccharides are complex carbohydrates made up of multiple sugar molecules bonded together, and amylase breaks down these bonds to release individual sugar units. Lipase, protease, trypsin, and pepsin are enzymes that hydrolyze lipids, proteins, and peptides respectively, but they do not target polysaccharides. Therefore, amylase is the enzyme that is responsible for the hydrolysis of polysaccharides.

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  • 10. 

    A type of receptor which is sensitive to pain is

    • Pacinian corpuscle

    • Meissener's corpuscle

    • Free nerve endings

    • End bulb of Krause

    • Ruffin endings

    Correct Answer
    A. Free nerve endings
    Explanation
    Free nerve endings are the type of receptors that are sensitive to pain. These nerve endings are found throughout the body and are the most common type of pain receptors. They are responsible for detecting and transmitting pain signals to the brain, signaling the presence of tissue damage or injury. Unlike other types of receptors listed, such as Pacinian corpuscles or Meissner's corpuscles, which are sensitive to touch or pressure, free nerve endings specifically respond to painful stimuli.

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  • 11. 

    The physiological concept that refers to the maintenance of a constant environment is

    • Hemostasis

    • Dynamic equilibrium

    • Homeostasis

    • Interdependence

    • Induction

    Correct Answer
    A. Homeostasis
    Explanation
    Homeostasis is the physiological concept that refers to the maintenance of a constant environment within the body. It involves the regulation of various internal processes, such as body temperature, pH levels, and blood sugar levels, to ensure optimal functioning. This concept is crucial for the overall health and survival of an organism as it allows the body to adapt and respond to changes in the external environment, maintaining stability and balance.

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  • 12. 

    Which of the following describes the function of the hypothalamus?

    • Temperature control centers

    • Regulation of visceral activity

    • Synthesis of hormonal releasing factors

    • Influencing basic drives like sex, thirst, hunger

    • All to the above describe hypothalamic functhions

    Correct Answer
    A. All to the above describe hypothalamic functhions
    Explanation
    The hypothalamus is a small region in the brain that plays a crucial role in maintaining homeostasis and regulating various bodily functions. It contains temperature control centers, which help regulate body temperature. It also regulates visceral activity, such as digestion and heart rate. Additionally, the hypothalamus is responsible for the synthesis of hormonal releasing factors, which control the release of hormones from the pituitary gland. Lastly, the hypothalamus influences basic drives like sex, thirst, and hunger. Therefore, all of the above options accurately describe the functions of the hypothalamus.

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  • 13. 

    The swallowing mechanism involves which of the following cranial nerves?

    • Trigeminal

    • Facial

    • Glossopharyngeal

    • Vagus and hypoglossal

    • All of the above

    Correct Answer
    A. All of the above
    Explanation
    The swallowing mechanism involves multiple cranial nerves, including the trigeminal, facial, glossopharyngeal, vagus, and hypoglossal nerves. These nerves work together to coordinate the complex process of swallowing, which involves the movement of muscles in the face, throat, and tongue. Each of these cranial nerves plays a specific role in different aspects of swallowing, such as sensory perception, motor control, and coordination. Therefore, all of the above cranial nerves are involved in the swallowing mechanism.

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  • 14. 

    The autonomic nervous system exerts its influence on

    • Smooth muscle

    • Glandular secretion

    • Cardiac muscle

    • All of the above

    Correct Answer
    A. All of the above
    Explanation
    The autonomic nervous system is responsible for regulating and controlling involuntary bodily functions. It has an influence on smooth muscle, which is found in organs such as the intestines and blood vessels, helping to control their contractions. It also affects glandular secretion, regulating the release of hormones and other substances from glands. Additionally, the autonomic nervous system controls cardiac muscle, which is responsible for the contraction of the heart. Therefore, the correct answer is "all of the above" as the autonomic nervous system exerts its influence on smooth muscle, glandular secretion, and cardiac muscle.

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  • 15. 

    Inability to coordinate muscular activity can be due to a lesion in the

    • Cerebellum

    • Somesthetic cortex

    • Broca's area

    • Occipital lobe

    Correct Answer
    A. Cerebellum
    Explanation
    The cerebellum is responsible for coordinating muscular activity and maintaining balance and posture. Lesions in the cerebellum can disrupt these functions, leading to an inability to coordinate muscular activity. This can result in unsteady movements, difficulty with fine motor skills, and problems with balance and coordination. The somesthetic cortex is involved in processing sensory information related to touch and proprioception, but it does not directly control muscular coordination. Broca's area is involved in speech production, and the occipital lobe is responsible for visual processing.

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  • 16. 

    Important centers for control of respiration and dardiovascular function are located in the

    • Pons

    • Medulla

    • Midbrain

    • Thalamus

    Correct Answer
    A. Medulla
    Explanation
    The medulla is the correct answer because it is an important center for the control of respiration and cardiovascular function. It is located in the brainstem and plays a crucial role in regulating breathing, heart rate, and blood pressure. The medulla contains specialized neurons that respond to changes in blood oxygen levels, carbon dioxide levels, and blood pressure, allowing it to adjust these vital functions to maintain homeostasis.

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  • 17. 

    A patient with type AB blood can give a transfusion to type

    • O

    • A

    • B

    • AB

    Correct Answer
    A. AB
    Explanation
    type O = universal donor, type AB = universal recipient

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  • 18. 

    Rate of gastric emptying is affected by

    • The quantity of liquid in chyme

    • Neural and hormonal reflexes from the small intestine

    • The quantity of chyme present in the small intestine

    • A and C

    • All of the Above

    Correct Answer
    A. All of the Above
    Explanation
    The rate of gastric emptying is affected by multiple factors. Firstly, the quantity of liquid in chyme plays a role in determining the rate of emptying. Secondly, neural and hormonal reflexes from the small intestine also influence gastric emptying. Finally, the quantity of chyme present in the small intestine affects the rate of emptying as well. Therefore, all of the above options have an impact on the rate of gastric emptying.

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  • 19. 

    Sodium ions are reabsorbed, and potassium and hydrogen ions are secreted under the control of

    • Antidiuretic hormone

    • Thyroxin

    • Epinephrine

    • Aldosterone

    • Cortisol

    Correct Answer
    A. Aldosterone
    Explanation
    Aldosterone is responsible for the reabsorption of sodium ions and the secretion of potassium and hydrogen ions. It is a hormone that is released by the adrenal glands in response to low blood pressure or low blood volume. It acts on the kidneys to increase the reabsorption of sodium ions, which leads to water retention and increased blood volume. At the same time, it stimulates the secretion of potassium and hydrogen ions, which helps maintain electrolyte balance in the body. Therefore, aldosterone is the hormone that controls the reabsorption and secretion of these ions.

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  • 20. 

    Mean arterial blood pressure is regulated by

    • Neural mechanisms that control constriction of the arteries

    • Principle of capillary dynamics that regulate blood volume

    • Renal and hormonal mechanisms that regulate blood volume and arteriolar constriction

    • All of the above

    • Two of the above

    Correct Answer
    A. All of the above
    Explanation
    Mean arterial blood pressure is regulated by neural mechanisms that control constriction of the arteries, principles of capillary dynamics, and renal and hormonal mechanisms. In addition, mean arterial pressure (the approximate average of systolic and diastolic pressures) is affected by the cardiac output. Cardiac output is the volume of blood the heart pumps per minute.

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  • 21. 

    What type of connective tissue is present in scar tissue?

    • Loose

    • Dense fibrous

    • Lymphatic

    • Reticuloendothelial

    • Adipose

    Correct Answer
    A. Dense fibrous
    Explanation
    Scar tissue is formed during the process of wound healing, where the body repairs damaged tissue. Dense fibrous connective tissue is present in scar tissue because it provides strength and support to the healing area. This type of tissue is composed of densely packed collagen fibers, which form a strong and durable matrix. It helps to bridge the gap in the wound and restore the integrity of the damaged tissue.

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  • 22. 

    Active transport differs from facilitated diffusion in that active transport.

    • Moves a substance against a concentration gradient

    • Requires a carrier

    • Requires energy from magnesius adenosine triphosphate (Mg ATP)

    • Is exemplified by the movement of sodium and potassium across cell membranes

    • All of the above

    Correct Answer
    A. All of the above
    Explanation
    Active transport differs from facilitated diffusion in multiple ways. Firstly, active transport moves a substance against its concentration gradient, meaning it moves from an area of low concentration to an area of high concentration. Facilitated diffusion, on the other hand, moves substances down their concentration gradient. Secondly, active transport requires a carrier protein to transport the substance across the cell membrane, while facilitated diffusion uses channel or carrier proteins. Thirdly, active transport requires energy in the form of magnesium adenosine triphosphate (Mg ATP), whereas facilitated diffusion does not require energy. Lastly, the movement of sodium and potassium across cell membranes is an example of active transport. Therefore, all of the above statements are true and differentiate active transport from facilitated diffusion.

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  • 23. 

    Which of the following is not a leukocyte?

    • Neutrophil

    • Thrombocyte

    • Eosinophil

    • Basophil

    • Monocyte

    Correct Answer
    A. Thrombocyte
    Explanation
    Thrombocyte is not a leukocyte because it is actually a type of blood cell called a platelet. Leukocytes, on the other hand, are white blood cells that play a role in the immune system and are involved in fighting infections and diseases. Therefore, thrombocyte does not belong to the category of leukocytes.

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  • 24. 

    Cortisol

    • Increases the flux of amino acids in the body

    • Mobilizes stored fat

    • Promotes gluconeogenesis

    • All of the above

    • Only A and C are correct

    Correct Answer
    A. All of the above
    Explanation
    Cortisol is a hormone that plays a crucial role in various metabolic processes. It increases the flux of amino acids in the body, which helps in protein synthesis and tissue repair. Additionally, cortisol mobilizes stored fat, allowing it to be used as an energy source. Furthermore, cortisol promotes gluconeogenesis, the production of glucose from non-carbohydrate sources like amino acids and fats. Therefore, all of the given options (increases the flux of amino acids, mobilizes stored fat, and promotes gluconeogenesis) are correct statements about the effects of cortisol.

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  • 25. 

    Respiratory tidal volume is

    • The amount of air exchanged in the lungs with a normal breath

    • Approximately 1 liter

    • The maximum amount of air that can be inspired

    • The volume of air left in the lungs after expiration

    • The reserve lung volume

    Correct Answer
    A. The amount of air exchanged in the lungs with a normal breath
    Explanation
    The respiratory tidal volume refers to the amount of air that is exchanged in the lungs with a normal breath. It represents the volume of air that is inhaled and exhaled during each breath. This measurement is typically around 1 liter, although it can vary depending on factors such as age, sex, and physical condition. The tidal volume is an important parameter in assessing lung function and can be used to diagnose respiratory disorders.

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  • 26. 

    Which of the following is not a function of the pancreas?

    • Secretion of digestive enzymes

    • Secretion of insulin

    • Secretion of bile

    • Secretion of glucagon

    Correct Answer
    A. Secretion of bile
    Explanation
    Bile is formed in the liver and stored in the gallbladder

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  • 27. 

    The nerve responsible for constriction of the pupil of the eye is

    • Optic nerve

    • Oculomotor nerve

    • Abducents nerve

    • Vagus nerve

    Correct Answer
    A. Oculomotor nerve
    Explanation
    The oculomotor nerve is responsible for the constriction of the pupil of the eye. This nerve controls the muscles that regulate the size of the pupil, allowing it to constrict or dilate in response to changes in light intensity. The optic nerve, abducens nerve, and vagus nerve are not directly involved in pupil constriction.

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  • 28. 

    The organelles that contain enzymes capable of digesting and destroying cellular debris.

    • Endoplasmic reticulum

    • Golgi apparatus

    • Mitochondria

    • Lysosomes

    • Ribosomes

    Correct Answer
    A. Lysosomes
    Explanation
    Lysosomes are organelles that contain enzymes capable of digesting and destroying cellular debris. They function as the recycling centers of the cell, breaking down waste materials such as old organelles, proteins, and foreign substances. Lysosomes play a crucial role in maintaining cellular homeostasis and removing harmful substances from the cell. This explanation fits with the given correct answer, which is lysosomes.

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  • 29. 

    All of the following are autonomic effects on the body except regulation of

    • Heart rate

    • Digestive secretion

    • Skeletal muscle tone

    • Glandular secretion

    • Blood pressure

    Correct Answer
    A. Skeletal muscle tone
    Explanation
    The autonomic nervous system regulates various involuntary functions in the body. Heart rate, digestive secretion, glandular secretion, and blood pressure are all examples of autonomic effects. However, skeletal muscle tone is not directly regulated by the autonomic nervous system. Instead, it is controlled by the somatic nervous system, which is responsible for voluntary movements.

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  • 30. 

    Which hormone promotes glucose transport from blood into cell?

    • Insulin

    • Glucagon

    • Epinephrine

    • Pancreatin

    Correct Answer
    A. Insulin
    Explanation
    Insulin is the hormone that promotes glucose transport from the blood into the cells. It is produced by the pancreas and helps regulate blood sugar levels by facilitating the uptake of glucose into cells, where it can be used for energy or stored for later use. Insulin also plays a role in the metabolism of fats and proteins.

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  • 31. 

    Almost all sensory impulses pass through what structure on their way to the cerebral cortex?

    • Basal ganglia

    • Corpus striatum

    • Hypothalamus

    • Corpus callosum

    • Thalamus

    Correct Answer
    A. Thalamus
    Explanation
    The thalamus is a structure located in the brain that acts as a relay station for sensory information. It receives sensory impulses from various parts of the body and then sends them to the cerebral cortex, which is responsible for processing and interpreting these signals. Therefore, almost all sensory impulses pass through the thalamus on their way to the cerebral cortex. The basal ganglia, corpus striatum, hypothalamus, and corpus callosum are not directly involved in the transmission of sensory impulses to the cerebral cortex.

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  • 32. 

    Depolarization occurs with

    • Transfer of sodium ions to the inside of a neuron

    • Transfer of potassium ions to the outside of a neuron

    • A reversal of charge across the nerve cell membrane making the outside of the fiber positive with respect to the inside

    Correct Answer
    A. Transfer of sodium ions to the inside of a neuron
    Explanation
    Depolarization occurs when there is a transfer of sodium ions to the inside of a neuron. This transfer of positive ions causes a reversal of charge across the nerve cell membrane, making the outside of the fiber positive with respect to the inside. This change in charge is an important step in the generation of an action potential, which allows for the transmission of signals within the nervous system.

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  • 33. 

    Calcium homeostasis is maintained by

    • Mineralocorticoids and adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

    • Aldosterone and parathyroid hormone

    • Parathyroid hormone and calcitonin

    • Calcitonin and glucagon

    Correct Answer
    A. Parathyroid hormone and calcitonin
    Explanation
    Parathyroid hormone and calcitonin are responsible for maintaining calcium homeostasis. Parathyroid hormone acts to increase blood calcium levels by stimulating the release of calcium from bones and promoting the reabsorption of calcium in the kidneys. Calcitonin, on the other hand, acts to decrease blood calcium levels by inhibiting the release of calcium from bones and promoting the excretion of calcium in the kidneys. Together, these hormones work in a coordinated manner to regulate the levels of calcium in the body and ensure its balance.

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  • 34. 

    Filtration in the kidney occurs at the

    • Glomerulus

    • Proximal convoluted tubule and loop of Henle

    • Distal convoluted tubule

    • Collecting tubule

    Correct Answer
    A. Glomerulus
    Explanation
    The glomerulus is the tuft of capillaries in Bowman's capsule where water, electrolytes, amino acids, glucose, urea, and other small molecular size constituents are filtered from blood. The capillaries of the glomerulus unite to form the outgoing efferent arteriole.

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  • 35. 

    Cardiac output is the product of the

    • Heart rate and peripheral resistance

    • Heart rate and stroke volume

    • Heart rate and strength of contraction

    • Heart rate and vascular dilation

    Correct Answer
    A. Heart rate and stroke volume
    Explanation
    Cardiac output refers to the amount of blood pumped by the heart per minute. It is calculated by multiplying the heart rate (number of heartbeats per minute) with the stroke volume (amount of blood pumped by each heartbeat). This means that the heart rate and stroke volume are the two factors that determine the cardiac output. The heart rate represents the speed at which the heart beats, while the stroke volume represents the amount of blood pumped with each heartbeat. Therefore, the correct answer is heart rate and stroke volume.

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  • 36. 

    All of the following are concerned with protein digestion except

    • Pepsin

    • Trypsin

    • Chymotrypsin

    • Carboxypolypeptidase

    • Amylase

    Correct Answer
    A. Amylase
    Explanation
    Amylase is an enzyme that hydrolyzes carbohydrates.

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  • 37. 

    The sympathetic innervation to the face and head structures is transmitted via nerves that have cells of origin in the

    • Submandibular ganglion

    • Superior cervical ganglion

    • Oxic ganglion

    Correct Answer
    A. Superior cervical ganglion
    Explanation
    The correct answer is superior cervical ganglion. The sympathetic innervation to the face and head structures is transmitted via nerves that have cells of origin in the superior cervical ganglion. This ganglion is located in the neck, near the base of the skull, and it plays a crucial role in regulating various functions such as pupil dilation, blood vessel constriction, and sweat gland activity in the face and head.

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  • 38. 

    Which of the following is NOT associated with a skeletal muscle?

    • Sarcolemma

    • Myofibrils

    • Intercalated disk

    • Mitochondria

    • Actin and myosin

    Correct Answer
    A. Intercalated disk
  • 39. 

    The primary motor area of the brain is the

    • Precentral gyrus

    • Postcentral gyrus

    • Temporal lobe

    • Occipital lobe

    • Hypothalamus

    Correct Answer
    A. Precentral gyrus
    Explanation
    The primary motor area of the brain is located in the precentral gyrus. This region of the brain is responsible for initiating voluntary movements in the body. It receives signals from other areas of the brain and sends commands to the muscles, allowing us to perform various motor tasks. The precentral gyrus is specifically involved in the control and coordination of fine motor skills, such as precise movements of the fingers and hands.

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  • 40. 

    Functions of the adult liver include all of the following except

    • Bile formation

    • Reticuloendothelial activity

    • Glycogenesis, glycogenolysis, and glucogenesis

    • Erythropoiesis

    • Detoxication

    Correct Answer
    A. Erythropoiesis
    Explanation
    The adult liver performs various important functions, including bile formation, reticuloendothelial activity, glycogenesis, glycogenolysis, and glucogenesis, and detoxication. However, erythropoiesis, which is the process of red blood cell production, does not occur in the liver. This function primarily takes place in the bone marrow.

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  • 41. 

    Ovulation

    • Is dependent on a high concentration of LH in the blood

    • Occurs exactly 12 days after the end of menstruation

    • Occurs in one of the uterine tubes

    • Is dependent on high concentrations of estrogen in the blood

    Correct Answer
    A. Is dependent on a high concentration of LH in the blood
    Explanation
    Ovulation is dependent on a high concentration of LH in the blood. LH, or luteinizing hormone, is responsible for triggering the release of an egg from the ovary during ovulation. When LH levels rise, it signals the ovaries to release a mature egg, which can then be fertilized by sperm. Therefore, the presence of a high concentration of LH in the blood is necessary for ovulation to occur.

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  • 42. 

    Carbon dioxide is carried in blood by all of the following EXCEPT

    • As carbaminohemoglobin

    • Dissolved in plasma

    • As bicarbonate

    • As carbonic acid

    Correct Answer
    A. As carbonic acid
    Explanation
    Carbon dioxide is carried in the blood in three main forms: as dissolved gas, as carbaminohemoglobin (bound to hemoglobin), and as bicarbonate ions. Carbonic acid is not a direct form in which carbon dioxide is carried in the blood. Carbon dioxide combines with water in the blood to form carbonic acid, which then quickly dissociates into bicarbonate ions and hydrogen ions. Therefore, the correct answer is "as carbonic acid."

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  • 43. 

    Muscles of mastication is derived from which branchial arch?

    • First

    • Second

    • Third

    • Fourth

    • Fifth

    Correct Answer
    A. First
    Explanation
    The muscles of mastication are derived from the first branchial arch. During embryonic development, the first branchial arch gives rise to various structures in the head and neck region, including the muscles responsible for chewing or mastication. These muscles include the masseter, temporalis, medial pterygoid, and lateral pterygoid muscles. They play a crucial role in the movement and function of the jaw, allowing for biting, chewing, and grinding of food.

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  • 44. 

    In long bones, the process whereby cartilage cells are replaced by bone cells, organic matrix is laid down, and calcium and phosphate are deposited is known as

    • Intramembranous ossification

    • Endochondral ossification

    • Osteoporosis

    • Erythropoiesis

    • Diaphyseal formation

    Correct Answer
    A. Endochondral ossification
    Explanation
    Endochondral ossification is the correct answer because it refers to the process in long bones where cartilage cells are replaced by bone cells, organic matrix is laid down, and calcium and phosphate are deposited. This process is essential for bone growth and development. Intramembranous ossification is a different process that occurs in flat bones, where bone forms directly from mesenchymal cells without the presence of cartilage. Osteoporosis is a condition characterized by a decrease in bone density, erythropoiesis is the production of red blood cells, and diaphyseal formation refers to the development of the shaft of a long bone.

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  • 45. 

      The sinoatrial node is the normal pacemaker of the heart because

    • This region has a lower difference between resting membrane potential and threshold than other regions of the heart

    • This region has a more rapid "sodium leakage," initiating spontaneous depolarization before other areas

    • This region recovers from the previous refractory period more rapidly than other areas

    • All of the above

    • Only A and C

    Correct Answer
    A. All of the above
    Explanation
    The sinoatrial node is considered the normal pacemaker of the heart because it possesses all the mentioned characteristics. It has a lower difference between resting membrane potential and threshold, which allows it to initiate depolarization more easily. Additionally, it has a more rapid "sodium leakage," which leads to spontaneous depolarization before other areas. Lastly, the sinoatrial node recovers from the previous refractory period more rapidly than other areas. Therefore, all of these factors contribute to the sinoatrial node's role as the normal pacemaker of the heart.

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  • 46. 

    Which gastrointestinal hormone controls secretion of water and bicarbonate by acinar cells of the pancreas

    • Gastrin

    • Secretin

    • Pancreozymin

    • Cholecystokinin

    • Chymotrypsin

    Correct Answer
    A. Secretin
    Explanation
    Secretin is a gastrointestinal hormone that controls the secretion of water and bicarbonate by acinar cells of the pancreas. When secretin is released into the bloodstream, it stimulates the pancreas to produce and release bicarbonate-rich pancreatic juice. This helps to neutralize the acidic chyme that enters the small intestine from the stomach, creating a more favorable environment for digestion and absorption. Secretin also stimulates the liver to produce bile, which aids in the digestion and absorption of fats. Therefore, secretin plays a crucial role in regulating pancreatic and liver secretions to maintain optimal digestive function.

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  • 47. 

    Reabsorption of water in the distal convoluted tubules and collecting ducts is regulated by

    • Adrenocorticotropic hormone

    • Antidiuretic hormone

    • Aldosterone

    • Angiotensin

    Correct Answer
    A. Antidiuretic hormone
    Explanation
    The correct answer is antidiuretic hormone. Antidiuretic hormone, also known as vasopressin, is responsible for regulating the reabsorption of water in the distal convoluted tubules and collecting ducts of the kidneys. It does this by increasing the permeability of the collecting ducts to water, allowing more water to be reabsorbed back into the bloodstream. This helps to conserve water and prevent excessive water loss in the urine.

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  • 48. 

    Which hormone is LESS involved in a stress reaction?

    • Epinephrine

    • Norepinephrine

    • Cortisone

    • Thyroxin

    • Adrenocorticotropin

    Correct Answer
    A. Thyroxin
    Explanation
    Thyroxin is the hormone that is less involved in a stress reaction. While epinephrine, norepinephrine, cortisone, and adrenocorticotropin are all hormones that are released in response to stress, thyroxin is not directly involved in the stress response. Thyroxin is primarily responsible for regulating metabolism and energy levels in the body.

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  • 49. 

    Extreme excitement in a patient may have the following effects on organ systems:

    • Increased blood pressure

    • Increases gastrointestinal activity

    • Relaxation of smooth muscles in bronchi

    • A and C

    • B and C

    Correct Answer
    A. A and C
    Explanation
    Extreme excitement in a patient can lead to increased blood pressure and relaxation of smooth muscles in the bronchi. Increased blood pressure is a common physiological response to excitement and can be caused by the release of stress hormones. Relaxation of smooth muscles in the bronchi can result in bronchodilation, allowing for increased airflow and improved breathing. These effects on the cardiovascular and respiratory systems are often observed in individuals experiencing extreme excitement.

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Quiz Review Timeline (Updated): Mar 20, 2023 +

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  • Current Version
  • Mar 20, 2023
    Quiz Edited by
    ProProfs Editorial Team
  • Jul 06, 2016
    Quiz Created by
    Twilliams277

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