Dental Hygienist Competency Exam! Quiz

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  • 1/96 Questions

    Blood pressure depends on

    • Heart rate and stroke volume
    • Peripheral resistance
    • Blood volume
    • Blood viscosity
    • All of the above factors influence blood pressure
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About This Quiz

The Dental Hygienist Competency Exam! Quiz assesses key physiological and biological concepts crucial for dental hygiene. It covers topics like homeostasis, cellular functions, and fluid balance, essential for aspiring dental hygienists.

Dental Hygienist Competency Exam! Quiz - Quiz

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  • 2. 

    A topic hormone

    • Stimulates growth and secretion of a specific glandular tissue

    • Acts by positive feedback control

    • Is produced by the gonads

    • Two of the above

    Correct Answer(s)
    A. Stimulates growth and secretion of a specific glandular tissue
    A. Two of the above
    Explanation
    The correct answer is "stimulates growth and secretion of a specific glandular tissue, two of the above." This is because a topic hormone can indeed stimulate the growth and secretion of a specific glandular tissue. Additionally, it can act by positive feedback control. However, it is not necessarily produced by the gonads, so only two of the given options are correct.

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  • 3. 

    Oxygenated blood flows through which of the following structures

    • Pulmonary valve

    • Right atrioventricular valve

    • Pulmonary artery

    • Coronary arteries

    Correct Answer
    A. Coronary arteries
    Explanation
    The correct answer is coronary arteries. Oxygenated blood flows through the coronary arteries, which are the blood vessels that supply oxygen and nutrients to the heart muscle itself. The pulmonary valve, right atrioventricular valve, and pulmonary artery are involved in the circulation of deoxygenated blood from the heart to the lungs, not oxygenated blood.

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  • 4. 

    Which of the following has the highest PCO2?

    • Atmospheric air

    • Expired air

    • Venous blood

    • Intestitial fluid

    • Intracellular fluid

    Correct Answer
    A. Intracellular fluid
  • 5. 

    A single motor neuron and the muscle cells supplied by its axon branches is termed

    • An efferent neuron

    • A motor unit

    • A motor end plate

    • A sarcoplasmic reticulum

    • An annulospiral ending

    Correct Answer
    A. A motor end plate
    Explanation
    A motor end plate is the correct answer because it refers to the specialized region of the muscle fiber membrane that forms a synapse with the axon terminal of a motor neuron. This synapse allows for the transmission of nerve impulses from the motor neuron to the muscle fiber, leading to muscle contraction. The motor end plate is essential for the communication between the nervous system and the muscles, making it a crucial component of the neuromuscular junction.

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  • 6. 

    Alveolar ventilation is increase by all of the following except

    • Decreased blood pressure

    • Decrease blood pH

    • Increased PCO2 of arterial blood

    • Decreased PO2 of arterial blood

    • Metabolic alkalosis

    Correct Answer
    A. Metabolic alkalosis
    Explanation
    Metabolic alkalosis is not a factor that increases alveolar ventilation. Alveolar ventilation is primarily regulated by factors such as blood pressure, blood pH, PCO2, and PO2 of arterial blood. While decreased blood pressure, decreased blood pH, increased PCO2 of arterial blood, and decreased PO2 of arterial blood can all stimulate an increase in alveolar ventilation, metabolic alkalosis does not have this effect. Therefore, metabolic alkalosis is the exception among the given options.

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  • 7. 

    All of the following terms are associated with haversian systems in bone

    • Caniculi

    • Lamellae

    • Lacunae

    • Osteocytes

    • Periosteum

    Correct Answer
    A. Periosteum
    Explanation
    The periosteum is a term associated with haversian systems in bone. It is a dense layer of connective tissue that covers the outer surface of bones. It contains blood vessels, nerves, and cells involved in bone formation and repair. The haversian systems, also known as osteons, are the basic structural units of compact bone and consist of concentric rings of lamellae, which surround a central canal containing blood vessels and nerves. The lacunae are small spaces within the lamellae that house osteocytes, the mature bone cells. Canaliculi are tiny channels that connect the lacunae and allow for communication between osteocytes. Therefore, the periosteum is the correct term associated with haversian systems in bone.

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  • 8. 

    During inspiration

    • Intrapleural pressure decreases while intraalveolar pressure increases

    • Both intrapleural and intra-alveolar pressure decrease

    • Intrapleural pressure increases while intraalveolar pressure decreases

    • Both intrapleural and intra-alveolar pressure increase

    Correct Answer
    A. Intrapleural pressure increases while intraalveolar pressure decreases
    Explanation
    During inspiration, the diaphragm and external intercostal muscles contract, causing the volume of the thoracic cavity to increase. This expansion leads to a decrease in intrapleural pressure, as the pleural space expands. At the same time, the expansion of the thoracic cavity also causes an increase in the volume of the alveoli in the lungs. This increase in volume leads to a decrease in intraalveolar pressure. Therefore, during inspiration, the intrapleural pressure increases while the intraalveolar pressure decreases.

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  • 9. 

    Antidiuretic hormone is released in direct response to

    • Extracellular potassium levels

    • Extracellular sodium levels

    • Hyperosmolarity of extracellular fluids

    • Hypo-osmolarity of extracellular fluids

    • Degree of hydration

    Correct Answer
    A. Hyperosmolarity of extracellular fluids
    Explanation
    Antidiuretic hormone is released in response to hyperosmolarity of extracellular fluids. Antidiuretic hormone, released by the posterior lobe of the the pituitary gland, increases renal reabsorption and retention of water to dilute body fluids that are too concentrated. Antidiuretic hormone is also known as vasopressin

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  • 10. 

    Diastolic blood pressure is maintained at levels above zero by

    • Peripheral resistance

    • Elasticity of arteries

    • Viscosity of blood

    • All of the above

    Correct Answer
    A. Peripheral resistance
    Explanation
    The correct answer is peripheral resistance. Diastolic blood pressure refers to the pressure in the arteries when the heart is at rest between beats. It is maintained above zero by peripheral resistance, which is the resistance to blood flow in the small arteries and arterioles throughout the body. When the arterioles constrict, it increases the resistance to blood flow, leading to higher diastolic blood pressure. The elasticity of arteries and viscosity of blood also play a role in blood pressure regulation, but peripheral resistance is the primary factor in maintaining diastolic blood pressure above zero.

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  • 11. 

    Norepinephrine and epinephrine are released from

    • Preganglionic and postganglionic fibers of the sympathetic nervous system

    • Neuromyal junction

    • Postganglionic fibers of the sympathetic nervous system and the adrenal medulla

    • All of the above

    Correct Answer
    A. Postganglionic fibers of the sympathetic nervous system and the adrenal medulla
    Explanation
    Norepinephrine and epinephrine are both released from postganglionic fibers of the sympathetic nervous system and the adrenal medulla. The sympathetic nervous system is responsible for the "fight or flight" response in the body, and these neurotransmitters play a crucial role in this response. The release of norepinephrine and epinephrine helps to increase heart rate, blood pressure, and blood flow to muscles, preparing the body for action. The adrenal medulla, which is part of the adrenal glands located on top of the kidneys, also releases these hormones into the bloodstream in response to stress or danger. Therefore, the correct answer is that norepinephrine and epinephrine are released from postganglionic fibers of the sympathetic nervous system and the adrenal medulla.

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  • 12. 

    Insulin has all of the following effects EXCEPT

    • Promotes glucose entry into cells, therefore has a hypoglycemic effect

    • Promotes transport of amino acids into cells, therefore increases protein synthesis

    • Promotes transport of fatty acids into cells, therefore has a lipogenic effect

    • Promotes liver glycogenolysis, therefor has a hyperglycemic effect

    • Promotes potassium entry into cells, therefore has a hypokalemic effect

    Correct Answer
    A. Promotes liver glycogenolysis, therefor has a hyperglycemic effect
    Explanation
    Insulin is a hormone that is released by the pancreas in response to high blood glucose levels. It helps regulate glucose levels by promoting glucose entry into cells, which lowers blood glucose levels and has a hypoglycemic effect. Insulin also promotes the transport of amino acids into cells, increasing protein synthesis. It promotes the transport of fatty acids into cells, which has a lipogenic effect. Additionally, insulin promotes potassium entry into cells, leading to a hypokalemic effect. However, insulin does not promote liver glycogenolysis, which is the breakdown of glycogen into glucose. Therefore, it does not have a hyperglycemic effect.

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  • 13. 

    The developmental period in which teeth and the palate are most susceptible to teratogenic agents is the

    • Third through the fifth week

    • Fourth through the seventh week

    • Fourth through the eighth week

    • Eighth through the tenth week

    Correct Answer
    A. Eighth through the tenth week
    Explanation
    the most rapid developmental time

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  • 14. 

    Conduction occurs when a stimulus reduces the membrane potential to a critical level. This level is called

    • Summation

    • Threshold

    • Action potential

    • Facilitation

    • Refractory period

    Correct Answer
    A. Threshold
    Explanation
    Conduction occurs when a stimulus reduces the membrane potential to a critical level. This critical level is known as the threshold. At the threshold, an action potential is triggered and the nerve impulse is conducted along the neuron. The threshold is an important concept in understanding how neurons transmit signals and is the minimum level of depolarization required to initiate an action potential. It serves as a sort of "trigger point" for the conduction of nerve impulses.

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  • 15. 

    Damage to the precental gyrus of the cerebral cortex

    • Spastic paralysis

    • Sensory loss

    • Intention tremor

    • Tremor at rest

    • Loss of simple reflexes

    Correct Answer
    A. Spastic paralysis
    Explanation
    Damage to the precentral gyrus of the cerebral cortex can result in spastic paralysis. The precentral gyrus is responsible for controlling voluntary movements, and when it is damaged, the signals from the brain to the muscles are disrupted. This leads to increased muscle tone and stiffness, causing spastic paralysis. Other symptoms such as sensory loss, intention tremor, tremor at rest, and loss of simple reflexes may also be present depending on the extent and location of the damage.

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  • 16. 

    Actin and myosin are proteins contained within a

    • Myofibril

    • Myofilament

    • Fiber

    • Sarcoplasmic reticulum

    Correct Answer
    A. Myofibril
    Explanation
    Actin and myosin are proteins that are primarily found within myofibrils. Myofibrils are long, cylindrical structures within muscle cells that are responsible for muscle contraction. They are composed of repeating units called sarcomeres, which contain actin and myosin filaments. These filaments slide past each other during muscle contraction, allowing the muscle to shorten and generate force. Therefore, the correct answer is myofibril.

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  • 17. 

    The neurotransmitter substance released at the postganglionic terminal of the parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system is

    • Norepinephrine

    • Epinephrine

    • Cholinesterase

    • Acetylcholine

    • Gamma-aminobutyric acid

    Correct Answer
    A. Acetylcholine
    Explanation
    The correct answer is acetylcholine. Acetylcholine is the neurotransmitter substance released at the postganglionic terminal of the parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system. It is responsible for transmitting signals across the synapse to activate target cells and elicit parasympathetic responses in various organs and tissues. Acetylcholine is involved in regulating processes such as digestion, heart rate, and glandular secretion.

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  • 18. 

    Amino acids and glucose are reabsorbed in the proximal tubule by

    • Diffusion and osmosis

    • Active transport

    • Osmotic forces and pressure gradients

    • Electrochemical gradients

    Correct Answer
    A. Active transport
    Explanation
    Amino acids and glucose are reabsorbed in the proximal tubule by active transport. Active transport is a process that requires energy to move molecules across a cell membrane against their concentration gradient. In the proximal tubule, specific carrier proteins actively transport amino acids and glucose from the tubular lumen into the cells lining the tubule. This allows these important molecules to be reabsorbed back into the bloodstream, preventing their loss in urine. Diffusion and osmosis are passive processes that do not require energy, and osmotic forces and pressure gradients are not directly involved in the active transport of amino acids and glucose. Electrochemical gradients may play a role in other processes in the kidney, but they are not the primary mechanism for reabsorption of amino acids and glucose in the proximal tubule.

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  • 19. 

    Transport of water across a cell membrane.

    • Osmosis

    • Facilitated diffusion

    • Active transport

    • Diffusion

    Correct Answer
    A. Diffusion
    Explanation
    Diffusion is the movement of molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration, without the need for energy input. In the context of water transport across a cell membrane, diffusion refers to the movement of water molecules from an area of higher water concentration to an area of lower water concentration. This process occurs passively, driven by the concentration gradient, and does not require any energy expenditure by the cell. Therefore, diffusion is the correct answer for the given question.

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  • 20. 

    If the ventral root of a spinal nerve were sectioned what would be the result in the regions supplied by the nerve?

    • Loss of sensation

    • Loss of motor control

    • Loss of sensation and movement

    • Partial loss of sensation and movement

    • Loss of sensation, movement, and control of the degree of constriction of blood vessels

    Correct Answer
    A. Loss of motor control
    Explanation
    If the ventral root of a spinal nerve were sectioned, the result would be a loss of motor control in the regions supplied by the nerve. The ventral root contains the motor fibers that transmit signals from the central nervous system to the muscles, allowing for voluntary movement. Therefore, if this root is severed, the ability to control and move the muscles in the regions supplied by the nerve would be lost. Sensation, on the other hand, is transmitted through the dorsal root of the spinal nerve, so it would not be affected in this case.

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  • 21. 

    An accumulation of collecting ducts, as seen on gross examination of a kidney is called

    • Pelvis

    • Calyx

    • Cortex

    • Pyramids

    Correct Answer
    A. Pyramids
    Explanation
    The pyramids are the triangular structures in the kidney that contain the collecting ducts. These collecting ducts collect urine from the nephrons and transport it to the renal pelvis. On gross examination of a kidney, the pyramids are visible as distinct striated regions. Therefore, the correct answer is pyramids.

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  • 22. 

    All of the following terms are associated with the ventricles of the heart except

    • Chordae tendineae

    • Papillary muscle

    • Sinoatrial node

    • Purkinje system

    • Endocardium

    Correct Answer
    A. Sinoatrial node
    Explanation
    The sinoatrial node is not associated with the ventricles of the heart. It is a small group of specialized cells located in the right atrium that is responsible for initiating the electrical impulses that regulate the heart's rhythm. The ventricles, on the other hand, are the lower chambers of the heart that pump blood out to the rest of the body. The other terms listed - chordae tendineae, papillary muscle, Purkinje system, and endocardium - are all directly associated with the ventricles and their function.

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  • 23. 

    Which of the following glial cells are responsible for myelin formation in the central nervous system?

    • Ependymal cells

    • Oligodendrocytes

    • Microglia

    • Schwann cells

    Correct Answer
    A. Oligodendrocytes
    Explanation
    Oligodendrocytes are responsible for myelin formation in the central nervous system. Myelin is a fatty substance that forms a protective sheath around nerve fibers, allowing for faster and more efficient transmission of electrical signals. Oligodendrocytes extend their processes to wrap around multiple nerve fibers, forming myelin sheaths. In contrast, Schwann cells are responsible for myelin formation in the peripheral nervous system, and ependymal cells and microglia have other functions such as lining the ventricles and supporting immune responses in the brain, respectively.

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  • 24. 

    Referred pain is

    • Initiated in skin and referred to viscera or muscle

    • Initiated in viscera and referred to the contralateral dermatome

    • Due to converging the pain fibers with other sensory fibers in nuclei of the somesthetic cortex

    • Due to converging of pain fibers with other sensory fibers in the cord and thalamus

    Correct Answer
    A. Due to converging of pain fibers with other sensory fibers in the cord and thalamus
    Explanation
    Referred pain occurs when pain signals from one part of the body are perceived in another part. This can happen because pain fibers from different areas converge and share pathways with other sensory fibers in the spinal cord and thalamus. As a result, the brain may interpret the pain signals as coming from a different location than the actual source. This phenomenon helps explain why, for example, a heart attack can cause pain in the left arm or jaw.

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  • 25. 

    Which of the following valves prevent backflow of deoxygenated blood?

    • Pulmonary and aortic valves

    • Pulmonary and right atrioventricular valves

    • Right and left atrioventricular valves

    • Aortic and left atrioventricular valves

    Correct Answer
    A. Pulmonary and right atrioventricular valves
    Explanation
    The pulmonary and right atrioventricular valves prevent backflow of deoxygenated blood. The pulmonary valve is located between the right ventricle and the pulmonary artery, preventing blood from flowing back into the right ventricle. The right atrioventricular valve, also known as the tricuspid valve, is located between the right atrium and the right ventricle, preventing blood from flowing back into the right atrium. Together, these valves ensure that deoxygenated blood only flows in the intended direction, from the right side of the heart to the lungs for oxygenation.

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  • 26. 

    Which of the following secretes progesterone?

    • Anterior pituitary gland

    • Corpus luteum

    • Corpus albicans

    • Graafian follicles

    • Posterior pituitary gland

    Correct Answer
    A. Corpus luteum
    Explanation
    The corpus luteum secretes progesterone. The corpus luteum is a temporary structure that forms in the ovary after the release of an egg during ovulation. It is responsible for producing progesterone, which is a hormone that prepares the uterus for pregnancy and helps maintain pregnancy if it occurs. Progesterone plays a vital role in regulating the menstrual cycle and preparing the body for potential fertilization and implantation of an embryo.

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  • 27. 

    All of the following are derived from endoderm except

    • Epithelial parts of the respiratory system

    • Epithelial parts of the gastrointestinal system

    • Epithelium in the mouth

    • Epithelium of the pharynx

    Correct Answer
    A. Epithelium in the mouth
    Explanation
    The correct answer is "epithelium in the mouth." The mouth is derived from the ectoderm, not the endoderm. The endoderm gives rise to the epithelial parts of the respiratory system, gastrointestinal system, and pharynx.

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  • 28. 

    Pleura is a type of

    • Serous membrane

    • Mucous membrane

    • Visceral membrane

    • Parietal membrane

    • Synovial membrane

    Correct Answer
    A. Serous membrane
    Explanation
    The pleura is a serous membrane that lines the thoracic cavity and covers the lungs. Serous membranes are thin, double-layered membranes that secrete a serous fluid, which reduces friction between organs and allows them to move smoothly. The pleura specifically helps to protect and cushion the lungs, allowing them to expand and contract during breathing.

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  • 29. 

    Which of the following is/are not necessary for any of the responses referred to as reflexes?

    • Autonomic nerves

    • Cerebral cortex

    • Effectors

    • Receptors

    • Synapses

    Correct Answer
    A. Cerebral cortex
    Explanation
    The cerebral cortex is not necessary for any of the responses referred to as reflexes. Reflexes are involuntary and rapid responses to stimuli that do not involve conscious thought. The cerebral cortex is responsible for higher cognitive functions, such as decision-making and voluntary movements, but it is not involved in reflex actions. Reflexes are mediated by the spinal cord and lower parts of the brain, bypassing the cerebral cortex.

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  • 30. 

    Parasympathetic innervation to the lacrimal glands and the secretory glands of the nose and palate is transmitted via the

    • Trigeminal nerve

    • Abducens nerve

    • Facial nerve

    • Glossopharyngeal nerve

    • Vagus nerve

    Correct Answer
    A. Facial nerve
    Explanation
    The lacrimal glands and the secretory glands of the nose and palate receive parasympathetic innervation from the facial nerve. This nerve is responsible for transmitting signals that control the production of tears and the secretion of mucus in the nose and palate. The trigeminal nerve is responsible for sensory innervation of the face, while the abducens nerve controls the movement of the lateral rectus muscle of the eye. The glossopharyngeal nerve is involved in taste sensation and swallowing, and the vagus nerve controls various autonomic functions in the body.

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  • 31. 

    What kind of joint, is described by the following: joint cavity present; bone ends covered by cartilage; may be separated by a disk; freely movable?

    • Synarthrotic

    • Diarthrotic

    • Cartilagenous

    • Synphysis

    • Synchondroses

    Correct Answer
    A. Diarthrotic
    Explanation
    The correct answer is diarthrotic. Diarthrotic joints, also known as synovial joints, have a joint cavity that allows for movement. The bone ends are covered by cartilage, which helps reduce friction. These joints may also have a disk separating the bone ends. Overall, diarthrotic joints are freely movable.

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  • 32. 

    Which tract exerts a facilitative influence on motor neurons in the anterior horn?

    • Lateral corticospinal tract

    • Ventral corticospinal tract

    • Lateral reticulospinal tract

    • medial reticulospinal tract

    • Ectospinal tract

    Correct Answer
    A. Lateral reticulospinal tract
    Explanation
    The lateral reticulospinal tract exerts a facilitative influence on motor neurons in the anterior horn. This tract originates in the reticular formation of the brainstem and descends to the spinal cord. It primarily controls voluntary movements and helps to facilitate the activity of motor neurons in the anterior horn, which are responsible for initiating muscle contractions. This facilitative influence helps to coordinate and control voluntary movements.

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  • 33. 

    Aldosterone

    • Increases reabsorption of water in the distal tubule of the kidney

    • Increases reabsorption of sodium and secretion of potassium

    • Increases reabsorption of sodium and hydrogen ions

    • Decreases reabsorption of sodium in the proximal tubule

    • Increases reabsorption of glucose in the proximal tubule

    Correct Answer
    A. Increases reabsorption of sodium and secretion of potassium
    Explanation
    Aldosterone is a hormone that is released by the adrenal glands in response to low blood pressure or low blood volume. Its primary function is to regulate the balance of sodium and potassium ions in the body. By increasing the reabsorption of sodium in the distal tubule of the kidney, aldosterone helps to retain more sodium in the body, which in turn helps to increase blood volume and blood pressure. Additionally, aldosterone also stimulates the secretion of potassium ions in the distal tubule, helping to maintain the proper balance of electrolytes in the body. Therefore, the correct answer is that aldosterone increases reabsorption of sodium and secretion of potassium.

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  • 34. 

    Functions of the kidney include all of the following except

    • Regulation of hydrogen ion concentration

    • Regulation of body fluid volumes

    • Regulation of serum calcium levels

    • Regulation of serum sodium levels

    • Removal of urea, creatinine, and other metabolic end products

    Correct Answer
    A. Regulation of serum calcium levels
    Explanation
    The kidney performs various functions to maintain homeostasis in the body. It regulates hydrogen ion concentration to maintain pH balance, regulates body fluid volumes to ensure proper hydration, regulates serum sodium levels to maintain electrolyte balance, and removes waste products like urea and creatinine. However, the kidney does not play a direct role in regulating serum calcium levels. This task is primarily handled by the parathyroid glands and the bones.

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  • 35. 

    Calcitonin

    • Potentiates the effect of parathyroid hormone

    • Is secreted by the thyroid gland

    • Is released in response to excess serum calcium

    • All of the above

    • Only B and C are correct descriptions

    Correct Answer
    A. Only B and C are correct descriptions
    Explanation
    Calcitonin is a hormone that is secreted by the thyroid gland. It is released in response to excess serum calcium levels in the body. It helps to lower blood calcium levels by inhibiting the activity of osteoclasts, cells that break down bone tissue. Therefore, the correct descriptions for calcitonin are that it is secreted by the thyroid gland and it is released in response to excess serum calcium.

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  • 36. 

    With inspiration

    • Volume of the lungs increases, pressure increases

    • Volume of the lungs decreases, pressure increases

    • Volume of the lungs increases, pressure decreases

    • Volume of the lungs decreases, pressure decreases

    Correct Answer
    A. Volume of the lungs increases, pressure decreases
    Explanation
    As the size of the thorax and lungs increases, the pressure within the lungs decreases to a level below that of air according to Boyle's Law. The pressure that is decreased is intrapulmonic pressure

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  • 37. 

    The area of the brain stem that contains cells of origin for the nerves that control motor activity for swallowing is

    • Cerecellum

    • Trigeminal nucleus of the pons

    • The nucleus abiguus of the medulla

    • Hypoglossal nucleus of the pons

    Correct Answer
    A. The nucleus abiguus of the medulla
    Explanation
    The correct answer is the nucleus ambiguus of the medulla. This area of the brain stem contains cells that are responsible for controlling motor activity for swallowing. The nucleus ambiguus is involved in coordinating the muscles involved in swallowing, including those in the tongue, pharynx, and larynx. It receives input from various cranial nerves, including the glossopharyngeal nerve and the vagus nerve, which are important for swallowing function. The cerebellum is not specifically involved in controlling motor activity for swallowing. The trigeminal nucleus of the pons and the hypoglossal nucleus of the pons are not directly associated with swallowing.

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  • 38. 

    Corticospinal tract

    • Fibers are located in grey columns of the cord

    • Fibers come from neuron cell bodies located in the spinal cord

    • Fibers synapse with neurons in the cerebellar cortex

    • Fibers are descending fibers from the cells in the primary motor cortex of the frontal lobe

    • Nonfunctionng is one cause of loss of sensation

    Correct Answer
    A. Fibers are descending fibers from the cells in the primary motor cortex of the frontal lobe
    Explanation
    The corticospinal tract fibers are descending fibers from the cells in the primary motor cortex of the frontal lobe. This means that they originate from the motor cortex and travel down the spinal cord to synapse with neurons in the grey columns. These fibers are responsible for transmitting motor signals from the brain to the muscles, allowing voluntary movement. If the corticospinal tract is nonfunctioning, it can lead to a loss of sensation due to the inability to transmit motor signals effectively.

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  • 39. 

    A normal differential blood count shows about 20 to 25 percent of which of the following?

    • Basophils

    • Erythrocytes

    • Lymphocytes

    • Monocytes

    • Neutrophils

    Correct Answer
    A. Lymphocytes
    Explanation
    A normal differential blood count typically shows about 20 to 25 percent of lymphocytes. Lymphocytes are a type of white blood cell that plays a key role in the immune system. They are responsible for identifying and destroying foreign substances in the body, such as bacteria and viruses. This percentage range is considered normal and indicates a healthy immune response.

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  • 40. 

    Which of the following is derived from mesoderm?

    • Epidermis

    • Nervous system

    • Adrenal medulla

    • Posterior lobe of the pituitary gland

    • Connective tissue

    Correct Answer
    A. Connective tissue
    Explanation
    Connective tissue is derived from mesoderm. During embryonic development, the mesoderm layer gives rise to various tissues and organs, including connective tissue. Connective tissue provides support and structure to the body, as well as connecting and protecting different organs and tissues. It includes various types of tissue such as bone, cartilage, blood, and adipose tissue.

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  • 41. 

    The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) can be accurately described by all of the following except

    • It damages T4 lymphocytes

    • It weakens the immune system in ways that allow opportunistic infections to kill the person that is infected

    • HIV is an unstable virus and can be killed by Lysol tm, Chlorox tm, and proper sterilization methods

    • If a person tests HIV negative, their blood and body fluids will contain the virus

    • Most scientists think that if a person tests positive for HIV-1 antibodies that they will eventually develop AIDS

    Correct Answer
    A. If a person tests HIV negative, their blood and body fluids will contain the virus
    Explanation
    The statement "if a person tests HIV negative, their blood and body fluids will contain the virus" is incorrect. When a person tests HIV negative, it means that the virus is not present in their blood and body fluids. Testing negative indicates that the person is not infected with HIV.

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  • 42. 

    Hormones

    • Catalyze intracellular biochemical reactions

    • Enter into chemical reactions without being degraded or depleted

    • Are chemical substances that are produced by endocrine glands, travel through the circulatory system, and exert their influence on specific structures

    • All of the above

    Correct Answer
    A. Are chemical substances that are produced by endocrine glands, travel through the circulatory system, and exert their influence on specific structures
    Explanation
    Any time during a test, if you don't know the right answer: 1. find a answer that grammatically fits better with the question
    2. the longest answer
    3. or just pick C

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  • 43. 

    When a person is experiencing much pain, the pupils of the eye will

    • Dilate because it is a parasympathetic response

    • Dilate because it is a sympathetic response

    • Constrict because this is the sympathetic response

    • No change in the pupil will be experienced

    Correct Answer
    A. Dilate because it is a sympathetic response
    Explanation
    When a person is experiencing much pain, the pupils of the eye will dilate because it is a sympathetic response. The sympathetic nervous system is responsible for the body's fight or flight response, which includes increasing the heart rate, blood pressure, and pupil dilation. Dilated pupils allow more light to enter the eye, which can help improve vision in potentially dangerous or threatening situations.

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  • 44. 

    What kind of cell types line the vascular channels of the body?

    • Stratified squamous epithelium

    • Endothelium

    • Mesothelium

    • Transitional epithelium

    • Pseudostratified columnar epithelium

    Correct Answer
    A. Endothelium
    Explanation
    Endothelium is the correct answer because it is the type of cell that lines the vascular channels of the body. Endothelial cells form a thin layer of epithelial tissue that lines the interior surface of blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, and the heart. They play a crucial role in regulating blood flow, controlling the exchange of substances between the blood and surrounding tissues, and maintaining the integrity of the vascular system.

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  • 45. 

    Oxygen is carried in the blood

    • As oxyhemoglobin

    • Dissolved in plasma

    • As carbaminohemoglobin

    • Both A and B

    • Both A and C

    Correct Answer
    A. Both A and B
    Explanation
    Oxygen is carried in the blood as both oxyhemoglobin and dissolved in plasma. Oxyhemoglobin is formed when oxygen binds to hemoglobin molecules in red blood cells, allowing for efficient transport of oxygen to tissues. Additionally, a small amount of oxygen can also dissolve directly in the plasma, providing an alternative mechanism for oxygen transport. Therefore, the correct answer is both A and B.

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  • 46. 

    Digestion means

    • Splitting large chemical compounds in foods into simpler substances that can be absorbed

    • Absorption of small molecular weight end products into body fluids

    • Hydrolysis

    • Only A and C

    • Only B and C

    Correct Answer
    A. Only A and C
    Explanation
    Digestion refers to the process of breaking down large chemical compounds present in food into simpler substances. This is achieved through hydrolysis, which involves the addition of water molecules to break the bonds holding the compounds together. The end products of digestion, which are smaller in molecular weight, can then be absorbed into body fluids for further use. Therefore, the correct answer is "only A and C" as both options A (splitting large chemical compounds in foods into simpler substances that can be absorbed) and C (hydrolysis) are involved in digestion.

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  • 47. 

    Extreme excitement in a patient may have the following effects on organ systems:

    • Increased blood pressure

    • Increases gastrointestinal activity

    • Relaxation of smooth muscles in bronchi

    • A and C

    • B and C

    Correct Answer
    A. A and C
    Explanation
    Extreme excitement in a patient can lead to increased blood pressure and relaxation of smooth muscles in the bronchi. Increased blood pressure is a common physiological response to excitement and can be caused by the release of stress hormones. Relaxation of smooth muscles in the bronchi can result in bronchodilation, allowing for increased airflow and improved breathing. These effects on the cardiovascular and respiratory systems are often observed in individuals experiencing extreme excitement.

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  • 48. 

    Which hormone is LESS involved in a stress reaction?

    • Epinephrine

    • Norepinephrine

    • Cortisone

    • Thyroxin

    • Adrenocorticotropin

    Correct Answer
    A. Thyroxin
    Explanation
    Thyroxin is the hormone that is less involved in a stress reaction. While epinephrine, norepinephrine, cortisone, and adrenocorticotropin are all hormones that are released in response to stress, thyroxin is not directly involved in the stress response. Thyroxin is primarily responsible for regulating metabolism and energy levels in the body.

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  • 49. 

    A patient with hypoproteinemia (low plasma protein levels) may have a tendency to decreased blood volume. The protein fraction that contributes more to colloid osmotic pressure, tending to maintain blood volume by osmotic forces, is

    • Fibrinogen

    • Alpha and beta globulin

    • Gamma globulin

    • Albumin

    Correct Answer
    A. Albumin
    Explanation
    Hypoproteinemia refers to low levels of plasma proteins in the blood. One of the functions of plasma proteins is to maintain blood volume through colloid osmotic pressure. Among the given options, albumin is the protein fraction that contributes the most to colloid osmotic pressure. Therefore, in a patient with hypoproteinemia, a decreased level of albumin would result in a decreased colloid osmotic pressure, leading to a tendency for decreased blood volume.

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Quiz Review Timeline (Updated): Mar 20, 2023 +

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  • Mar 20, 2023
    Quiz Edited by
    ProProfs Editorial Team
  • Jul 06, 2016
    Quiz Created by
    Twilliams277
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