Behavioural Ecology

20 Questions | By Biology16100 | Updated: Mar 21, 2022 | Attempts: 565

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1.

List Tinbergen's four questions regarding the major questions about behaviour and traits
2.

Describe two ways to test if behaviour can be inherited. For each test, provide a real-world example
3.

Describe the meaning of the "optimality" approach to studying adaptation and provide an example of real-world case which used this approach.
4.

Describe two costs of living in groups. For each description, provide an example
5.

Describe the term 'selfish geometry' and provide a real-world example of this behaviour
6.

Describe two benefits of living in a group which have not been discussed in previous questions. Provide an example for each description.
7.

Write Hamilton's Rule and what it signifies
8.

List the three situations in which reciprocity among non-relatives could evolve and provide an example of a species in which all these conditions are met.
9.

The best decision often depends on conditions relating to an animal and its environment. Hence, there is no "best decision." If this statement is true, think of a real-world example to prove this statement
- A.
  
  True
- B.
  
  False
10.

Behaviour does not fossilize. However, comparison among species can suggest a possible sequence behavioural evolution. If this is true, think of an example which may help to prove this statement.
- A.
  
  True
- B.
  
  False
11.

Natural Selection has resulted in behaviours that help animals to survive and reproduce
- A.
  
  True
- B.
  
  False
12.

The process of natural selection means that animals ARE selected to act “for the good of the species”
- A.
  
  True
- B.
  
  False
13.

Kin selection favours behaviour that spreads genes through any kin, not just offspring
- A.
  
  True
- B.
  
  False
14.

According to Hamilton's rule:
- A.
  
  Natural selection favors altruistic acts when the resulting benefit to the beneficiary, corrected for relatedness, exceeds the cost to the altruist.
- B.
  
  The effects of kin selection are larger than the effects of direct natural selection on individuals.
- C.
  
  Altruism is always reciprocal.
- D.
  
  Natural selection does not favor altruistic behavior that causes the death of the altruist.
- E.
  
  Natural selection is more likely to favor altruistic behavior that benefits an offspring than altruistic behavior that benefits a sibling.
15.

Altruistic behavior __________.
- A.
  
  Never occurs in natural populations
- B.
  
  Is expected when the species as a whole benefits from it
- C.
  
  Occurs only when closely related individuals benefit from it
- D.
  
  Is expected when it increases the long-term inclusive fitness of the altruists
- E.
  
  Is expected when there are plentiful resources to share
16.

Which of the following statements best defines an altruistic act?
- A.
  
  It immediately benefits both the performer and another individual.
- B.
  
  It immediately benefits another individual at some cost to the performer.
- C.
  
  It immediately benefits the performer and imposes a cost on another individual.
- D.
  
  It imposes a cost on the performer and the other individual.
- E.
  
  It imposes a cost on the performer without benefiting another individual.
17.

The coefficient of relatedness between two brothers is __________.
- A.
  
  0.75
- B.
  
  The same as the coefficient of relatedness between mother and daughter
- C.
  
  0.25
- D.
  
  Less than the coefficient of relatedness between father and son
- E.
  
  1.5
18.

Altruistic behaviors can be understood, in part, by considering the coefficient of relatedness (r) between the individuals involved. Assume that an individual mammal has the option to raise its own offspring, other genetic relatives, or a combination of offspring and other genetic relatives. From a genetic point of view, which of the following represents the LEAST successful option?
- A.
  
  Two offspring
- B.
  
  Two offspring
- C.
  
  Four grandchildren
- D.
  
  One sibling and three nephews
- E.
  
  Seven first cousins
19.

The enhanced reproduction, through apparently altruistic behavior, of related individuals with common alleles is referred to as __________.
- A.
  
  Hamilton's rule
- B.
  
  Kin selection
- C.
  
  Competitive exclusion
- D.
  
  Adaptive radiation
- E.
  
  The coefficient of relatedness
20.

Altruism can evolve if it entails helping kin, through the process of selection, following Rule.
- A.
  
  Natural; Hamilton's
- B.
  
  Natural; Borda's
- C.
  
  Kin; Hamilton's
- D.
  
  Kin; Borda's