Cardiovascular and Some Muscular

1. What is the name used when Ca2+ ions bind to the DHP receptor or RyR on the SR?

Voltage-gated Ca2+ channels

Calcium-Induced Calcium Rlease (CICR)

Mechanically-Gated Ca2+ Channels

Ca2+-ATPase

2. The primary function of erythrocytes is

Gas exchange by hemeglobin

Circulation

To keep organs functioning

Immunity

3. What attaches each globin?

Porphyrin ring containing Fe (iron)

Oxygen

Heme

Alpha and beta chains

4. What is angiogenesis?

Gas exchange between blood cells and capillaries

Refractory period

Involved in killing foreign objects and pathogens as well as maintaining a healthy body

Process of developing new blood vessels

5. The innate immune system is composed of what?

Cells that produce antibodies

Cells that will immediately destroy a pathogen (neutrophils, macrophages, Natural Killer (NK) cells).

Cells that eliminate a target through pinocytosis

Cells that are highly specific highly effective

6. What is the first heart beat sound?

Shutting of aortic and pulmonary valves

Ventricles contracting

Shutting of tricuspid and mitral valves

Atrium contracting

7. What do calcium channel blockers do?

Decrease the volume of blood pressure

Lower systemic vascular resistance

Effect B1 receptors

Stop stimulation of aldosterone

8. What do diuretics do?

Work in kidneys to prevent reclaiming ions- decrease the volume of blood pressure

Prevent an enzyme that converts angiotension I to angiotension II

Lower systemic vascular resistance

Affect B1 receptors

9. What do megakaryocytes do?

Aid in the immune response

Cause nutritional deficiency

Its cell membrane pinches off to form platelets

Cause spontaneous clotting

10. What is the most common cause of hypotension in non shock?

Anaphylactic

Dehydration

Neurogenic

Cardiogenic

11. What is happening to the heart in this image?

Complete heart block

Atrial fibrillation

Ventricle fibrillation

12. What is hypoxia?

What happens when you work out

Development of new blood

Prevention of capillaries from being over leaky

Pericytes and smooth muscle receive low oxygen

13. A patient comes in with a normal BP, while sitting, however upon standing they pass out (syncope), why?

Dehydration

Shock

Orthostatic hypotension

Anaphylaxis

14. Two treatments for shock if IVF fail

Lisinopril

Dobutamine (Beta 1 agonist) and norepinephrine (alpha 1 agonist)

Neurogenic

Anaphylactic

15. Which system controls smooth muscle

ANS

CNS

16. What does hypoxia activate?

Hypoxia Reductible Factor (HRF) which produces VEGF and FGF

New blood production

High blood pressure

Hypoxia Inducible Factor (HIF) which produces VEGF and FGF

17. What causes Porphyria Cutanea Tarda (PCT)?

Defect in Uropophyrinogen III Decarboxylase

Defect in Coproporphyrinogen III (CP-III)

Defect in Ferrochelatase

Defect in 5 ALA conversion to Porphobilinogen caused by lead

18. Which blood vessels are composed of smooth muscle?

Artery's, arteriole, vein

Venule, veins, artery's

Arteriole, venule, capillary

Capillary, vein, venule

19. What is defected in Sickle cell anemia?

A single gene defect in Beta Globin chain

Absent production of a particular chain

Complete absence of Beta Chains

Malaria

complete absence of Beta chain is called B Thalassemia Major

Explanation

complete absence of Beta chain is called B Thalassemia Major

20. The voltage gated calcium receptor on the SR is called...?

Atpase

DHP receptor

CICR

Option 4

21. In a EKG what does the PR interval measure?

AV delay

Atrial depolarization

Ventricular depolarization

Ventricular re-polarization

22. Systolic Blood pressure is?

The maximal pressure experience in a vessel during the peak of ventricular contraction

The residual pressure remaining in the vessel during ventricular relaxation

23. What is an example of B Receptor Blockers (B blockers)?

Amlodipine

Hydrochlorothiazide

Lisinopril

Metoprolol

24. What is an example of calcium channel bloackers

Amlodipine

Metoprolol

Hydrochlorothiazide

Lisinopril

25. Where does the first heart sound relative to an EKG?

P Wave

T wave

QRS

PR

26. What is an example of a Diuretic?

Hydrochlorothiazide

Lisinopril

Amlodipine

Metoprolol

27. Which ion is ultimately responsiblefor muscle contraction

Phosphate

Ca

Triponon

Triptomyosin

28. Normal Blood pressure is...

Less than < 100/80

Less than < 95/60

Less than 140< 90

Less than < 149/80

new JNC Guidelines for a young healthy person.

Explanation

new JNC Guidelines for a young healthy person.

29. Name the immune system that uses NK, Macrophages, and neutrophils

Basophils

Adaptive

Innate

30. Why is elastic tissue Good?

Allows vessel to expand and snap back into shape, helps in propelling blood forward

Provides structural integrity

Innervated by the ANS and helps with constriction or relaxation

Because its elastic

31. Malignant Hypertension is a SBP or DBP of...

SBP >200 or DBP >100

SBP >220 or DBP > 180

SBP >100 or DBP > 130

SBP > 250 or DBP >200

end organ damage

Explanation

end organ damage

32. What are the steps in making a stable fibrin clot? (Intrinsic pathway)

Fibrin monomer, fibrin polymer, I (fibrinogen), II(prothrombin), IIa( thrombin), X-Xa+V, VII, IX-IXa, XI-XIa, XII-XIIa, XIII-XIIIa, Stable fibrin blood clot

EEEEEEE

33. What do bundle of HIS do?

Branch off bundle branches and dive into the muscle tissue

Diverts AP to left and right bundle branches

Travel down atrium to pacemaker cells

Delay the AP

34. What do neutrophils do?

Adaptive immune system- they kill pathogens

Innate immune system- flood infection to eliminate pathogens by exocytosing enzymes (dead="pus")

Innate immune system- eliminate targets through pinocytosis and destroys them by merging vesicles containing proteolytic enzymes

Something to do with enzymes and killing foreign invaders

partial credit for something to do with enzymes and killing foreign invaders

Explanation

partial credit for something to do with enzymes and killing foreign invaders

35. Which node is in the atrium?

Purkinje

AV

SAN

HIS

36. Diastolic BP is?

Residual pressure in vessel during relaxation

Residual pressure in a vessel during contraction

Maximum pressure at peek of ventricular contraction

Maximum pressure at peek of atrial contraction

37. What are the four most common methods used to treat heart attacks (HTN RX)?

Angiotensin Converting Enzyme Inhibitors, B Receptor Blockers( B-Blockers), Calcium Channel Blockers, Diuretics

Beta 1, Beta 2, Alpha 1, Alpha 2 Blockers

Quit smoking, quit eating fatty foods, work out more, and less alcohol consumption

38. What cells turn into plasma cells and produce antibodies

B lymphocytes

T lymphocytes

Plasma cells

CD8

39. What are the steps of making heme after ALA dehydrase up to heme production?

Porphobilinogen, multiple steps, coproporphyrinogen III, protoporohobinlin III, Protophophyrin IX, Fe2, Ferrochelatase, Heme

Coproporphyrinogen III, multiple steps, Porphobilinogen, Protophophyrin III, Protophyrin IX, Fe2, Ferrochelatase, heme

Porphobilinogen, multiple steps, Protophophyrin III, Protophyrin IX, Coproporphyrinogen III, fe2, Ferrochelatase, Heme

Lead, porphobilinogen, multiple steps, coproporphyrinogen III, protoporohobinlin III, Protophophyrin IX, Fe2, Ferrochelatase, Heme

Lead inhibits production of porphobilinogen thus altering the next steps. Also as you might have noticed there are steps missing depending on what your teacher expects, thus "multiple steps" and to make this easier the last three steps are all the same in correct order.

Explanation

Lead inhibits production of porphobilinogen thus altering the next steps. Also as you might have noticed there are steps missing depending on what your teacher expects, thus "multiple steps" and to make this easier the last three steps are all the same in correct order.

40. Which immune system produces antibodies?

Adaptive

Innate

Monocytes

Lymphocytes

41. Which T lymphocytes directly kill the cell thats infected?

CD4

CD8

B lymphocytes

Plasma Cells

42. Hypertension is a BP of

SBP >139 or DBP >89

SBP > 100 DBP >80

SBP >120 DBP > 40

SBP >130 DBP >60

43. How are antibodies produced?

The mitochondria

Plasma cells

Red blood cells

By antigens

44. What is globin composed of?

Iron

4 heme groups

2 alpha and 2 beta chains

45. What do CD4 helper T lymphocytes do?

Helper T cells, facilitate immune responce

Cytotoxic T cells, directly kill infection

Produce antibodies

Pinocytosis

46. What is the partial pressure of Oxygen in blood after leaving the lungs and being oxygenated is

200mmHg

100mmHg

50mmHg

40mmHg

47. What is the partial pressure of blood when returning to the lungs (venus blood)?

100mmHg

50mmHg

40mmHg

30mmHg

48. What term is used for a low platelet count?

Thrombocytopenia

Thrombocytosis

Megakaryocyte

Anemia

49. What is a major concern for spontaneous clotting?

Thrombocytopenia

Megakaryocyte

High blood pressure

Thrombocytosis

50. Which immune response is highly specific, highly effective?

CD8

CD4

Neutrophils

Macrophages

51. What prevent capillaries from being too leaky

Pericytes

Smooth muscle

Fiberous tissue

Starling forces

52. What is the name for the passing of fluid in and out between plasma and Interstitial space?

Hypoxia

Congestion

Starling forces

Hypertension

53. Most smooth muscle are single unit _______

Multi unit

Visceral

Tonic

Phasic

yes smooth muscle is either tonic or phasic but the question was what kind of single unit are they.

Explanation

yes smooth muscle is either tonic or phasic but the question was what kind of single unit are they.

54. What substrates make 5 ALA in heme production?

ALA Synthase, ferrochelatase, and glycine

Succinyl-CoA, Glycine and ALA Synthase

Succinyl-CoA, ALA Synthase, and porphobilinogen

Glycine, Succinyl-CoA, and Coprophophyrigen III

55. Smooth muscle is important in arteriole because it allows....

The vessel to expand and snap back

Structural integrity

Constriction and relation in the skin to divert blood

Prevents leakyness

56. Fibrous tissue does what in blood vessels?

Makes them stretchy

Have direct contact with blood

Provides structural integrity

Divert blood

57. In an EKG what is the P wave?

Ventricular depolarization

Atrial depolarization

Ventricular re-polarization

Points to heart attack

58. What are the class of diseases called in which the pathways to making heme are altered?

Bad heme production

Thalassemia

Porphyrias

Sickle cell anemia

59. In an EKG what is the QRS complex?

Ventricular depolarization

Ventricular re-polarization

Atrial depolarization

Prolongation can lead to life threatening arrhythmia's

60. Which two blood vessels do not have fibrous tissue?

Vein and artery

Arteriole and capillary

Venule and arteriole

Capillary and artery

61. What is an example of Angiotensin Converting Enzyme Inhibitors?

Lisinopril

Hydrochlorothiazide

Amlodipine

Metoprolol

62. When there are no discernible P waves, and the QRS complexes are irregularly spaced (irregularly irregular) what is this called?

Atrial fibrillation

Complete heart block

Ventricular fibrillation

63. In an EKG what does the QT Interval express?

Ventricular repolarization

Ventricular depolarization

Atrial depolarization

Prolongation can lead to life threatening arrhythmia

64. What happens in muscle contraction that allows power stroke

Loss of phosphate

Loss of ADP

ATP

DEHYDRATION

65. The name and location of healthy pacemaker cells are?

Purnijki fibers left ventrical

SAN right atrium

AVN middle of heart

Left atrium SAN

66. ?which vessle is high in elastic tissue

Capillary

Artery

Arteriole

Venule

67. Blood flow is proportional to this and inversely proportional to this

High pressure to low pressure

Low pressure to high pressure

Resistance to blood flow going up

Pressure and resistance

68. The most abundant cell in blood

Erythrocytes

White blood cells

Pericytes

Blood

69. What is only thin filiments in muscle?

I band

Myosin

A band

H band

70. What is happening to the heart in this image?

Atrial fibrillation

Ventrical fibrilation

Irregular P waves- complete heart block

Normal EKG

71. What is the force of pressure with a BOP of 28mm and IFOP of 6mm?

Net 5

Net 22

Net 34

Net 168

72. In smooth muscle what is the Calcium channel called

Ryr

DHP

ATPase

73. Blisters form in PCT in build up of

ROS

UP III

CP III

74. BHP 20 mmHg, BOP 25 mmHg, IOP 4mmHg, IOP 0mmHg

20mmHg

1mmHg

44mmHg

4mmHg

75. Gq activates what?

CGMP and NO

Rhokinase and IP3

CAMP

Relaxation

76. In an EKG what does the ST Segment show?

Elevation or Depression points towards cardiac ischemia (heart attack)

Atrial depolarization

Ventricular re-polarization

Ventricular depolarization

77. What makes porphobilinogen?

5 ALA

Glycine

Ferrochelatase

ALA Dehydrase

78. Smooth muscle is......patterns and Skeletal fibers.....

More efficient, filled with gap junctions

Layered in perpendicular and oblique, run parallel

Circular, web like

Flat, smashed together

79. What is the A band?

Thick and thin filaments overlap

Thick and thin filaments do not overlap

Attachment site for thick filaments

Structure in a sarcomere

80. What two proteins does Phospholipase C (PLC) cut? (Separated)

Phosphotidyl Inositol Bisphosphate (PIP2) and Inositol Triphosphate (IP3)

Phosphotidyl Inositol Bisphosphate (PIP2) and Diacylglycerol (DAG)

Diacylglycerol (DAG) and Inositol Triphosphate (IP3)

GPCR and Gq

81. What is Shock?

SBP

SBP< 100 or more

SBP< 80 or less

SBP < 85

82. In an EKG what is the T wave?

Atrial depolarization

Ventricular depolarization

Ventricular re-polarization

Prolonged = life threatening arrhythmia's

83. What is Oncotic pressure?

Proteins will push water away from themselves

Greatest within the vessel because the heart is pumping blood forward

A counter acting force leading to a net fluid shift

Proteins will pull water towards themselves

84. When talking about T-tubles as invaginations of the cell membane, what cell membrane is expressed?

Sarcoplasma

Sarcomere

Sarcoplasmic reticulum

Sarcolemma

85. Calculate the mean arterial pressue for a blood pressue of 150/75mmHg

125

100

75

50

86. Where does Ca come from in Smooth muscle?

Extracellular and SR

Intercellular and SR

RyR and SR

T tubles and SR

87. This inhibits cAMP and allows for contraction

Gq

Ca

Gi

Calmodulin

88. This protien activates MLCK

Ca- Cm

Rhokinase (ryr)

CAMP

CGMP

89. What do you call it when a muscle is able to effectively lift a load?

Isotonic contraction

Isometric Contraction

Fully recruited

Weight lifting

90. What make up striations of in muscle?

Sarcomere

Sarcolemma

Sarcoplasma

Web like material

91. What is an example of a inotrope?

Norepinephrine

Uroporphyrinogen III

Porphyrias

Dobutamine

92. What are the most common causes of shock? (select all that apply)

Neurogenic

Hypertension

Hypovolemic

Neurologic

Anaphylactic

Cardiogenic

Physoilogic

Thermogenic

Submit

Cardiovascular and Some Muscular

1. What is the name used when Ca2+ ions bind to the DHP receptor or RyR on the SR?

2.

What first name or nickname would you like us to use?

2. The primary function of erythrocytes is

3. What attaches each globin?

4. What is angiogenesis?

5. The innate immune system is composed of what?

6. What is the first heart beat sound?

7. What do calcium channel blockers do?

8. What do diuretics do?

9. What do megakaryocytes do?

10. What is the most common cause of hypotension in non shock?

11. What is happening to the heart in this image?

12. What is hypoxia?

13. A patient comes in with a normal BP, while sitting, however upon standing they pass out (syncope), why?

14. Two treatments for shock if IVF fail

15. Which system controls smooth muscle

16. What does hypoxia activate?

17. What causes Porphyria Cutanea Tarda (PCT)?

18. Which blood vessels are composed of smooth muscle?

19. What is defected in Sickle cell anemia?

20. The voltage gated calcium receptor on the SR is called...?

21. In a EKG what does the PR interval measure?

22. Systolic Blood pressure is?

23. What is an example of B Receptor Blockers (B blockers)?

24. What is an example of calcium channel bloackers

25. Where does the first heart sound relative to an EKG?

26. What is an example of a Diuretic?

27. Which ion is ultimately responsiblefor muscle contraction

28. Normal Blood pressure is...

29. Name the immune system that uses NK, Macrophages, and neutrophils

30. Why is elastic tissue Good?

31. Malignant Hypertension is a SBP or DBP of...

32. What are the steps in making a stable fibrin clot? (Intrinsic pathway)

33. What do bundle of HIS do?

34. What do neutrophils do?

35. Which node is in the atrium?

36. Diastolic BP is?

37. What are the four most common methods used to treat heart attacks (HTN RX)?

38. What cells turn into plasma cells and produce antibodies

39. What are the steps of making heme after ALA dehydrase up to heme production?

40. Which immune system produces antibodies?

41. Which T lymphocytes directly kill the cell thats infected?

42. Hypertension is a BP of

43. How are antibodies produced?

44. What is globin composed of?

45. What do CD4 helper T lymphocytes do?

46. What is the partial pressure of Oxygen in blood after leaving the lungs and being oxygenated is

47. What is the partial pressure of blood when returning to the lungs (venus blood)?

48. What term is used for a low platelet count?

49. What is a major concern for spontaneous clotting?

50. Which immune response is highly specific, highly effective?

51. What prevent capillaries from being too leaky

52. What is the name for the passing of fluid in and out between plasma and Interstitial space?

53. Most smooth muscle are single unit _______

54. What substrates make 5 ALA in heme production?

55. Smooth muscle is important in arteriole because it allows....

56. Fibrous tissue does what in blood vessels?

57. In an EKG what is the P wave?

58. What are the class of diseases called in which the pathways to making heme are altered?

59. In an EKG what is the QRS complex?

60. Which two blood vessels do not have fibrous tissue?

61. What is an example of Angiotensin Converting Enzyme Inhibitors?

62. When there are no discernible P waves, and the QRS complexes are irregularly spaced (irregularly irregular) what is this called?

63. In an EKG what does the QT Interval express?

64. What happens in muscle contraction that allows power stroke

65. The name and location of healthy pacemaker cells are?

66. ?which vessle is high in elastic tissue

67. Blood flow is proportional to this and inversely proportional to this

68. The most abundant cell in blood

69. What is only thin filiments in muscle?

70. What is happening to the heart in this image?

71. What is the force of pressure with a BOP of 28mm and IFOP of 6mm?

72. In smooth muscle what is the Calcium channel called

73. Blisters form in PCT in build up of

74. BHP 20 mmHg, BOP 25 mmHg, IOP 4mmHg, IOP 0mmHg

75. Gq activates what?

76. In an EKG what does the ST Segment show?

77. What makes porphobilinogen?