Cardiovascular and Some Muscular

1. Which system controls smooth muscle

ANS

CNS

2. Which blood vessels are composed of smooth muscle?

Artery's, arteriole, vein

Venule, veins, artery's

Arteriole, venule, capillary

Capillary, vein, venule

3. What does hypoxia activate?

Hypoxia Reductible Factor (HRF) which produces VEGF and FGF

New blood production

High blood pressure

Hypoxia Inducible Factor (HIF) which produces VEGF and FGF

4. Why is elastic tissue Good?

Allows vessel to expand and snap back into shape, helps in propelling blood forward

Provides structural integrity

Innervated by the ANS and helps with constriction or relaxation

Because its elastic

5. The primary function of erythrocytes is

Gas exchange by hemeglobin

Circulation

To keep organs functioning

Immunity

6. What attaches each globin?

Porphyrin ring containing Fe (iron)

Oxygen

Heme

Alpha and beta chains

7. What is hypoxia?

What happens when you work out

Development of new blood

Prevention of capillaries from being over leaky

Pericytes and smooth muscle receive low oxygen

8. What do megakaryocytes do?

Aid in the immune response

Cause nutritional deficiency

Its cell membrane pinches off to form platelets

Cause spontaneous clotting

9. In a EKG what does the PR interval measure?

AV delay

Atrial depolarization

Ventricular depolarization

Ventricular re-polarization

10. What is happening to the heart in this image?

Complete heart block

Atrial fibrillation

Ventricle fibrillation

11. What is an example of B Receptor Blockers (B blockers)?

Amlodipine

Hydrochlorothiazide

Lisinopril

Metoprolol

12. What is an example of calcium channel bloackers

Amlodipine

Metoprolol

Hydrochlorothiazide

Lisinopril

13. What is defected in Sickle cell anemia?

A single gene defect in Beta Globin chain

Absent production of a particular chain

Complete absence of Beta Chains

Malaria

complete absence of Beta chain is called B Thalassemia Major

Explanation

complete absence of Beta chain is called B Thalassemia Major

14. What is an example of a Diuretic?

Hydrochlorothiazide

Lisinopril

Amlodipine

Metoprolol

15. What causes Porphyria Cutanea Tarda (PCT)?

Defect in Uropophyrinogen III Decarboxylase

Defect in Coproporphyrinogen III (CP-III)

Defect in Ferrochelatase

Defect in 5 ALA conversion to Porphobilinogen caused by lead

16. What do calcium channel blockers do?

Decrease the volume of blood pressure

Lower systemic vascular resistance

Effect B1 receptors

Stop stimulation of aldosterone

17. What do diuretics do?

Work in kidneys to prevent reclaiming ions- decrease the volume of blood pressure

Prevent an enzyme that converts angiotension I to angiotension II

Lower systemic vascular resistance

Affect B1 receptors

18. What is the most common cause of hypotension in non shock?

Anaphylactic

Dehydration

Neurogenic

Cardiogenic

19. A patient comes in with a normal BP, while sitting, however upon standing they pass out (syncope), why?

Dehydration

Shock

Orthostatic hypotension

Anaphylaxis

20. What is the first heart beat sound?

Shutting of aortic and pulmonary valves

Ventricles contracting

Shutting of tricuspid and mitral valves

Atrium contracting

21. Name the immune system that uses NK, Macrophages, and neutrophils

Basophils

Adaptive

Innate

22. The voltage gated calcium receptor on the SR is called...?

Atpase

DHP receptor

CICR

Option 4

23. Where does the first heart sound relative to an EKG?

P Wave

T wave

QRS

PR

24. Two treatments for shock if IVF fail

Lisinopril

Dobutamine (Beta 1 agonist) and norepinephrine (alpha 1 agonist)

Neurogenic

Anaphylactic

25. The innate immune system is composed of what?

Cells that produce antibodies

Cells that will immediately destroy a pathogen (neutrophils, macrophages, Natural Killer (NK) cells).

Cells that eliminate a target through pinocytosis

Cells that are highly specific highly effective

26. What is angiogenesis?

Gas exchange between blood cells and capillaries

Refractory period

Involved in killing foreign objects and pathogens as well as maintaining a healthy body

Process of developing new blood vessels

27. What is the name used when Ca2+ ions bind to the DHP receptor or RyR on the SR?

Voltage-gated Ca2+ channels

Calcium-Induced Calcium Rlease (CICR)

Mechanically-Gated Ca2+ Channels

Ca2+-ATPase

28. Which ion is ultimately responsiblefor muscle contraction

Phosphate

Ca

Triponon

Triptomyosin

29. Systolic Blood pressure is?

The maximal pressure experience in a vessel during the peak of ventricular contraction

The residual pressure remaining in the vessel during ventricular relaxation

30. Normal Blood pressure is...

Less than < 100/80

Less than < 95/60

Less than 140< 90

Less than < 149/80

new JNC Guidelines for a young healthy person.

Explanation

new JNC Guidelines for a young healthy person.

31. Hypertension is a BP of

SBP >139 or DBP >89

SBP > 100 DBP >80

SBP >120 DBP > 40

SBP >130 DBP >60

32. Diastolic BP is?

Residual pressure in vessel during relaxation

Residual pressure in a vessel during contraction

Maximum pressure at peek of ventricular contraction

Maximum pressure at peek of atrial contraction

33. What are the steps of making heme after ALA dehydrase up to heme production?

Porphobilinogen, multiple steps, coproporphyrinogen III, protoporohobinlin III, Protophophyrin IX, Fe2, Ferrochelatase, Heme

Coproporphyrinogen III, multiple steps, Porphobilinogen, Protophophyrin III, Protophyrin IX, Fe2, Ferrochelatase, heme

Porphobilinogen, multiple steps, Protophophyrin III, Protophyrin IX, Coproporphyrinogen III, fe2, Ferrochelatase, Heme

Lead, porphobilinogen, multiple steps, coproporphyrinogen III, protoporohobinlin III, Protophophyrin IX, Fe2, Ferrochelatase, Heme

Lead inhibits production of porphobilinogen thus altering the next steps. Also as you might have noticed there are steps missing depending on what your teacher expects, thus "multiple steps" and to make this easier the last three steps are all the same in correct order.

Explanation

Lead inhibits production of porphobilinogen thus altering the next steps. Also as you might have noticed there are steps missing depending on what your teacher expects, thus "multiple steps" and to make this easier the last three steps are all the same in correct order.

34. What do neutrophils do?

Adaptive immune system- they kill pathogens

Innate immune system- flood infection to eliminate pathogens by exocytosing enzymes (dead="pus")

Innate immune system- eliminate targets through pinocytosis and destroys them by merging vesicles containing proteolytic enzymes

Something to do with enzymes and killing foreign invaders

partial credit for something to do with enzymes and killing foreign invaders

Explanation

partial credit for something to do with enzymes and killing foreign invaders

35. Malignant Hypertension is a SBP or DBP of...

SBP >200 or DBP >100

SBP >220 or DBP > 180

SBP >100 or DBP > 130

SBP > 250 or DBP >200

end organ damage

Explanation

end organ damage

36. Which node is in the atrium?

Purkinje

AV

SAN

HIS

37. What are the steps in making a stable fibrin clot? (Intrinsic pathway)

Fibrin monomer, fibrin polymer, I (fibrinogen), II(prothrombin), IIa( thrombin), X-Xa+V, VII, IX-IXa, XI-XIa, XII-XIIa, XIII-XIIIa, Stable fibrin blood clot

EEEEEEE

38. What do bundle of HIS do?

Branch off bundle branches and dive into the muscle tissue

Diverts AP to left and right bundle branches

Travel down atrium to pacemaker cells

Delay the AP

39. What cells turn into plasma cells and produce antibodies

B lymphocytes

T lymphocytes

Plasma cells

CD8

40. Which T lymphocytes directly kill the cell thats infected?

CD4

CD8

B lymphocytes

Plasma Cells

41. What are the four most common methods used to treat heart attacks (HTN RX)?

Angiotensin Converting Enzyme Inhibitors, B Receptor Blockers( B-Blockers), Calcium Channel Blockers, Diuretics

Beta 1, Beta 2, Alpha 1, Alpha 2 Blockers

Quit smoking, quit eating fatty foods, work out more, and less alcohol consumption

42. Which immune system produces antibodies?

Adaptive

Innate

Monocytes

Lymphocytes

43. Smooth muscle is important in arteriole because it allows....

The vessel to expand and snap back

Structural integrity

Constriction and relation in the skin to divert blood

Prevents leakyness

44. Which two blood vessels do not have fibrous tissue?

Vein and artery

Arteriole and capillary

Venule and arteriole

Capillary and artery

45. Most smooth muscle are single unit _______

Multi unit

Visceral

Tonic

Phasic

yes smooth muscle is either tonic or phasic but the question was what kind of single unit are they.

Explanation

yes smooth muscle is either tonic or phasic but the question was what kind of single unit are they.

46. What substrates make 5 ALA in heme production?

ALA Synthase, ferrochelatase, and glycine

Succinyl-CoA, Glycine and ALA Synthase

Succinyl-CoA, ALA Synthase, and porphobilinogen

Glycine, Succinyl-CoA, and Coprophophyrigen III

47. What are the class of diseases called in which the pathways to making heme are altered?

Bad heme production

Thalassemia

Porphyrias

Sickle cell anemia

48. How are antibodies produced?

The mitochondria

Plasma cells

Red blood cells

By antigens

49. What do CD4 helper T lymphocytes do?

Helper T cells, facilitate immune responce

Cytotoxic T cells, directly kill infection

Produce antibodies

Pinocytosis

50. Fibrous tissue does what in blood vessels?

Makes them stretchy

Have direct contact with blood

Provides structural integrity

Divert blood

51. Which immune response is highly specific, highly effective?

CD8

CD4

Neutrophils

Macrophages

52. In an EKG what is the QRS complex?

Ventricular depolarization

Ventricular re-polarization

Atrial depolarization

Prolongation can lead to life threatening arrhythmia's

53. In an EKG what is the P wave?

Ventricular depolarization

Atrial depolarization

Ventricular re-polarization

Points to heart attack

54. What is the name for the passing of fluid in and out between plasma and Interstitial space?

Hypoxia

Congestion

Starling forces

Hypertension

55. What is a major concern for spontaneous clotting?

Thrombocytopenia

Megakaryocyte

High blood pressure

Thrombocytosis

56. What term is used for a low platelet count?

Thrombocytopenia

Thrombocytosis

Megakaryocyte

Anemia

57. What is the partial pressure of blood when returning to the lungs (venus blood)?

100mmHg

50mmHg

40mmHg

30mmHg

58. What is the partial pressure of Oxygen in blood after leaving the lungs and being oxygenated is

200mmHg

100mmHg

50mmHg

40mmHg

59. What is globin composed of?

Iron

4 heme groups

2 alpha and 2 beta chains

60. What prevent capillaries from being too leaky

Pericytes

Smooth muscle

Fiberous tissue

Starling forces

61. In an EKG what does the QT Interval express?

Ventricular repolarization

Ventricular depolarization

Atrial depolarization

Prolongation can lead to life threatening arrhythmia

62. What is an example of Angiotensin Converting Enzyme Inhibitors?

Lisinopril

Hydrochlorothiazide

Amlodipine

Metoprolol

63. When there are no discernible P waves, and the QRS complexes are irregularly spaced (irregularly irregular) what is this called?

Atrial fibrillation

Complete heart block

Ventricular fibrillation

64. The most abundant cell in blood

Erythrocytes

White blood cells

Pericytes

Blood

65. Blood flow is proportional to this and inversely proportional to this

High pressure to low pressure

Low pressure to high pressure

Resistance to blood flow going up

Pressure and resistance

66. The name and location of healthy pacemaker cells are?

Purnijki fibers left ventrical

SAN right atrium

AVN middle of heart

Left atrium SAN

67. What is only thin filiments in muscle?

I band

Myosin

A band

H band

68. What is the force of pressure with a BOP of 28mm and IFOP of 6mm?

Net 5

Net 22

Net 34

Net 168

69. What happens in muscle contraction that allows power stroke

Loss of phosphate

Loss of ADP

ATP

DEHYDRATION

70. In smooth muscle what is the Calcium channel called

Ryr

DHP

ATPase

71. ?which vessle is high in elastic tissue

Capillary

Artery

Arteriole

Venule

72. What is happening to the heart in this image?

Atrial fibrillation

Ventrical fibrilation

Irregular P waves- complete heart block

Normal EKG

73. BHP 20 mmHg, BOP 25 mmHg, IOP 4mmHg, IOP 0mmHg

20mmHg

1mmHg

44mmHg

4mmHg

74. Blisters form in PCT in build up of

ROS

UP III

CP III

75. Gq activates what?

CGMP and NO

Rhokinase and IP3

CAMP

Relaxation

76. Smooth muscle is......patterns and Skeletal fibers.....

More efficient, filled with gap junctions

Layered in perpendicular and oblique, run parallel

Circular, web like

Flat, smashed together

77. In an EKG what does the ST Segment show?

Elevation or Depression points towards cardiac ischemia (heart attack)

Atrial depolarization

Ventricular re-polarization

Ventricular depolarization

78. What makes porphobilinogen?

5 ALA

Glycine

Ferrochelatase

ALA Dehydrase

79. What is Oncotic pressure?

Proteins will push water away from themselves

Greatest within the vessel because the heart is pumping blood forward

A counter acting force leading to a net fluid shift

Proteins will pull water towards themselves

80. In an EKG what is the T wave?

Atrial depolarization

Ventricular depolarization

Ventricular re-polarization

Prolonged = life threatening arrhythmia's

81. What is Shock?

SBP

SBP< 100 or more

SBP< 80 or less

SBP < 85

82. What two proteins does Phospholipase C (PLC) cut? (Separated)

Phosphotidyl Inositol Bisphosphate (PIP2) and Inositol Triphosphate (IP3)

Phosphotidyl Inositol Bisphosphate (PIP2) and Diacylglycerol (DAG)

Diacylglycerol (DAG) and Inositol Triphosphate (IP3)

GPCR and Gq

83. What is the A band?

Thick and thin filaments overlap

Thick and thin filaments do not overlap

Attachment site for thick filaments

Structure in a sarcomere

84. Calculate the mean arterial pressue for a blood pressue of 150/75mmHg

125

100

75

50

85. When talking about T-tubles as invaginations of the cell membane, what cell membrane is expressed?

Sarcoplasma

Sarcomere

Sarcoplasmic reticulum

Sarcolemma

86. Where does Ca come from in Smooth muscle?

Extracellular and SR

Intercellular and SR

RyR and SR

T tubles and SR

87. This inhibits cAMP and allows for contraction

Gq

Ca

Gi

Calmodulin

88. This protien activates MLCK

Ca- Cm

Rhokinase (ryr)

CAMP

CGMP

89. What do you call it when a muscle is able to effectively lift a load?

Isotonic contraction

Isometric Contraction

Fully recruited

Weight lifting

90. What make up striations of in muscle?

Sarcomere

Sarcolemma

Sarcoplasma

Web like material

91. What is an example of a inotrope?

Norepinephrine

Uroporphyrinogen III

Porphyrias

Dobutamine

92. What are the most common causes of shock? (select all that apply)

Neurogenic

Hypertension

Hypovolemic

Neurologic

Anaphylactic

Cardiogenic

Physoilogic

Thermogenic

Submit

Cardiovascular and Some Muscular

1. Which system controls smooth muscle

2.

What first name or nickname would you like us to use?

2. Which blood vessels are composed of smooth muscle?

3. What does hypoxia activate?

4. Why is elastic tissue Good?

5. The primary function of erythrocytes is

6. What attaches each globin?

7. What is hypoxia?

8. What do megakaryocytes do?

9. In a EKG what does the PR interval measure?

10. What is happening to the heart in this image?

11. What is an example of B Receptor Blockers (B blockers)?

12. What is an example of calcium channel bloackers

13. What is defected in Sickle cell anemia?

14. What is an example of a Diuretic?

15. What causes Porphyria Cutanea Tarda (PCT)?

16. What do calcium channel blockers do?

17. What do diuretics do?

18. What is the most common cause of hypotension in non shock?

19. A patient comes in with a normal BP, while sitting, however upon standing they pass out (syncope), why?

20. What is the first heart beat sound?

21. Name the immune system that uses NK, Macrophages, and neutrophils

22. The voltage gated calcium receptor on the SR is called...?

23. Where does the first heart sound relative to an EKG?

24. Two treatments for shock if IVF fail

25. The innate immune system is composed of what?

26. What is angiogenesis?

27. What is the name used when Ca2+ ions bind to the DHP receptor or RyR on the SR?

28. Which ion is ultimately responsiblefor muscle contraction

29. Systolic Blood pressure is?

30. Normal Blood pressure is...

31. Hypertension is a BP of

32. Diastolic BP is?

33. What are the steps of making heme after ALA dehydrase up to heme production?

34. What do neutrophils do?

35. Malignant Hypertension is a SBP or DBP of...

36. Which node is in the atrium?

37. What are the steps in making a stable fibrin clot? (Intrinsic pathway)

38. What do bundle of HIS do?

39. What cells turn into plasma cells and produce antibodies

40. Which T lymphocytes directly kill the cell thats infected?

41. What are the four most common methods used to treat heart attacks (HTN RX)?

42. Which immune system produces antibodies?

43. Smooth muscle is important in arteriole because it allows....

44. Which two blood vessels do not have fibrous tissue?

45. Most smooth muscle are single unit _______

46. What substrates make 5 ALA in heme production?

47. What are the class of diseases called in which the pathways to making heme are altered?

48. How are antibodies produced?

49. What do CD4 helper T lymphocytes do?

50. Fibrous tissue does what in blood vessels?

51. Which immune response is highly specific, highly effective?

52. In an EKG what is the QRS complex?

53. In an EKG what is the P wave?

54. What is the name for the passing of fluid in and out between plasma and Interstitial space?

55. What is a major concern for spontaneous clotting?

56. What term is used for a low platelet count?

57. What is the partial pressure of blood when returning to the lungs (venus blood)?

58. What is the partial pressure of Oxygen in blood after leaving the lungs and being oxygenated is

59. What is globin composed of?

60. What prevent capillaries from being too leaky

61. In an EKG what does the QT Interval express?

62. What is an example of Angiotensin Converting Enzyme Inhibitors?

63. When there are no discernible P waves, and the QRS complexes are irregularly spaced (irregularly irregular) what is this called?

64. The most abundant cell in blood

65. Blood flow is proportional to this and inversely proportional to this

66. The name and location of healthy pacemaker cells are?

67. What is only thin filiments in muscle?

68. What is the force of pressure with a BOP of 28mm and IFOP of 6mm?

69. What happens in muscle contraction that allows power stroke

70. In smooth muscle what is the Calcium channel called

71. ?which vessle is high in elastic tissue

72. What is happening to the heart in this image?

73. BHP 20 mmHg, BOP 25 mmHg, IOP 4mmHg, IOP 0mmHg

74. Blisters form in PCT in build up of

75. Gq activates what?

76. Smooth muscle is......patterns and Skeletal fibers.....

77. In an EKG what does the ST Segment show?