Basic Sonography: Exam 1 Review
This review covers information from quiz #1 up to Exam #1
Questions and Answers
- 1.
What does the brachiocephalic artery divide into?
- A.
Superior and inferior mesenteric artery
- B.
Left and right renal arteries
- C.
Splenic artery & left gastric artery
- D.
Right common carotid artery & right subclavian artery
Correct Answer
D. Right common carotid artery & right subclavian arteryExplanation
The brachiocephalic artery divides into the right common carotid artery and the right subclavian artery.Rate this question:
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- 2.
What are the 3 arteries in the celiac trunk?
- A.
Superior mesentery artery
- B.
Splenic artery
- C.
Common hepatic artery
- D.
Left gastric artery
- E.
Inferior mesentery artery
Correct Answer(s)
B. Splenic artery
C. Common hepatic artery
D. Left gastric arteryExplanation
The celiac trunk is a major branch of the abdominal aorta that supplies blood to the upper abdominal organs. The three arteries that originate from the celiac trunk are the splenic artery, which supplies blood to the spleen; the common hepatic artery, which supplies blood to the liver and gallbladder; and the left gastric artery, which supplies blood to the lesser curvature of the stomach. These three arteries play a crucial role in providing oxygenated blood to these organs and maintaining their proper function.Rate this question:
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- 3.
What are the 3 large branches of the ascending aorta?
- A.
Brachiocephalic artery
- B.
Common hepatic artery
- C.
Left common carotid artery
- D.
Left subclavian artery
- E.
Splenic artery
Correct Answer(s)
A. BrachiocepHalic artery
C. Left common carotid artery
D. Left subclavian arteryExplanation
The ascending aorta is a major blood vessel that carries oxygenated blood from the heart to the rest of the body. It branches off into three large branches: the brachiocephalic artery, the left common carotid artery, and the left subclavian artery. These branches supply blood to the head, neck, and upper limbs. The other options listed (common hepatic artery and splenic artery) are not branches of the ascending aorta, but rather supply blood to the liver and spleen, respectively.Rate this question:
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- 4.
Who are the people with the greatest risk of having an abdominal aorta aneurysm? (Choose 4)
- A.
People ages 30-50 years old
- B.
People over the age of 60
- C.
Someone with high cholesterol
- D.
Smokers
- E.
A person with hypertension
- F.
Someone with a vascular disease
Correct Answer(s)
B. People over the age of 60
D. Smokers
E. A person with hypertension
F. Someone with a vascular diseaseExplanation
The people with the greatest risk of having an abdominal aorta aneurysm are those who are over the age of 60. As people age, the risk of developing an aneurysm increases. Smokers are also at a higher risk because smoking weakens the walls of the blood vessels, making them more prone to aneurysms. A person with hypertension is at a greater risk because high blood pressure can put additional strain on the blood vessels. Similarly, someone with a vascular disease, which affects the blood vessels, is also more susceptible to developing an abdominal aorta aneurysm.Rate this question:
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- 5.
________________ is due to the lack of blood supply in the wall of the tissue of the arteries. This limits the elasticity of the artery and results in a build up of plaque.
Correct Answer(s)
ArteriosclerosisExplanation
Arteriosclerosis is the correct answer because it refers to the condition characterized by the lack of blood supply in the artery walls, leading to reduced elasticity and the accumulation of plaque. This condition restricts blood flow and can result in various cardiovascular problems.Rate this question:
- 6.
The 3 types of abdominal aorta aneurysms can be classified as ________ , ________ , or ________ .
Correct Answer(s)
Fusiform
Saccular
DissectingExplanation
Fusiform = enlargement as a whole; saccular = enlargement with a neckRate this question:
- 7.
When aortic aneurysms rupture they are usually not fatal.
- A.
True
- B.
False
Correct Answer
B. FalseExplanation
Fatality rate = 60%Rate this question:
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- 8.
Select all symptoms/signs discussed in class of a ruptured aortic aneurysm. (Choose 3)
- A.
High blood pressure
- B.
Excruciating abdominal pain
- C.
Shock
- D.
Fever
- E.
Low blood pressure
- F.
Nausea/Vomiting
Correct Answer(s)
B. Excruciating abdominal pain
C. Shock
E. Low blood pressureExplanation
The symptoms/signs discussed in class of a ruptured aortic aneurysm include excruciating abdominal pain, shock, and low blood pressure.Rate this question:
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- 9.
Aortic grafts have what type of walls?
- A.
Isogenic
- B.
Anechoic
- C.
Sonolucent
- D.
Echogenic
Correct Answer
D. EchogenicExplanation
Aortic grafts have echogenic walls. Echogenic refers to the ability of a structure or material to produce echoes or reflect sound waves. In the context of aortic grafts, it means that the walls of the graft are able to reflect ultrasound waves and create a bright appearance on an ultrasound image. This characteristic is important in imaging and monitoring the graft's position, integrity, and blood flow.Rate this question:
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- 10.
This person began the study of sound 2500 years ago and observed the relationship between sound pitch and frequency.
- A.
Pythagoras
- B.
Aristotle
- C.
Galileo
- D.
Isaac Newton
Correct Answer
A. PythagorasExplanation
Pythagoras is the correct answer because he was a Greek philosopher and mathematician who lived around 2500 years ago. He is known for his contributions to various fields, including mathematics, astronomy, and music. Pythagoras studied sound and observed the relationship between sound pitch and frequency, laying the foundation for the understanding of musical harmony. His discoveries and theories greatly influenced the development of music theory and acoustics.Rate this question:
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- 11.
This person said that sound travels on waves and discovered that the angle of reflection is equal to the angle of incidence.
- A.
Leonardo da Vinci
- B.
Isaac Newton
- C.
Galileo
- D.
Aristotle
Correct Answer
A. Leonardo da VinciExplanation
Leonardo da Vinci is known for his extensive studies in various fields, including physics and anatomy. While he is not primarily recognized for his contributions to the study of sound, he did make important observations and discoveries in this area. Da Vinci correctly stated that sound travels on waves, which is a fundamental concept in the field of acoustics. Additionally, he also discovered that the angle of reflection is equal to the angle of incidence, which is a principle known as the law of reflection. This law applies not only to sound waves but also to other types of waves, such as light. Therefore, Leonardo da Vinci is the most likely person to have made these statements.Rate this question:
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- 12.
________ developed the theory of sound propagation.
Correct Answer
AristotleExplanation
Aristotle developed the theory of sound propagation.Rate this question:
- 13.
________ is credited for starting the modern studies of acoustic. He demonstrated that the frequency of sound waves determines the pitch.
Correct Answer
GalileoExplanation
Galileo is credited for starting the modern studies of acoustics. He demonstrated that the frequency of sound waves determines the pitch. Galileo's experiments and observations laid the foundation for the understanding of how sound works and how it can be measured and studied. His contributions to the field of acoustics have had a lasting impact and continue to be influential in the study of sound today.Rate this question:
- 14.
Spallanzani worked with bats.
- A.
True
- B.
False
Correct Answer
A. TrueExplanation
Spallanzani's work with bats refers to the experiments conducted by Italian biologist Lazzaro Spallanzani in the 18th century. He conducted various experiments to understand the role of bats in echolocation, reproduction, and digestion. His experiments involved studying the behavior and physiology of bats, such as their ability to navigate in the dark using sound waves. Therefore, the statement "Spallanzani worked with bats" is true, as he indeed conducted significant research on bats.Rate this question:
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- 15.
Isaac Newton is credited for studying the speed of sound and the Law of Universal Gravitation.
- A.
True
- B.
False
Correct Answer
A. TrueExplanation
Isaac Newton is credited for studying the speed of sound and the Law of Universal Gravitation. This statement is true. Isaac Newton made significant contributions to the understanding of both the speed of sound and the Law of Universal Gravitation. He conducted experiments and formulated mathematical equations to explain these phenomena. His work on the speed of sound involved measuring the time it took for sound to travel through different mediums. His Law of Universal Gravitation, stated in his book "Principia," describes the gravitational force between two objects and is still widely used today in the field of physics.Rate this question:
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- 16.
Who studied wave optics and wave diffraction using lenses?
- A.
Augustin Fresnel
- B.
Christian Doppler
- C.
Karl Dussik
- D.
Paul Langevin
Correct Answer
A. Augustin FresnelExplanation
Augustin Fresnel studied wave optics and wave diffraction using lenses. He made significant contributions to the understanding of light as a wave phenomenon and developed the Fresnel lens, which is still widely used today. His research and experiments helped to establish the principles of wave optics and diffraction, which are fundamental to our understanding of how light behaves.Rate this question:
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- 17.
This guy postulated the effects of motion on the pitch of sound.
- A.
Christian Doppler
- B.
Augustin Fresnel
- C.
The Curie Brothers
- D.
Paul Langevin
Correct Answer
A. Christian DopplerExplanation
Christian Doppler is the correct answer because he was the one who postulated the effects of motion on the pitch of sound. Doppler's principle, known as the Doppler effect, explains how the frequency of a wave changes when the source or observer is in motion relative to each other. This principle is widely applied in various fields, including astronomy, meteorology, and medical imaging. Doppler's work has had a significant impact on our understanding of sound and its behavior in different motion scenarios.Rate this question:
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- 18.
These two guys successfully used ultrasound to detect gallstones.
- A.
Dr. Ludwig & Dr. Howry
- B.
T. Brown & Ian Donald
- C.
Joseph Holmes & Douglas Howry
- D.
Dr. Stuart Lehmen & Karl Dusslig
Correct Answer
A. Dr. Ludwig & Dr. HowryExplanation
Dr. Ludwig and Dr. Howry successfully used ultrasound to detect gallstones. This implies that they were able to use ultrasound technology effectively to identify the presence of gallstones in patients. It is not mentioned who the other individuals are or whether they were involved in the development or use of ultrasound for this purpose. Therefore, the correct answer is Dr. Ludwig and Dr. Howry.Rate this question:
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- 19.
_________ developed the first ultrasound scanner which was made of a gun turret tank filled with water and a transducer inside the water tank.
- A.
Dr. Howry
- B.
Dr. Stuart Lehmen
- C.
Karl Dussik
- D.
Dr. Ludwig
Correct Answer
A. Dr. HowryExplanation
Dr. Howry developed the first ultrasound scanner using a gun turret tank filled with water and a transducer inside the water tank. This innovative design allowed for the transmission and reception of ultrasound waves through the water, producing images of the body's internal structures. Dr. Howry's invention paved the way for the development of modern ultrasound technology and its widespread use in medical diagnostics.Rate this question:
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- 20.
___________ developed the first real-time obstetric ultrasound system
- A.
Dr. Stuart Lehman
- B.
Karl Dussik
- C.
Dr. Howry
- D.
James Holmes
Correct Answer
A. Dr. Stuart LehmanExplanation
Dr. Stuart Lehman is the correct answer because he developed the first real-time obstetric ultrasound system. This system revolutionized the field of obstetrics by allowing doctors to monitor the health and development of a fetus in real-time. Dr. Lehman's contribution to the development of ultrasound technology has had a significant impact on prenatal care and has become a standard tool in obstetrics.Rate this question:
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- 21.
Below the human hearing range (under 20hz)
- A.
Infrasound
- B.
Ultrasound
- C.
Diagnostic ultrasound
- D.
Human hearing range
Correct Answer
A. InfrasoundExplanation
Infrasound refers to sound waves that are below the range of human hearing, typically below 20Hz. This means that the frequency of the sound waves is too low for our ears to detect. Infrasound can be produced by various natural and man-made sources, such as earthquakes, wind, and certain industrial processes. While we may not be able to hear infrasound, it can still have effects on our bodies and surroundings. For example, some animals are able to detect and react to infrasound, and it has been suggested that infrasound can cause feelings of unease or fear in humans.Rate this question:
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- 22.
20 hz - 20 Khz
- A.
Human hearing range
- B.
Infrasound
- C.
Ultrasound
- D.
Diagnostic ultrasound
Correct Answer
A. Human hearing rangeExplanation
The given correct answer, "Human hearing range," refers to the frequency range of sounds that can be heard by the average human ear. This range spans from 20 hertz (Hz) to 20 kilohertz (KHz). Sounds below 20 Hz are called infrasound, while sounds above 20 KHz are called ultrasound. The human hearing range is important in various fields, such as audio engineering, music production, and communication, as it determines the frequencies that humans can perceive and respond to.Rate this question:
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- 23.
Above the human hearing range
Correct Answer
UltrasoundExplanation
Ultrasound refers to sound waves that have a frequency higher than the upper limit of human hearing. These sound waves typically have a frequency greater than 20,000 hertz, which is above the human hearing range. Ultrasound is commonly used in medical imaging to visualize internal organs and tissues, as well as in various industrial applications.Rate this question:
- 24.
Between 1.5 and 14 Mhz
Correct Answer
Diagnostic ultrasound - 25.
The velocity of sound through:air = ________ m/sfluid = ________ m/ssolid = ________ m/s
Correct Answer
350
1495
4000-5000Explanation
The velocity of sound through air is typically around 350 m/s. The velocity of sound through fluid can vary, but a common value is around 1495 m/s. The velocity of sound through a solid can vary greatly depending on the material, but it is generally in the range of 4000-5000 m/s.Rate this question:
- 26.
No internal echoes. Black. Easy sound transmission. (i.e. a cyst)
- A.
Anechoic/sonolucent
- B.
Echogenic
- C.
Hyperechoic
- D.
Enhancement
Correct Answer
A. Anechoic/sonolucentExplanation
The given correct answer is "Anechoic/sonolucent". This term is used to describe a region in an ultrasound image where there are no internal echoes, resulting in a black appearance. It indicates that sound waves are easily transmitted through the area, suggesting the presence of a cyst.Rate this question:
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- 27.
Brighter area or structure comparing with the surrounding tissue (i.e. stone, ligaments, fat)
- A.
Echogenic
- B.
Anechoic
- C.
Sonolucent
- D.
Enhancement
Correct Answer
A. EchogenicExplanation
Echogenic refers to the ability of a structure or area to produce echoes on an ultrasound image. In this context, it means that the area or structure being described appears brighter or more reflective compared to the surrounding tissue. This can be seen in the form of increased brightness or whiteness on the ultrasound image.Rate this question:
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- 28.
Different echogenicity. Not uniform texture. (i.e. a complex mass)
Correct Answer
HeterogeneousExplanation
The given correct answer is "heterogeneous". This term refers to a condition or characteristic of being composed of different elements or having an irregular or varied texture. In the context of the question, it is stated that the mass has different echogenicity and not a uniform texture, indicating that it is composed of various components or has irregular characteristics. Therefore, "heterogeneous" accurately describes the observed features of the mass.Rate this question:
- 29.
Uniform echogenicity (i.e. normal liver, testicle)
Correct Answer
HomogenousExplanation
The correct answer is "Homogenous." This term refers to a uniform echogenicity, meaning that the liver or testicle appears normal and does not show any variations in echogenicity. In other words, the organ has a consistent and even texture throughout, without any areas of increased or decreased echogenicity. This finding is typically considered normal and indicates that there are no significant abnormalities or lesions present.Rate this question:
- 30.
Posterior attenuation
- A.
Shadowing
- B.
Enhancement
- C.
Septations
- D.
Artifact
Correct Answer
A. ShadowingExplanation
Shadowing refers to the dark area that appears behind a structure when the ultrasound beam encounters a highly reflective or attenuating object. This occurs because the sound waves are unable to penetrate through the object, resulting in a loss of signal beyond it. Shadowing is a common artifact in ultrasound imaging and can affect the visualization of structures located behind the shadowing object.Rate this question:
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- 31.
The ______ you go, the less lines there are in the picture
Correct Answer
deeperExplanation
As you go deeper, the number of lines in the picture decreases. This suggests that the picture is becoming more complex or detailed as you move away from the surface. The word "deeper" implies a physical or metaphorical depth, indicating that as you delve deeper into something, it becomes less cluttered or simplified.Rate this question:
- 32.
High frequency waves tend to attenuate less.
- A.
True
- B.
False
Correct Answer
B. False -
- 33.
Low frequency transducers are ideal for what types of exams? (Choose 2)
- A.
Abdomen
- B.
Pelvic
- C.
Carotid
- D.
Ocular
Correct Answer(s)
A. Abdomen
B. PelvicExplanation
Low frequency transducers are ideal for exams involving deeper structures and larger organs such as the abdomen and pelvic area. These transducers emit lower frequency sound waves which can penetrate deeper into the body and provide better imaging of these areas. The abdomen and pelvic exams often require visualization of organs and structures that are located deeper within the body, and the use of low frequency transducers can help in achieving this. On the other hand, exams such as carotid and ocular require higher frequency transducers for better resolution of the superficial structures.Rate this question:
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- 34.
The process of converting small signals/voltages into larger signals capable of being processed.
Correct Answer(s)
AmplificationExplanation
Amplification refers to the process of increasing the amplitude or strength of a signal or voltage. It involves converting small signals/voltages into larger signals that are capable of being processed effectively. Amplification is commonly used in various electronic devices and systems, such as audio systems, communication systems, and medical equipment, to enhance weak signals and improve their quality and reliability. It is achieved through the use of amplifiers, which amplify the input signals and provide a higher output signal with increased power or voltage. Amplification plays a crucial role in signal processing and transmission, enabling efficient communication and accurate data analysis.Rate this question:
- 35.
Area enclosed by the rib cage, is covered by pleural lining and is inferiorly separated from the abdomen by the diaphragm
- A.
Ventral cavity
- B.
Abdominopelvic cavity
- C.
Dorsal cavity
- D.
Peritoneal cavity
Correct Answer
A. Ventral cavityExplanation
The area enclosed by the rib cage, covered by pleural lining, and separated from the abdomen by the diaphragm is known as the ventral cavity. This cavity includes the thoracic cavity, which houses the lungs and heart. The ventral cavity is located on the front side of the body and is responsible for protecting and housing vital organs.Rate this question:
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- 36.
Divides the body into upper and lower planes
- A.
Transverse plane
- B.
Coronal plane
- C.
Sagittal plane
Correct Answer
A. Transverse planeExplanation
The transverse plane divides the body into upper and lower planes. This means that if you were to cut the body horizontally, separating the upper part from the lower part, you would be following the transverse plane. This plane is also known as the horizontal plane or the cross-sectional plane. It is commonly used in medical imaging and anatomical studies to visualize structures and organs in different regions of the body.Rate this question:
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- 37.
Divides the body into anterior and posterior portions
Correct Answer
Coronal planeExplanation
The coronal plane is a vertical plane that divides the body into anterior (front) and posterior (back) portions. This plane is perpendicular to the sagittal plane and the transverse plane. It is commonly used in medical imaging and anatomical studies to visualize structures and organs from a front-to-back perspective.Rate this question:
- 38.
Connection between vessels
Correct Answer
AnastomosisExplanation
Anastomosis refers to the connection or joining of two or more vessels, typically blood vessels, allowing for the flow of blood between them. This connection can occur naturally in the body or can be surgically created. It is an important process that helps in maintaining blood supply to different parts of the body, especially in cases where there is a blockage or damage to a blood vessel. Anastomosis plays a crucial role in ensuring proper circulation and can be seen in various parts of the body, such as the circulatory system, digestive system, and even in surgical procedures.Rate this question:
- 39.
Select all of the characteristics that pertain to veins. (Choose 6)
- A.
Collapsible
- B.
Large diameter
- C.
Slow velocity
- D.
Most have valves
- E.
Movement by gravity or muscle contraction
- F.
Thin, less echogenic walls
- G.
Not collapsible
- H.
Elastic
- I.
Pulsatility
- J.
Thick, echogenic walls
Correct Answer(s)
A. Collapsible
B. Large diameter
C. Slow velocity
D. Most have valves
E. Movement by gravity or muscle contraction
F. Thin, less echogenic wallsExplanation
Veins are characterized by being collapsible, having a large diameter, having a slow velocity of blood flow, most of them have valves to prevent backflow, they are moved by either gravity or muscle contraction, and they have thin walls that are less echogenic.Rate this question:
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- 40.
The descending aorta crosses the diaphragm and turns into the abdominal aorta
- A.
True
- B.
False
Correct Answer
A. TrueExplanation
The descending aorta is a segment of the aorta that extends from the arch of the aorta to the diaphragm. It passes through the diaphragm and continues as the abdominal aorta. This is anatomically correct, as the descending aorta does indeed cross the diaphragm and becomes the abdominal aorta. Therefore, the answer "True" is the correct answer.Rate this question:
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- 41.
The portal systems job is to transport nutrient rich blood from the intestines, stomach, and spleen to the liver.
- A.
True
- B.
False
Correct Answer
A. TrueExplanation
The portal system is a specialized network of blood vessels that carries blood from the organs of digestion (intestines, stomach, and spleen) to the liver. This system allows the liver to receive nutrients, toxins, and other substances from the digestive organs for processing and detoxification. Therefore, the statement is true.Rate this question:
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- 42.
The portal system eventually joins the regular veinous system.
- A.
True
- B.
False
Correct Answer
B. FalseExplanation
It is completely independent. It will never join the regular veinous system.Rate this question:
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- 43.
Name the 3 layers that make up arteries and veins.1. ________2. ________3. ________
Correct Answer
Tunica intima
Tunica media
Tunica adventitiaExplanation
The three layers that make up arteries and veins are the tunica intima, tunica media, and tunica adventitia. The tunica intima is the innermost layer, consisting of endothelial cells that provide a smooth surface for blood flow. The tunica media is the middle layer, composed of smooth muscle cells that regulate the diameter of the vessel. The tunica adventitia is the outermost layer, made up of connective tissue that provides support and protection to the vessel.Rate this question:
- 44.
Define hepatopetal.
- A.
Normal flow, toward the liver
- B.
Reverse flow, away from the liver
Correct Answer
A. Normal flow, toward the liverExplanation
Hepatopetal refers to the normal flow of blood towards the liver. In the circulatory system, the hepatic portal vein carries blood from the gastrointestinal tract and spleen to the liver. This blood flow is considered hepatopetal because it is moving in the direction of the liver. This term is used to describe the direction of blood flow in relation to the liver and is important in understanding liver function and circulation.Rate this question:
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- 45.
Define hepatofugal.
- A.
Reverse flow, away from the liver
- B.
Normal flow, toward the liver
Correct Answer
A. Reverse flow, away from the liverExplanation
Hepatofugal refers to the reverse flow of blood away from the liver. In normal circulation, blood flows towards the liver, but in certain conditions, such as portal hypertension, the blood flow can become reversed and flow away from the liver. This can be seen in conditions like liver cirrhosis or portal vein thrombosis. Hepatofugal flow is an abnormal finding and can indicate underlying liver disease or dysfunction.Rate this question:
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- 46.
What are 5 complications discussed in class of an aortic graft?
- A.
They can leak
- B.
Infection
- C.
Hematoma
- D.
Blockage
- E.
Pseudoaneurysm
- F.
Rejection
- G.
Heart attack
- H.
Atherosclerosis
- I.
Arteriosclerosis
Correct Answer(s)
A. They can leak
B. Infection
C. Hematoma
D. Blockage
E. PseudoaneurysmExplanation
The correct answer lists five complications that can occur with an aortic graft. These complications include leakage, infection, hematoma, blockage, and pseudoaneurysm. These complications can arise after the placement of an aortic graft and can lead to further health issues and complications for the patient.Rate this question:
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- 47.
Malignant tumors tend to have
- A.
Irregular borders.
- B.
Smooth borders.
- C.
Regular borders.
- D.
Nonexistent borders.
Correct Answer
A. Irregular borders.Explanation
Malignant tumors tend to have irregular borders because they are characterized by uncontrolled growth and invasion into surrounding tissues. Unlike benign tumors, which typically have smooth and well-defined borders, malignant tumors often invade and infiltrate nearby tissues, causing irregular and jagged borders. This is due to the aggressive nature of malignant tumors, which can spread and metastasize to other parts of the body. The irregular borders of malignant tumors are an important characteristic that can be observed through imaging techniques and used to differentiate them from benign tumors.Rate this question:
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- 48.
The inferior vena cava consists of what 4 vein groups?
- A.
Hepatic veins
- B.
Renal veins
- C.
Right gonadal veins
- D.
Common iliac veins
- E.
Splenic veins
- F.
Inferior mesenteric vein
- G.
Superior mesenteric vein
Correct Answer(s)
A. Hepatic veins
B. Renal veins
C. Right gonadal veins
D. Common iliac veinsExplanation
The inferior vena cava is a large vein that carries deoxygenated blood from the lower body to the heart. It receives blood from various veins in the abdomen and pelvis. The four vein groups listed in the answer - hepatic veins, renal veins, right gonadal veins, and common iliac veins - are the main tributaries that contribute to the formation of the inferior vena cava. These veins drain blood from the liver, kidneys, gonads, and lower limbs respectively, and ultimately merge to form the inferior vena cava.Rate this question:
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- 49.
What are the 4 major vessels of the vascular system?
- A.
Aorta
- B.
Biliary ducts
- C.
Portal system
- D.
Inferior vena cava
Correct Answer(s)
A. Aorta
B. Biliary ducts
C. Portal system
D. Inferior vena cavaExplanation
The 4 major vessels of the vascular system are the aorta, biliary ducts, portal system, and inferior vena cava. The aorta is the largest artery in the body and carries oxygenated blood from the heart to the rest of the body. Biliary ducts are a network of tubes that carry bile from the liver to the gallbladder and small intestine. The portal system is a specialized network of veins that carries blood from the digestive organs to the liver for processing. The inferior vena cava is the largest vein in the body and carries deoxygenated blood from the lower body back to the heart.Rate this question:
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- 50.
Portal venous hypertension is when the liver isn't working, typically due to liver disease. Usually because of cirrhosis but can be caused by other things.
- A.
True
- B.
False
Correct Answer
A. TrueExplanation
Portal venous hypertension occurs when there is increased pressure in the portal vein, which carries blood from the intestines to the liver. This condition is commonly associated with liver disease, particularly cirrhosis. However, it can also be caused by other factors. Therefore, the statement that portal venous hypertension is typically due to liver disease, usually cirrhosis, is true.Rate this question:
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