Ch 9 Cellular Respiration Review

Photosynthesis is the process by which plants convert sunlight into energy-rich molecules like glucose, while cellular respiration is the process by which cells break down glucose to release energy. While all the other options - electron transport, Krebs cycle, and glycolysis - are part of cellular respiration, photosynthesis is not. It is a separate process that occurs in plants and some other organisms, where carbon dioxide and water are converted into glucose and oxygen using sunlight.

The correct order of cellular respiration is glycolysis, Krebs cycle, and electron transport. In glycolysis, glucose is broken down into pyruvate molecules. The pyruvate molecules then enter the Krebs cycle, where they are further broken down and release carbon dioxide and energy-rich molecules. The energy-rich molecules produced in the Krebs cycle are used in the electron transport chain to generate ATP, the main energy currency of the cell. Therefore, the correct order is glycolysis-Krebs cycle-electron transport.

Cellular respiration is the process by which cells convert glucose into usable energy in the form of ATP. It begins with glycolysis, which is the breakdown of glucose into pyruvate molecules. Glycolysis occurs in the cytoplasm and is an anaerobic process, meaning it does not require oxygen. After glycolysis, the pyruvate molecules can either enter aerobic respiration if oxygen is present or undergo fermentation if oxygen is absent. Therefore, glycolysis is the correct answer as it is the initial step in cellular respiration.

Muscle soreness is commonly experienced after intense physical activity due to the buildup of lactic acid in the muscles. Lactic acid is produced during anaerobic respiration, specifically during the process of lactic acid fermentation. This occurs when the body cannot supply enough oxygen to the muscles to meet their energy demands, causing them to rely on anaerobic metabolism. As a result, lactic acid accumulates in the muscles, leading to the sensation of soreness and fatigue. The Krebs cycle and glycolysis are also involved in energy production but do not directly contribute to muscle soreness. The Calvin cycle is a part of photosynthesis and is not related to muscle soreness.

Glycolysis is the metabolic pathway that converts glucose into pyruvate. During glycolysis, a net of 2 ATP molecules are produced. This occurs through substrate-level phosphorylation, where ATP is generated directly from the transfer of a phosphate group from a high-energy intermediate molecule to ADP. Therefore, the correct answer is 2.

Cellular respiration is an aerobic process because it requires oxygen to occur. Oxygen is necessary for the final step of cellular respiration, which is the electron transport chain, where the majority of ATP (energy) is produced. Without oxygen, cells cannot efficiently produce energy through cellular respiration and would resort to anaerobic processes.

During Glycolysis, one six-carbon molecule of glucose is split in half, resulting in the formation of two three-carbon molecules called pyruvic acid. This process occurs in the cytoplasm of cells and is the first step in both aerobic and anaerobic respiration. Pyruvic acid can then be further metabolized in the presence of oxygen to produce more energy, or it can be converted into lactic acid in the absence of oxygen during anaerobic respiration.

Respiration is the process in which cells convert glucose into energy. The molecule responsible for producing this energy is ATP (adenosine triphosphate). ATP is the main source of energy for cellular activities and is formed during the process of cellular respiration. It is produced in the mitochondria of cells through a series of chemical reactions, which involve the breakdown of glucose and the transfer of electrons through the electron transport chain. Therefore, ATP is the correct answer as it is the molecule that respiration produces.

Glycolysis occurs in the cytoplasm. It is the first step in cellular respiration, where glucose is broken down into pyruvate molecules. This process occurs in the cytoplasm of the cell because it does not require oxygen. The pyruvate molecules produced in glycolysis can then enter the mitochondria to undergo further steps in cellular respiration, such as the Krebs cycle and electron transport. However, glycolysis itself takes place in the cytoplasm.

The mitochondria is the correct answer because it is the site of aerobic respiration in the cell. Aerobic respiration is the process by which cells convert glucose and oxygen into energy, specifically ATP. This process occurs in the mitochondria, which are often referred to as the "powerhouses" of the cell. The mitochondria have their own DNA and are responsible for producing the majority of a cell's ATP through the process of oxidative phosphorylation.

Ethyl alcohol is a product of alcoholic fermentation. Alcoholic fermentation is a process that occurs when yeast consumes sugar, such as glucose, and converts it into alcohol and carbon dioxide. During this process, yeast breaks down the glucose molecules and converts them into ethyl alcohol, which is commonly known as ethanol. Therefore, ethyl alcohol is the correct answer as it is the main product of alcoholic fermentation.

The overall equation for cellular respiration is 6 O2 + C6H12O6 --> 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + Energy. This equation represents the process by which cells convert glucose and oxygen into carbon dioxide, water, and energy. During cellular respiration, glucose is broken down in the presence of oxygen, releasing carbon dioxide and water as waste products. The energy released during this process is captured and used by the cell to perform various functions.

During cellular respiration, food molecules are broken down to release energy. This process involves the conversion of glucose and other organic compounds into simpler molecules such as carbon dioxide and water. Through a series of chemical reactions, energy is extracted from the bonds within the food molecules, which can then be used by the cell to perform various functions. ADP (adenosine diphosphate) is a molecule involved in energy transfer within cells, but it is not broken down during cellular respiration.

Yeast carries out alcoholic fermentation to generate ATP. Alcoholic fermentation is a process in which yeast converts glucose into ethanol and carbon dioxide, producing ATP as a byproduct. This process is commonly used in the production of alcoholic beverages such as beer and wine. While bacteria, human muscle cells, and plants have their own mechanisms of generating ATP, they do not carry out alcoholic fermentation.

During aerobic cellular respiration, one molecule of glucose goes through several stages, including glycolysis, the Krebs cycle, and the electron transport chain. In glycolysis, two ATP molecules are produced. In the Krebs cycle, two ATP molecules are produced. In the electron transport chain, 34 ATP molecules are produced. Therefore, the total number of ATP molecules produced during aerobic cellular respiration, including glycolysis, is 2 + 2 + 34 = 38.

Lactic acid fermentation is a metabolic process that occurs in certain microorganisms and muscle cells. During this process, glucose is converted into lactic acid, which is the main product. Carbon dioxide is also produced as a byproduct. Additionally, a small amount of ATP (adenosine triphosphate) is generated, specifically 2 ATP molecules. Therefore, the correct answer is "lactic acid, carbon dioxide and 2 ATP."

Cellular respiration is the process by which cells convert glucose and oxygen into energy, producing carbon dioxide and water as byproducts. Glucose is the main source of energy, while oxygen acts as the final electron acceptor in the electron transport chain. Therefore, the correct answer is oxygen and glucose. Water, carbon dioxide, and ATP are products of cellular respiration, not reactants.

Sour cream and cheese are both made using lactic acid fermentation. Lactic acid fermentation is a process in which bacteria convert lactose, a sugar found in milk, into lactic acid. This process gives sour cream its tangy flavor and thick texture. Similarly, cheese is made by curdling milk and allowing bacteria to ferment lactose, producing lactic acid. This acid helps to coagulate the milk proteins, resulting in the formation of cheese curds. Therefore, sour cream and cheese are both products that are made using lactic acid fermentation.

Bacteria and muscle cells can carry out lactic acid fermentation. Lactic acid fermentation is a process that occurs in the absence of oxygen and converts glucose into lactic acid, producing a small amount of ATP. Bacteria, such as Lactobacillus, are known to carry out lactic acid fermentation in various environments, including the production of yogurt and sauerkraut. Muscle cells also undergo lactic acid fermentation during intense exercise when the demand for oxygen exceeds supply. This allows the muscles to continue functioning, albeit at a reduced capacity, by producing lactic acid as a byproduct.