Chapter 5 Bio Quiz

Glucose is the correct answer because it is the most common monosaccharide found in nature. It is a simple sugar that is essential for energy production in living organisms. Glucose is the primary source of energy for the body and is used by cells as fuel. It is also a building block for larger carbohydrates such as starch and cellulose.

Lipids are not big enough to be considered as macromolecules

Lipids are a diverse group of molecules that include fats, phospholipids, and steroids. Fats are a type of lipid that are composed of fatty acids and glycerol, and they play important roles in energy storage and insulation. Phospholipids are a type of lipid that make up the cell membrane and help regulate the movement of substances in and out of cells. Steroids are another type of lipid that have various functions in the body, including acting as hormones and regulating metabolism. Therefore, all of these substances are included in the category of lipids.

Fat is composed of 3 fatty acids and 1 glycerol. Glycerol is a type of alcohol that combines with fatty acids to form triglycerides, which are the main components of fat. The three fatty acids attach to the three hydroxyl groups of the glycerol molecule, forming ester bonds. This structure allows fats to store energy efficiently and provides insulation and protection to organs.

Structural polysaccharaides are chitin and cellulose

Only chitin is associated with arthropods

All of the options listed (nitrogenous base, pentose sugar, and phosphate groups) are components of a nucleic acid. Nucleic acids are made up of nucleotide monomers, which consist of these three components. The nitrogenous base provides the genetic information, the pentose sugar (such as ribose or deoxyribose) forms the backbone of the nucleic acid, and the phosphate groups link the nucleotides together. Therefore, all of these components are necessary for the structure and function of nucleic acids.

Sucrose is composed of glucose and fructose. This is because sucrose is a disaccharide, meaning it is made up of two monosaccharide units. In the case of sucrose, one molecule of glucose is bonded to one molecule of fructose through a glycosidic linkage. This combination of glucose and fructose gives sucrose its characteristic sweet taste and makes it a common table sugar used in many foods and beverages.

All of the choices are monosaccharaides except maltose

The given statement "An example about unsaturated fat is cod liver oil" is correct because cod liver oil is a rich source of unsaturated fats, specifically omega-3 fatty acids. Unsaturated fats have one or more double bonds between the carbons in their fatty acid chains, which makes them liquid at room temperature. Cod liver oil is known for its high content of omega-3 fatty acids, which are considered beneficial for heart health and have anti-inflammatory properties. Therefore, this statement accurately describes an example of unsaturated fat.

Lactose intolerance is due to the decrease in lactase enzyme which breaks down lactose

At first, we must know that this is a monosaccharaide

by counting the carbon atoms, this is a pentose

and by looking at the carbonyl group, this is a ketose

Secondary structure refers to the folding or coiling of the polypeptide chain due to hydrogen bonding between the amino acids in the backbone. This bonding occurs between the carbonyl oxygen of one amino acid and the hydrogen of the amino group of another amino acid. The two most common types of secondary structure are the alpha helix and the beta sheet. These hydrogen bonds stabilize the structure of the protein and contribute to its overall shape and function.

Sucrose consists of glucose and fructose

The quaternary level of protein structure refers to the interaction between two or more polypeptide chains. This level of structure is characterized by the assembly of multiple subunits to form a functional protein. Each subunit can be identical or different, and the interactions between the polypeptide chains stabilize the overall structure of the protein. This level of structure is essential for the protein to perform its biological function.

Dehydration reactions involve removing water and adding monomers and adding energy

while hydrolysis reaction involve the addition of water and breaking polymers and the release of energy

A nucleoside is a nucleotide that lacks a phosphate group. This means that a nucleoside is composed of a nitrogenous base and a sugar molecule, but it does not have a phosphate group attached. On the other hand, a nucleotide is a nucleoside that has a phosphate group attached to it. Therefore, the correct statement is that a nucleoside is a nucleotide that lacks a phosphate group.

The arrow in the figure is pointing to a phosphodiester linkage. A phosphodiester linkage is a covalent bond that connects the sugar and phosphate groups in the backbone of a nucleotide. It is formed through a condensation reaction, where a phosphate group from one nucleotide reacts with the hydroxyl group of the sugar in another nucleotide. This linkage is essential for the formation of the DNA and RNA strands, as it creates a continuous chain of nucleotides.

Humans lack the enzymes that break down beta linkages, thus they are unable to digest cellulose.

Proteins are not considered as a function of providing energy. While proteins play a crucial role in many biological processes, such as speeding up chemical reactions, aiding in cellular communications, and providing structural support, they are not primarily responsible for providing energy. Carbohydrates and fats are the main sources of energy in the body, as they can be broken down and converted into ATP, the molecule that cells use for energy.

Insulin is a hormonal protein

casien is a storage protein

keratin is a structural protein

actin is a motor protien

Polysaccharaide include amylose, amylopectin, glycogen, and chitin

branched polysaccharaides include amylopectin and glycogen

amylopectin is found in plants while glycogen is found in animals

The given DNA sequence ATCCGATTG is being transcribed into mRNA. In RNA, the base thymine (T) is replaced by uracil (U). Therefore, the corresponding sequence of bases in the mRNA is UAGGCUAAG.

The sugar phosphate backbone is actually on the outside of the structure of nucleic acids, not on the inside. The backbone is formed by a repeating pattern of sugar molecules and phosphate groups, which are connected by phosphodiester bonds. The nitrogenous bases, on the other hand, are attached to the sugar molecules and extend towards the interior of the structure. This arrangement allows for the formation of hydrogen bonds between the nitrogenous bases, which contributes to the stability of the double helix structure.

The repeating sequence in a polypeptide is called the polypeptide backbone. This refers to the linear chain of amino acids that make up the polypeptide, connected by peptide bonds. The polypeptide backbone provides structural stability to the molecule and determines its overall shape and function.

A glycosidic linkage is conidered a covalent bond

The peptide bond links monomers of a protein

The given answer states that none of the options provided are incorrect about genes. This means that all three statements mentioned in the options are correct. Genes are indeed discrete units of inheritance, they consist of DNA, and they play a role in determining the primary structure of polypeptides. Therefore, the correct answer is "Non of the above."

In denatured proteins, the normal structure and function of the protein are disrupted. This can occur due to various factors such as heat, pH changes, or exposure to certain chemicals. When a protein is denatured, its three-dimensional structure is altered, leading to the loss of its active conformation. As a result, the protein is unable to perform its intended biological function, rendering it inactive.

Proteomics is a field of study that focuses on analyzing large sets of proteins. It involves the identification, characterization, and quantification of proteins in a biological sample. This approach helps in understanding the structure, function, and interactions of proteins within a biological system. By studying proteomics, researchers can gain insights into various biological processes, diseases, and potential therapeutic targets. Therefore, the answer "An approach that analyzes large sets of proteins" accurately describes proteomics.

Cholesterol can be also synthesized in the liver.

We need one water molecule to break each bond in the polymer

we have 4 bonds connecting the 5 polymers (draw and check!)

and each water molecule has 2 H atoms 

so the total number of H atoms will be 4 × 2 = 8

An amino acid with a positively charged R-group is both polar and basic. The presence of a positive charge indicates that the R-group is able to accept protons, making it basic. Additionally, the presence of a charged group makes the amino acid polar, as it can interact with other polar molecules through electrostatic interactions. Therefore, both statements A (It is polar) and C (It is basic) accurately describe an amino acid with a positively charged R-group.

Senile dementia is a result of the accumulation of the misfolded transthyratin protein. This protein buildup leads to the formation of amyloid plaques in the brain, which disrupt normal brain function and cause memory loss, cognitive decline, and other symptoms associated with senile dementia.

RNA polymerase is the correct answer because it is a protein that plays a crucial role in gene expression by transcribing DNA into RNA. The 3-D structure of RNA polymerase was determined using X-ray crystallography, a method commonly used to determine the atomic and molecular structure of a crystal. This technique involves shining X-rays onto a crystal and analyzing the resulting diffraction pattern to determine the arrangement of atoms within the crystal. Therefore, RNA polymerase is associated with gene expression, and its 3-D structure was determined using X-ray crystallography.

The correct answer is beta pleated sheets. The core of transthyratin protein consists of beta pleated sheets. Beta pleated sheets are formed when adjacent segments of a polypeptide chain align and form hydrogen bonds between the backbone atoms. This arrangement creates a stable and rigid structure. In the case of transthyratin protein, the beta pleated sheets play a crucial role in maintaining the protein's overall shape and stability.

Sickle cell disease is caused by the aggregation of hemoglobin into chains, leading to the deformation of red blood cells into a sickle shape. This is a result of a genetic defect in the beta subunit of hemoglobin. The substitution of glutamic acid for valine in the primary structure of hemoglobin is responsible for this abnormal aggregation and shape change. This genetic mutation affects the shape, function, and lifespan of red blood cells, leading to various complications and symptoms associated with sickle cell disease.