The burning of gasoline in a car engine
The production of sugar by photosynthesis
The production of electrical power by damming a river
Cracking a nut by using a nutcracker
Plugging a stereo into a wall socket to play music
The capacity to perform work
The amount of food eaten
Movement
The rearrangement of chemical molecules within matter
The capacity to produce heat
Electrical energy
Mechanical energy
Electromagnetic energy
Kinetic energy
Chemical energy
The metabolism of an organism is isolated from its surroundings
Organisms can reverse the increase in entropy
Organisms acquire energy from their surroundings
Organisms are capable of circumventing the second law of thermodynamics
Because energy is conserved, organisms do not require energy input from their surroundings
Energy conversions increase the order in the universe.
The total amount of energy in the universe is constant.
The ordering of one system depends on the disordering of another.
The entropy of the universe is constantly decreasing.
All reactions produce some heat.
The aerobic respiration of glucose generates heat.
All types of cellular respiration produce ATP.
CO2 is exhaled as a by-product of aerobic respiration.
Photosynthesis enables plants to create energy from sunlight.
Energy is stored during the Calvin cycle.
The sun's energy is being captured by photosynthesis
Heat is being used by organisms as a source of energy
The first law of thermodynamics is being violated
Energy input will be needed to maintain organization
The amount of usable energy in the system is increasing
Deals with entropy
States that energy is neither created nor destroyed
Deals with heat content
States that entropy spontaneously increases
Predicts the direction of a reaction
It states that energy is neither created nor destroyed.
It deals with entropy.
It deals with heat content.
It deals with spontaneity.
All the above are true.
A sugar molecule
An amino acid molecule
A starch molecule
A fatty acid molecule
A cholesterol molecule
A decrease in the system's total energy will increase the probability of spontaneous change
Increasing the entropy of a system will increase the probability of spontaneous change
Increasing the temperature of a system will increase the probability of spontaneous change
The capacity of a system to perform work is related to the total energy of the system
All of the above are true
The DG of the reaction must be negative.
The reaction must be exergonic.
The environment has adequate thermal energy to meet the activation energy requirement.
The bonds must have absorbed enough energy to become unstable.
All of the above are true.
HCl —> H+ + Cl-
C6H12O6 + 6 O2 —> 6 CO2 + 6 H2O
ATP —> ADP + Pi
Maltose + fructose —> sucrose
All of the above
DG
DH
DS
TDS
All of these values tell us the direction in which a reaction will go.
DG is negative
DG is positive
DH is negative
DH is positive
TDS is negative
Occurs only when an enzyme is present
Occurs within living cells but not in a test tube
Releases energy when proceeding in the forward direction
Occurs in all living cells
All of the above
Outside energy is needed.
DG is positive.
DH is negative
DS is positive.
DS is negative
Endergonic
Exergonic
Exothermic
Endothermic
Enthalpic
Activation energy is necessary
No kinetic energy is released
Activation energy exceeds net energy release
The potential energy of the products is less than the potential energy of the reactants
It absorbs more energy
The release of free energy during the hydrolysis of ATP heats the surrounding environment.
Its free energy is coupled to an endergonic process via the formation of a phosphorylated intermediate.
It is catabolized to carbon dioxide and water.
The DG associated with its hydrolysis is positive.
The polar phosphate groups assist in the alignment of polar substrates as they enter an enzyme's active site.
The valence electrons in the phosphorus atom have less energy on average than those of other atoms
The negatively charged phosphate groups vigorously repel one another
They are hydrogen bonds, which are only about 10% as strong as covalent bonds
The phosphate groups are polar and are attracted to the water in the cell's interior
All of the above
The RNA nucleotide adenosine
The amino acid tryptophan
The DNA nucleotide adenosine
Cholesterol
The monosaccharide galactose
Mechanical work, such as the beating of cilia,
Transport work, such as the movement of glucose into an adipose cell,
Chemical work, such as the synthesis of new protein,
Mechanical work, such as pumping blood through the circulatory system,
All of the above
ATP —> ATP + Pi
ADP —> ATP + Pi
ATP —> ADP
ADP —> ATP
ADP + Pi —> ATP
Changing to ADP and phosphate
Transferring a phosphate group to some other molecule
Releasing heat
Acting as a catalyst
Lowering the free energy of the reaction
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