C. 2. Nationalism In India

Gandhiji withdrew the Non-Cooperation Movement because he felt that the movement was turning violent in many places. This suggests that Gandhi believed in non-violence as a means of achieving political goals and did not want the movement to be associated with violence. By withdrawing the movement, he aimed to maintain the principle of non-violence and prevent any further escalation of violence.

The Rowlatt Act was passed in 1919 by the British government in India. It gave the British government enormous power to repress political activity in India. The act allowed for the arrest and detention of individuals without trial for an indefinite period of time. It also restricted civil liberties such as freedom of speech and assembly. The act was highly controversial and led to widespread protests and the Jallianwala Bagh massacre in Amritsar.

Shaukat Ali and Muhammad Ali were the leaders who led the Khilafat Movement. The Khilafat Movement was a pan-Islamic protest campaign launched by Muslims in British India to support the caliphate of the Ottoman Empire after its defeat in World War I. Shaukat Ali and Muhammad Ali played a crucial role in mobilizing and organizing the movement, advocating for the restoration of the caliphate and the protection of Muslim rights. They collaborated closely with Mahatma Gandhi and the Indian National Congress to unite Hindus and Muslims in their common cause against British colonial rule.

"Hind Swaraj" is a book written by Mahatma Gandhi. It was published in 1909 and is considered one of Gandhi's most important works. In this book, Gandhi discusses his views on India's struggle for independence and outlines his philosophy of non-violence and self-rule. The book criticizes British colonial rule and advocates for a return to traditional Indian values and self-governance.

Mahatma Gandhiji returned to India in 1915 after spending more than two decades in South Africa. He had been fighting for the rights of Indians living there and had gained significant recognition as a leader during that time. His return to India marked the beginning of his active involvement in the Indian independence movement and his subsequent role as the leader of the Indian National Congress.

The tribal peasants of Gudem Hills in Andhra Pradesh launched a Militant Guerrilla Movement. This movement involved the use of armed resistance and guerrilla tactics to fight against the oppressive conditions and exploitation they faced. It was a more aggressive and confrontational approach compared to non-violent movements like Satyagraha.

Forced recruitment refers to the process in which the colonial state compels individuals to join the army against their will. This practice was commonly employed by colonial powers to bolster their military forces and maintain control over their colonies. It involved coercing or pressuring individuals into military service, often through methods such as conscription or impressment. This forced recruitment deprived people of their freedom and subjected them to the demands and discipline of the colonial army without their consent.

General Dyer opened fire on the peaceful crowd in Jallianwalla Bagh to create a feeling of terror and awe in the minds of Indians. This action was intended to instill fear and establish British dominance over the Indian population. By using excessive force and causing mass casualties, Dyer aimed to suppress any potential resistance or uprising against British rule. This brutal act was a deliberate strategy to maintain control and discourage further protests.

The Simon Commission arrived in India in 1928. This commission was appointed by the British government to assess the progress made in implementing the reforms recommended by the Montagu-Chelmsford Report. It was met with widespread protests and boycotts by the Indian National Congress and other nationalist groups, as it did not include any Indian members. The arrival of the Simon Commission marked a significant moment in India's struggle for independence and further fueled the demand for self-rule.

The Simon Commission was sent to India to investigate and make recommendations on the Indian constitutional matter. Its purpose was to assess the current state of the Indian political system and propose reforms if necessary. The Commission aimed to gather information and opinions from various stakeholders in order to make informed decisions about the future of India's governance.